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Subject: PHEB312 - HEAT TRANSFER

Activity No: 2.1 – Cognitive Domain


Score: 70 points
Topic: Fundamentals of Convection
Term: Semi-Finals
Instructor/Lecturer: Engr. Edmund V. Actub

Directions: Read the guidelines below carefully.

Follow the guidelines below before submitting your activity.


1. Submit on or before the day of the deadline. No late outputs will be accepted.
2. Write your solution in ENGINEERING LETTERING.
3. All your computations must be on a clean short bond paper/A4.
4. Place your PRINTED NAME and SIGNATURE on every page.
5. Submit the hard copy on the first synchronous, on the ground meeting.

Note: Not following instructions will result in a deduction from the total score.

Submitting your output not in engineering lettering will automatically deduct from the
total score.

Instructions: Read, analyze, and answer the following questions using 2-3 sentences
only. Use the format below. Sketch or illustrate each material. (COPY AND ANSWER)

N Define Sketch/Illustration/
Topic
o. Formula

Convection

Free Vs Forced
Convection
2

Dynamic viscosity

Thermal
Conductivity
4

Density

5
Specific Heat

Fluid velocity, often simply


referred to as "velocity," is a
fundamental concept in fluid
dynamics and represents the rate
of motion of a fluid (a gas or a
liquid) with respect to time. It is a
vector quantity, meaning it has
both magnitude and direction, and
is typically expressed in units of
distance per unit of time, such as
meters per second (m/s) or feet
per second (ft/s).

Fluid Velocity In fluid dynamics, velocity


describes how fast and in which
direction a fluid is moving at a
specific point or within a particular
region. The concept of velocity is
essential in understanding and
analyzing fluid flow in various
applications, including fluid
transport, aerodynamics,
hydrodynamics, and engineering.
Some key points about fluid
velocity

7
The term "geometry of fluid" isn't a
standard term in fluid dynamics or
physics. However, it might refer to the
physical configuration, shape, or
Geometry of Fluid
arrangement of fluid within a
particular system or container. The
geometry of a fluid system can
significantly impact its behavior, flow
8 patterns, and other characteristics.
9 Roughness of Fluid The term "roughness of fluid" isn't a
standard concept in fluid dynamics or
physics. Fluids themselves don't
possess roughness; instead,
roughness typically refers to the
characteristics of a solid surface in
contact with a fluid, and how that
surface affects the flow of the fluid.
This concept is closely related to
boundary layers and surface
roughness in fluid dynamics.
10 Type of Fluid flow

Fluid flow can exhibit different


types or regimes based on its
behavior and characteristics. The
primary types of fluid flow are
described as follows:

1. Steady vs. Unsteady Flow:


 Steady Flow: In steady
flow, the fluid properties
(velocity, pressure, density,
etc.) at any given point in
the flow field do not
change with time. The flow
is uniform and constant,
making it predictable and
relatively easy to analyze.
 Unsteady Flow: Unsteady
flow, also known as
transient flow, is
characterized by changes in
fluid properties at a specific
point in the flow field over
time. The flow conditions
are not constant, and they
vary with time.
2. Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow:
 Laminar Flow: Laminar flow
is characterized by smooth
and orderly fluid motion in
parallel layers, where the
fluid flows in well-defined
streamlines. The fluid
moves in a straight,
predictable fashion. Laminar
flow is common at low
velocities and low Reynolds
numbers.
 Turbulent Flow: Turbulent
flow is chaotic and
characterized by irregular,
swirling motion. The fluid
particles move in an
unpredictable manner, and
the flow exhibits high levels
of mixing and energy
dissipation. Turbulent flow
typically occurs at high
velocities and high
Reynolds numbers.
3. Compressible vs. Incompressible
Flow:
 Compressible Flow: In
compressible flow, changes
in fluid density play a
significant role, and the
density of the fluid can
change due to variations in
pressure and temperature.
This type of flow is common
in gases, particularly at high
speeds.
 Incompressible Flow: In
incompressible flow, the
fluid density remains nearly
constant as it flows, making
it suitable for the analysis of
liquids and low-speed gas
flows.
4. Subsonic vs. Supersonic Flow:
 Subsonic Flow: Subsonic
flow is characterized by
fluid velocities that are
lower than the speed of
sound in the medium. It is
often associated with
smooth and predictable
flow patterns.
 Supersonic Flow:
Supersonic flow occurs
when fluid velocities exceed
the speed of sound. It leads
to shock waves and
compressibility effects. This
type of flow is common in
high-speed aircraft and
rockets.
5. Transitional Flow:
 Transitional flow is an
intermediate regime
between laminar and
turbulent flow. In this
regime, the flow
characteristics can switch
between laminar and
turbulent, and it is often
challenging to predict the
exact behavior.

