MODULE

IN
Tvas 212

Teaching Common
Competencies
in Industrial
Arts
PREPARED BY:
Asst Prof. Marilou v.relevo
 Chapter 1

Carpentry

Carpentry tools, equipment, and materials

Carpentry is the skill of creating furniture or other objects from the wood using
specialist carpentry tools and technique, training is usually through apprenticeships.

This lesson gives information about the safety practices in the shop, common tools used
in carpentry and their uses and maintenance, choosing and grading lumber, kinds of wood
joints, and computing board feet of lumber. Knowing basic information and skills in carpentry
will help you become a better household member.

TYPES AND USES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

TOOL

Materials:
Lumber - sawn Timber
Nails - made of metal used for fastening woods
Cement - a powdered substance which when mixed with water
acts as
binder of aggregate
Sand - fine gritty, substance found in the shore and desert
Plywood - thin cross laminated sheet of wood
Gravel - coarse aggregate

Bill of Materials
A bill of materials is a list of all things needed in a project together
with their
description, sizes and amount or price. All information needed
should be in the bill of materials.
Parts of a Bill of Materials
1. Quantity tells the amount of materials to be purchased.
2. Unit gives the measure of materials to be purchased.
3. Description states the detailed name of materials.
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 4. Unit cost gives the price of each material.
5. Amount is the cost of all materials.

ACQUIRE AND INSPECT MATERIALS/TOOLS

It is important to inspect and check materials and tools for defects and damage
before receiving them so that you can ask for replacements for those that you found
defective.
1. Check if the materials and tools are complete in terms of quantity and specification
(number of pieces, length, width, etc.)
2. Check the physical condition of tools, (check tools against the specification,
quantity,
and quality,) see to it that parts are complete, cutting edges or tooth free from
damages,
3. Check the accessories of each material and tool. See to it that nothing is missing.
4. If any of the materials or tools is found missing or defective, report it immediately
to
the supply officer or teacher.
5. Get a replacement for the materials and tools found defective.
6. Sign the requisition form as you receive materials and tools.

Common carpentry tools

Tools are defined as implements used to modify raw materials for human use. Tools can
be considered as extension of the land thereby increasing its speed, power, and accuracy. Early
age up to the present generation, tools can be considered as man's partner in his struggle for
survival. Knowing the different tools and equipment and their uses, facilitate work activities and
project making and it helps every student to save time and effort in performing a different tasks
in woodworking. Tools are classified according to their uses.

Measuring tools
These are the tools used by laying out measurements. The following tools are included
in this group.
1. Bench rule -This is a one-piece rule made of one or two-foot length. It is commonly used
for general measurement in school shop.
2. Two-foot four folding rule -This is generally used in measuring short distances. It is also
used as a protractor with the aid of a table. It is made of four-fold connected by three
hinges that are 6 inches apart.
3. Zigzag rule -This is used for rough layout. It is also used to measure distances greater
than two feet.
4. Push-pull tape -This is used to measure longer distances. It is available from one meter
to 50 meters long tape.

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 5. Slide caliper rule -This is a special tool used to measure the outside diameter of
cylindrical objects.

Lining Tools
These tools are used for marking or drawing lines.

1. Pencil with round head -This is used in marking rough work.

2. Scratch awl -This is used in drawing lines and marking off points in measuring.
3. Marking gauge -This is a tool most appropriate in marking lines parallel with the edges
of the wood.
4. Chalk line and reel -These are used in making very rough work.
5. Scriber This is used in making fine work. It is made of hardened steel with a sharp point
designed to mark fine lines.

Testing Tools
These tools are used to test the squareness of a corner, the end of an angle, the flatness of
a surface, or the straightness of an edge.

1. Try square -This is used for squaring and testing smaller work.
2. Steel square -This is sometimes called the carpenter's square or the framing square.
3. Sliding T-bevel square -This is a special square used to layout angles of different degrees
and to test mitter joints.
4. Plumb bob -This is a tool used to check the straightness of post, studs, and the light.
5. Spirit level -This is used for both guiding and testing the work to a vertical or horizontal
position.

Edge-Cutting Tools
These are the tools having thin, sharp edges and are used for cutting lumber. The
different edge cutting tools are planes, chisels, spokeshaves, and adzes.

