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Heat Transfer - Activity 3.1 - Fundamentals of Convection (Cognitive Domain)
Heat Transfer - Activity 3.1 - Fundamentals of Convection (Cognitive Domain)
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Instructions: Read, analyze, and answer the following questions using 2-3 sentences
only. Use the format below. Sketch or illustrate each material. (COPY AND ANSWER)
N Define Sketch/Illustration/
Topic
o. Formula
Convection
Free Vs Forced
Convection
2
Dynamic viscosity
Thermal
Conductivity
4
Density
5
Specific Heat
7
The term "geometry of fluid" isn't a
standard term in fluid dynamics or
physics. However, it might refer to the
physical configuration, shape, or
Geometry of Fluid
arrangement of fluid within a
particular system or container. The
geometry of a fluid system can
significantly impact its behavior, flow
8 patterns, and other characteristics.
9 Roughness of Fluid The term "roughness of fluid" isn't a
standard concept in fluid dynamics or
physics. Fluids themselves don't
possess roughness; instead,
roughness typically refers to the
characteristics of a solid surface in
contact with a fluid, and how that
surface affects the flow of the fluid.
This concept is closely related to
boundary layers and surface
roughness in fluid dynamics.
10 Type of Fluid flow
11
12 Convection heat
transfer coefficient
The convection heat transfer
coefficient, often denoted as "h" or
"α" (alpha), is a measure of the
effectiveness of heat transfer
between a solid surface and a
surrounding fluid (liquid or gas)
due to convective heat transfer.
Convection is one of the primary
modes of heat transfer, and the
heat transfer coefficient
characterizes the rate at which
heat is transferred between the
solid surface and the fluid through
convection.
13
14 No-temperature-
jump condition The "no-temperature-jump
condition," also known as the "no-
heat-flux condition" or "thermal no-
slip condition," is a concept in fluid
dynamics and heat transfer that
describes the behavior of heat
transfer at the interface between a
fluid and a solid surface. This
condition is a counterpart to the "no-
slip condition" in fluid dynamics,
which states that fluid velocity is zero
at a solid surface.
16
17 Viscous Flow vs Viscous flow and inviscid flow are
Inviscid Flow
two fundamental concepts in fluid
dynamics that describe how fluids
behave in terms of their viscosity,
or internal friction.
1. Viscous Flow:
Viscosity: Viscous flow is
characterized by the
presence of viscosity, which
is the internal friction that
resists the relative motion
of fluid layers. Viscosity
causes adjacent layers of
fluid to exert shear forces
on each other when they
slide past one another.
Laminar vs. Turbulent:
Viscous flow can be laminar
or turbulent. In laminar
flow, fluid layers move
smoothly in parallel paths.
In turbulent flow, the fluid
exhibits chaotic, swirling
motion with eddies and
vortices.
Boundary Layers: Viscous
flow typically results in the
formation of boundary
layers, thin regions near
solid surfaces where fluid
velocity gradients are
significant. These layers
have a substantial impact
on the behavior of the fluid
near solid surfaces.
Real Fluids: Viscous flow is
associated with real fluids,
such as water, air, and oil,
which have non-zero
viscosities. The behavior of
these fluids is influenced by
both their viscosity and
other fluid properties.
2. Inviscid Flow:
Inviscidity: Inviscid flow
refers to the idealized
condition in which a fluid is
considered to have zero
viscosity. In other words, in
inviscid flow, there is no
internal friction between
fluid layers, and adjacent
fluid layers can slide past
each other without
resistance.
Streamlines: In inviscid
flow, fluid particles follow
smooth and predictable
paths called streamlines.
Streamlines are continuous
curves that are tangent to
the velocity vector at any
point in the flow.
Potential Flow: In some
cases, such as potential
flow, fluid behavior can be
described mathematically
by the simplification that
neglects viscosity. This
simplification is useful in
many aerodynamic and
hydrodynamic analyses.
Ideal Fluids: Inviscid flow is
associated with ideal fluids
that have no viscosity.
While these idealized fluids
do not exist in reality, they
serve as useful models for
understanding fluid
behavior in certain
scenarios.
1. External Flow:
Definition: External flow
refers to the flow of a fluid
over the external surface of
a solid object or within an
open channel, conduit, or
pipe, where the fluid is
exposed to the surrounding
environment.
Examples: Examples of
external flow include the
flow of air over an aircraft
wing, the flow of water in
rivers, and the flow of air
over the exterior of a car. In
these cases, the fluid
interacts with the solid
boundary and the free-
stream environment.
Characteristics: External
flow often involves
boundary layers developing
along the solid surfaces.
These boundary layers can
be laminar or turbulent,
depending on the flow
conditions.
Engineering Applications:
External flow analysis is
essential in various
engineering applications,
including aerodynamics,
hydrodynamics, and heat
exchanger design.
Understanding external
flow patterns helps in
optimizing the performance
and efficiency of systems
exposed to fluid motion.
2. Internal Flow:
Definition: Internal flow
refers to the flow of a fluid
within a closed conduit,
pipe, or duct, where the
fluid is confined by solid
boundaries on all sides and
is not directly exposed to
the external environment.
Examples: Examples of
internal flow include the
flow of water within
pipelines, the flow of air in
ventilation systems, and the
flow of blood within arteries
and veins. In these cases,
the fluid is enclosed by the
pipe or conduit walls.
Characteristics: Internal
flow can involve different
flow regimes, such as
laminar or turbulent flow,
depending on factors like
the fluid velocity, the pipe's
diameter, and the fluid's
properties.
Engineering Applications:
Internal flow analysis is
crucial in the design and
operation of piping
systems, heat exchangers,
and fluid transport systems.
Engineers study internal
flow to ensure that fluids
are efficiently conveyed
from one point to another.
1. Forced Flow:
Definition: Forced flow,
also known as forced
convection, refers to the
flow of a fluid that is driven
by an external force or
mechanical means. In this
type of flow, the fluid is
pushed or pulled through a
conduit or over a surface by
pumps, fans, blowers, or
other mechanical devices.
Examples: Common
examples of forced flow
include the circulation of air
in HVAC (heating,
ventilation, and air
conditioning) systems, the
flow of coolant in an
automobile's radiator, and
the pumping of water
through pipes in a
municipal water supply
system.
Characteristics: Forced
flow typically exhibits well-
defined and controllable
flow rates, which can be
adjusted by varying the
speed or operation of the
mechanical equipment. It
can be either laminar or
turbulent, depending on
the flow conditions and
fluid properties.
Purpose: Forced flow is
often used in engineering
applications to facilitate
efficient heat transfer,
maintain desired
temperatures, and transport
fluids over long distances.
2. Natural Flow:
Definition: Natural flow,
also known as natural
convection, is the
movement of a fluid that
occurs without the aid of
external mechanical forces.
Instead, it is driven by
buoyancy forces created
due to temperature
differences in the fluid.
Examples: Examples of
natural flow include the
rising of warm air and the
sinking of cool air in a room
due to temperature
variations (resulting in
natural ventilation), and the
circulation of water in a pot
on a hot stove where the
hot water rises and the
cooler water sinks.
Characteristics: Natural
flow tends to be slower and
less predictable than forced
flow. The flow patterns in
natural convection are often
influenced by the shape of
the heated or cooled object
and the surrounding
conditions.
Purpose: Natural flow is
generally not induced
intentionally for purposes
of heat transfer, but it can
affect the heat transfer
process in various
situations. For instance, it
plays a role in geophysical
phenomena, such as
atmospheric and oceanic
circulation.