Newton's Law of Cooling is a


mathematical relationship that
describes how the temperature of an
object changes over time when it is
exposed to an environment with a
Newton’s Law of different temperature. The law is
Cooling named after Sir Isaac Newton, the
renowned physicist and
mathematician who formulated it.
This law is particularly relevant in the
study of heat transfer and is
commonly used in various scientific
and engineering applications.

11
12 Convection heat
transfer coefficient
The convection heat transfer
coefficient, often denoted as "h" or
"α" (alpha), is a measure of the
effectiveness of heat transfer
between a solid surface and a
surrounding fluid (liquid or gas)
due to convective heat transfer.
Convection is one of the primary
modes of heat transfer, and the
heat transfer coefficient
characterizes the rate at which
heat is transferred between the
solid surface and the fluid through
convection.

The convection heat transfer


coefficient depends on several
factors, including the nature of the
fluid, the properties of the solid
surface, and the fluid's flow
conditions. It quantifies how
efficiently heat is exchanged
between the solid surface and the
fluid and is typically expressed in
units of watts per square meter-
kelvin (W/(m²·K)).

The no-slip condition is a


fundamental concept in fluid
dynamics and describes the behavior
of fluid particles in direct contact with
a solid surface. According to this
No-slip condition
condition, fluid particles at the
interface between a solid surface and
a fluid come to a complete stop
relative to the surface. In other words,
the velocity of the fluid at the solid
surface is zero.

13
14 No-temperature-
jump condition The "no-temperature-jump
condition," also known as the "no-
heat-flux condition" or "thermal no-
slip condition," is a concept in fluid
dynamics and heat transfer that
describes the behavior of heat
transfer at the interface between a
fluid and a solid surface. This
condition is a counterpart to the "no-
slip condition" in fluid dynamics,
which states that fluid velocity is zero
at a solid surface.

The Nusselt Number (Nu) is a


dimensionless number used in fluid
dynamics and heat transfer to
characterize the relative contributions
Nusselt Number of conduction and convection to the
heat transfer at a solid surface
immersed in a fluid. It is named after
the German engineer Wilhelm
Nusselt, who made significant
contributions to the study of heat
15 transfer.
Viscosity is a fundamental
property of fluids that
characterizes their resistance to
flow or deformation. It is a
measure of the internal friction or
"stickiness" of a fluid. Viscosity
quantifies how easily a fluid flows
and how resistant it is to shear
stress, which is the force that
Viscosity causes layers of the fluid to slide
past each other.

The term "viscosity" is often used


to describe both liquids and gases,
and it is an essential property in
the study of fluid dynamics.
Viscosity can be expressed in
different units depending on the
system of measurement being
used.

16
17 Viscous Flow vs Viscous flow and inviscid flow are
Inviscid Flow
two fundamental concepts in fluid
dynamics that describe how fluids
behave in terms of their viscosity,
or internal friction.

1. Viscous Flow:
 Viscosity: Viscous flow is
characterized by the
presence of viscosity, which
is the internal friction that
resists the relative motion
of fluid layers. Viscosity
causes adjacent layers of
fluid to exert shear forces
on each other when they
slide past one another.
 Laminar vs. Turbulent:
Viscous flow can be laminar
or turbulent. In laminar
flow, fluid layers move
smoothly in parallel paths.
In turbulent flow, the fluid
exhibits chaotic, swirling
motion with eddies and
vortices.
 Boundary Layers: Viscous
flow typically results in the
formation of boundary
layers, thin regions near
solid surfaces where fluid
velocity gradients are
significant. These layers
have a substantial impact
on the behavior of the fluid
near solid surfaces.
 Real Fluids: Viscous flow is
associated with real fluids,
such as water, air, and oil,
which have non-zero
viscosities. The behavior of
these fluids is influenced by
both their viscosity and
other fluid properties.
2. Inviscid Flow:
 Inviscidity: Inviscid flow
refers to the idealized
condition in which a fluid is
considered to have zero
viscosity. In other words, in
inviscid flow, there is no
internal friction between
fluid layers, and adjacent
fluid layers can slide past
each other without
resistance.
 Streamlines: In inviscid
flow, fluid particles follow
smooth and predictable
paths called streamlines.
Streamlines are continuous
curves that are tangent to
the velocity vector at any
point in the flow.
 Potential Flow: In some
cases, such as potential
flow, fluid behavior can be
described mathematically
by the simplification that
neglects viscosity. This
simplification is useful in
many aerodynamic and
hydrodynamic analyses.
 Ideal Fluids: Inviscid flow is
associated with ideal fluids
that have no viscosity.
While these idealized fluids
do not exist in reality, they
serve as useful models for
understanding fluid
behavior in certain
scenarios.