1. Planes -These are tools for shaping wood period they are used to flatten, reduce the
thickness of, and impart a smooth surface to a rough piece of lumber or timber.
a) Jack plane -This is the most useful plane because of its convenient size and is
used for planing pieces of wood that need to have straight edges and surfaces.
b) Smooth plane -This is used for smoothening a lumber surface flat and cleaning
up flush-framed work, chamfers, and rounding edges.
c) Block plane -This is a plane having a single iron plane blade that is placed with a
beveled side up. It is used for planing grain.
d) Joint plane -This is used for straightening long and uneven surface of wood.
e) Fore plane - This is used for planing large surfaces.

2. Spokeshave - This is used for curved surfaces that cannot be done with a circular plane.

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 3. Chisels - These are indispensable tools used in carpentry. They are one of the most
abused tools. They are constantly used for prying, opening cases, as screwdriver, or an
opener.
a) Paring chisel - this is a light duty tool used to the plane long surfaces parallel with
the grain of wood.
b) Firming chisel - this is a heavy tool adapted to withstand severe strain, as in framing
work and where deep cuts are necessary.
c) Framing chisel - this has a very heavy and strong blade used in rough carpentry work
like shipbuilding.

Toothed Cutting Tools

These are very important tools in carpentry due to their versatility and service demand.
These tools have edges or surfaces provided with parts shaped like teeth with which to cut or
shape the wood. The different toothed cutting tools are saw, file, and rasp.

1. Saw –This is a tool that uses a hard blade, wire, or chain with a toothed edge to cut
through softer materials.

Kinds of Saw
a) Crosscut saw -This is a saw used for cutting across the grain of wood period the
teeth of a crosscut saw look like a series of knife point.
b) Ripsaw -This is a handsaw used for sewing the grain of wood period the teeth of a
rip saw look like a chisel gang.
c) Backsaw -This is used for making accurate cuts on the line in wood. Its teeth
resemble the crosscut saw this, but this saw differ in design.
d) Dovetail saw -This is used for cutting very fine work in wood.
e) Compass saw -This is used to cut curves of very small radii and other such curves
because of its exceptionally narrow point and sufficient heavy blade.
f) Coping saw -This is used for cutting curved shapes on thin pieces of board.
g) Keyhole saw -This is similar to a compass saw. It is used to cut small, irregular
curves. It is shorter than a compass.

2. Wood rasp -This is used for shaping wood by scratching out the wood surface and is also
used for rough work.

3. Wood file -This is used similarly to wood rasp but it is used for fine work.

Driving Tools
These are tools used to drive nails and screws into the wood or other tools while
working.
1. Hammer -These are tools consisting of a solid heat set crosswise on a handle.
a) Claw hammer -This is used for driving and pulling out nails. The claw is used to
extract nails and to straighten bended snails.

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 b) Ball-peen hammer -This is used to make dents in metals as well as to expand.
c) Riveting hammer - This is used to flatten the ends of rivets. The head is square to
the face, while the back of the head is shaped like wedge aligned with the handle.
d) Cross peen hammer -This type of a hammer is used for starting small nails held
between the fingers. It is a square-headed hammer with the leveled wedge-like
edge.
e) Mallet -This is made of rubber, plastic, or wood and should be used in preference
over steel hammer for driving chisels with wooden handles.

2. Screwdrivers -These are used for fastening screws.

a) Phillips head screwdriver - This is used for driving screws with recessed heads.
b) Plain screwdriver -This is used to install slotted head screw. The size of the tool
reckons on the length and diameter of the blade.

Holding Tools
These are tools used for holding metal or compounds while working.
1. C-clamp -This resembles the letter “C.” It is a tool made of steel with a jaw and a
thumbscrew. The screw works across the open part of the “C.”. The size of the clamp is
measured by the width of the piece that can be clamped in it. C-clamps are available in
different sizes from 3 to 12 inches.
2. Cabinet or Bar clamp -This is used for giving up large surfaces, edge to edge, and for
clamping parts together when assembling projects.
3. Hand screw clamp -This is used for giving stock face to face or for clumping together any
work within the range of the clamp jaws. It is about 6 to 20 inches.
4. Vise -This is used to hold pieces of wood while they are being shaped.
5. Machinist Vise -This is an all-metal vise with a continuous screw. The single-parallel
guide is at the lower part of the screw. It is bolted to the bench or to the table top
instead of the side.
6. Brace -This is used for holding auger bits. Fastener bits and other tools with rectangular
shape shanks.
7. Pliers -This is used for holding wood and as a wire cutter.