18 External vs Internal External flow and internal flow are


Flow
two common categorizations of
fluid flow in the field of fluid
dynamics, and they refer to the
path or environment in which a
fluid is flowing.

1. External Flow:
 Definition: External flow
refers to the flow of a fluid
over the external surface of
a solid object or within an
open channel, conduit, or
pipe, where the fluid is
exposed to the surrounding
environment.
 Examples: Examples of
external flow include the
flow of air over an aircraft
wing, the flow of water in
rivers, and the flow of air
over the exterior of a car. In
these cases, the fluid
interacts with the solid
boundary and the free-
stream environment.
 Characteristics: External
flow often involves
boundary layers developing
along the solid surfaces.
These boundary layers can
be laminar or turbulent,
depending on the flow
conditions.
 Engineering Applications:
External flow analysis is
essential in various
engineering applications,
including aerodynamics,
hydrodynamics, and heat
exchanger design.
Understanding external
flow patterns helps in
optimizing the performance
and efficiency of systems
exposed to fluid motion.
2. Internal Flow:
 Definition: Internal flow
refers to the flow of a fluid
within a closed conduit,
pipe, or duct, where the
fluid is confined by solid
boundaries on all sides and
is not directly exposed to
the external environment.
 Examples: Examples of
internal flow include the
flow of water within
pipelines, the flow of air in
ventilation systems, and the
flow of blood within arteries
and veins. In these cases,
the fluid is enclosed by the
pipe or conduit walls.
 Characteristics: Internal
flow can involve different
flow regimes, such as
laminar or turbulent flow,
depending on factors like
the fluid velocity, the pipe's
diameter, and the fluid's
properties.
 Engineering Applications:
Internal flow analysis is
crucial in the design and
operation of piping
systems, heat exchangers,
and fluid transport systems.
Engineers study internal
flow to ensure that fluids
are efficiently conveyed
from one point to another.

It's important to note that the


behavior of fluid flow in both
external and internal environments
can vary significantly, and the
analysis of these flows often
requires different approaches and
considerations. Engineers and
scientists use various tools and
techniques to analyze and
optimize fluid flow in both
categories, depending on the
specific application and objectives.

19 Open-channel flow Open-channel flow, also known as


open-channel hydraulics, is a subfield
of fluid mechanics that deals with the
flow of liquids (usually water) in open
channels such as rivers, streams,
canals, and ditches. In open-channel
flow, the fluid is exposed to the
atmosphere and flows freely along a
defined path with an open surface.
This type of flow is distinct from
closed-conduit flow, where the fluid is
enclosed in pipes or conduits.
Laminar flow, also known as
streamline flow, is one of the
fundamental types of fluid flow in
which a fluid, such as a gas or a liquid,
moves in a smooth and orderly
Laminar Flow manner. In laminar flow, the fluid
flows in parallel layers or streamlines,
and there is minimal mixing or
disruption between adjacent layers.
The fluid particles follow well-defined
and predictable paths, and the flow is
characterized by a low level of
20 turbulence.
Turbulent flow is one of the
fundamental types of fluid flow in
which a fluid, such as a gas or a liquid,
moves chaotically and unpredictably.
Turbulent Flow In turbulent flow, the fluid exhibits
irregular and random fluctuations in
velocity, pressure, and density. It is
characterized by the formation of
eddies, vortices, and swirls within the
fluid, leading to significant mixing and
21 energy dissipation.
Transient flow, also known as
unsteady flow, refers to a type of fluid
flow in which the characteristics of the
flow, such as velocity, pressure, and
Transient Flow density, change with time. In transient
flow, the fluid properties at a specific
point in the flow field are not
constant and are evolving over time.
This is in contrast to steady flow,
where the properties at a given point
22 do not change with time.
23 Forced Flow vs Forced flow and natural flow are
Natural Flow
two terms used to describe the
movement of fluids (liquids or
gases) in different scenarios,
particularly in the context of heat
transfer and fluid mechanics.

1. Forced Flow:
 Definition: Forced flow,
also known as forced
convection, refers to the
flow of a fluid that is driven
by an external force or
mechanical means. In this
type of flow, the fluid is
pushed or pulled through a
conduit or over a surface by
pumps, fans, blowers, or
other mechanical devices.
 Examples: Common
examples of forced flow
include the circulation of air
in HVAC (heating,
ventilation, and air
conditioning) systems, the
flow of coolant in an
automobile's radiator, and
the pumping of water
through pipes in a
municipal water supply
system.
 Characteristics: Forced
flow typically exhibits well-
defined and controllable
flow rates, which can be
adjusted by varying the
speed or operation of the
mechanical equipment. It
can be either laminar or
turbulent, depending on
the flow conditions and
fluid properties.
 Purpose: Forced flow is
often used in engineering
applications to facilitate
efficient heat transfer,
maintain desired
temperatures, and transport
fluids over long distances.
2. Natural Flow:
 Definition: Natural flow,
also known as natural
convection, is the
movement of a fluid that
occurs without the aid of
external mechanical forces.
Instead, it is driven by
buoyancy forces created
due to temperature
differences in the fluid.
 Examples: Examples of
natural flow include the
rising of warm air and the
sinking of cool air in a room
due to temperature
variations (resulting in
natural ventilation), and the
circulation of water in a pot
on a hot stove where the
hot water rises and the
cooler water sinks.
 Characteristics: Natural
flow tends to be slower and
less predictable than forced
flow. The flow patterns in
natural convection are often
influenced by the shape of
the heated or cooled object
and the surrounding
conditions.
 Purpose: Natural flow is
generally not induced
intentionally for purposes
of heat transfer, but it can
affect the heat transfer
process in various
situations. For instance, it
plays a role in geophysical
phenomena, such as
atmospheric and oceanic
circulation.

In summary, the key distinction


between forced flow and natural
flow is the driving force behind the
fluid movement. Forced flow relies
on mechanical devices to induce
motion, while natural flow is driven
by buoyancy forces resulting from
temperature differences within the
fluid. Both types of flow are
important in various engineering,
environmental, and heat transfer
applications, and understanding
their characteristics and effects is
crucial for the design and
operation of fluid systems.

The Prandtl Number (Pr) is a


dimensionless number used in fluid
dynamics and heat transfer to
characterize the relative importance
of momentum diffusivity (kinematic
viscosity) to thermal diffusivity within
a fluid. It is named after the German
physicist and engineer Ludwig
Prandtl Number
Prandtl, who made significant
contributions to the study of fluid
24 mechanics.
The Reynolds Number (Re) is a
dimensionless quantity used in fluid
mechanics to characterize the flow
regime of a fluid, whether it is laminar
or turbulent. It is named after the
British engineer and scientist Osborne
Reynolds Number
Reynolds, who made significant
contributions to the study of fluid
25 dynamics.
26 Dynamic Viscosity Dynamic viscosity, often simply
referred to as viscosity, is a
fundamental property of fluids
(liquids and gases) that quantifies
their resistance to shear or flow. It
is a measure of the internal friction
within a fluid when different layers
of the fluid move relative to each
other at different velocities.
Dynamic viscosity is crucial in fluid
mechanics and plays a significant
role in determining how fluids
behave when subjected to external
forces or when flowing in conduits.

The dynamic viscosity is denoted


by the symbol "μ" (mu) and is
typically expressed in units of
pascal-seconds (Pa·s) in the
International System of Units (SI)
or poise (P) in the centimeter-
gram-second (cgs) system. One
pascal-second is equivalent to one
kilogram per meter per second
(kg/(m·s)).

Kinematic viscosity is a fluid property


that quantifies the relative motion or
deformation of fluid particles due to
both their dynamic (absolute)
viscosity and their density. It is a
fundamental property in fluid
mechanics and is important for
understanding how fluids flow,
especially in situations where the
fluid's density may vary. Kinematic
viscosity is a key parameter in
Kinematic Viscosity
analyzing fluid behavior, particularly
in cases where momentum diffusion
27 or heat conduction is important.
28 Hydraulic The hydraulic diameter (D_h) is a
Diameters
characteristic length or dimension
used in fluid dynamics to simplify
the analysis of fluid flow within
conduits, pipes, and channels with
non-circular cross-sections. It is a
measure of the effective diameter
that represents the hydraulic
properties of the flow area,
facilitating calculations in
situations where fluid flows
through complex geometries.
The hydraulic diameter is defined
differently depending on the
specific shape of the conduit:

1. For Circular Conduits: In the case


of a pipe or tube with a circular
cross-section (which is the
simplest geometry), the hydraulic
diameter is equal to the actual
diameter of the pipe (D), as the
flow area remains the same across
the entire section.
D_h = D
2. For Non-Circular Conduits: In the
case of non-circular conduits (e.g.,
rectangular, square, or annular
channels), the hydraulic diameter
is calculated based on the cross-
sectional area (A) and the wetted
perimeter (P) of the conduit. The
formula for hydraulic diameter in
non-circular conduits is:
D_h = (4 * A) / P
 A is the cross-sectional area
through which the fluid
flows.
 P is the wetted perimeter,
which is the length of the
conduit in contact with the
fluid.

The hydraulic diameter provides a


means to represent complex
geometries in a simplified manner,
making it easier to analyze fluid
flow, pressure drop, and other
flow-related characteristics. It is
particularly useful when applying
common equations and formulas
for flow analysis, such as those
related to pressure loss, heat
transfer, and mass transfer.
Note: Please ensure that you review and understand the topics and concepts, as this will be part of
your examination and recitation.

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