Boring Tools
These are especially designed to make hole in wood. The different types of boring tools
are for auger, drill, gimlet, expansive bit, and bradawl.
1. Auger bit –This is used for boring holes on wood with a diameter ranging from ½ inch 12
inches. Augers that are provided with a shank are commonly called bits
2. Drill bit - This is used for boring holes either in wood or metals. The tool that holds the
drill is called hand drill.
3. Gimlet- This is a tool used for boring holes by hand pressure classified as twist and plain.
4. Expansive bit- This bit is adjustable to any sizes between 22 to 75 mm diameters.
5. Bradawl – This is small tool used for punching or piercing small holes. It is generally used
in starting a snail or screw into hardwood.

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 6. Brace and bit –This is a hand tool used to drill holes, usually in wood. Pressure is applied
to the top and the tool is rotated with a U-shaped grip.

Miscellaneous Tools
These are woodworking tools that cannot be classified under any of the groups. Some of
these tools are the grindstone, whetstone, nail set, pliers, and some others.
1. Grindstones –this is a flat disc, solid tone usually of sandstone mounted on a shaft used
for sharpening, shaping, or polishing metal by turning.
2. Oilstone –This is used after grinding operating to achieve a smooth and keen edge of
the tools. Oil is the lubricating medium.
3. Whetstone –This is a natural or artificial stone used for sharpening cutting edge tools
when moistened with water.
4. Nail set –This is used to help the hammer drive the nail completely into the wood.

Equipment/Machines
In most cases, woodworking machines are operated by electricity and are classified
according to use. These equipment are used for boring, cutting, forming, and planning.
1. Portable electric drill –This equipment is handy and the drill bit can be changed to a
desired size. It used to bore a hole on a surface of the surface of the woodwork on a
desired size. This type of tool needs regular maintenance to prolong the of the drill.
2. Wood lathe machine –This is used to form wood by means of turning. Type of machine
uses electricity to operate. Proper care and maintenance of the machine should always
be the main concern of the operator to avoid accident. Using this machine needs a lot of
training and with the proper guidance of guidance of the teacher in order to produce
quality products.
3. Electric planer –The main concern of this machine is to produce quality smooth surface
of wood. The equipment uses electricity to plane pieces of wood for mass production.
Extra care of the operator should be taken into consideration to avoid accident.
4. Circular saw –This portable machine is used for cutting woods into lumber. It uses
electric motor to operate the machine. Appropriate skills training is needed in handling
the machine to avoid accident.

Safety Practices when Working

Performing activities or doing a project in carpentry can be both fun and satisfying. Any
accomplished project can add to your experience since it can help develop your values and
work habits. The following are some tips to consider while performing woodworking activities
or making projects.
1. All work done in the shop must have the teacher’s approval and supervision.
2. Use only the proper tools for a specific job to produce quality output.
3. Wear protective clothing such as an apron.

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4. It is essential to use protective device like eye wear and gloves in performing activities
like cutting, grinding, sharpening, and others. It adds safety in your work activities.
5. Keep the floor clear of cutting materials and others.
6. In cutting any materials, follow a simple practice like –measure the material twice and
cut only once.
7. Get permission from your teacher each time you need to use a machine.
8. Do not use a machine or tool until you r teacher has shown you how to use it correctly.
9. Turn off the machine after using it.
10. Always check the condition of tools and machines before using.
11. Do not play with sharp cutting tools.
12. Avoid using dull or broken tools.
13. Avoid throwing tools at anybody.
14. Lastly, do not try to do anything which you think you are not capable of doing.

TECHNICAL TERMS

▪ bevel –an instrument used by mechanics for drawing angles and in fixing surfaces at an
angle.
▪ grip –the act of taking firmly and holding fast with the hand.

▪ lathe –a machine for shaping an article of wood, metal by holding, and turning it rapidly
against the edge of a cutting tool.
▪ radii –plural of radius.

▪ Bill – a statement of payment due to goods and services

▪ Damage – a destruction, injury, or harm to a person or thing

▪ Job – a piece of work of a definite extent or character for a set of fee

▪ Material – a stuff upon which a thing is made

▪ Quantity – a number, amount in size

▪ Requisition – act of requiring something to be furnished; a written request for

▪ something authorized but not made available automatically

▪ Tool – a simple implement, as a hammer, saw, and spade chisel etc. used in work

▪ Work – something made or accomplished

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 ▪ Finishing materials – chemical or substance applied in finishing carpentry

▪ Hardware – metal supplies used in furniture

▪ Inventory – the accounting of tools and materials

▪ Label – refers to the indicated name of tools and equipment

▪ Lubricants – oils or grease which is use to help the machine to run smoothly

▪ Mensuration – the act or art of measuring

▪ Perimeter – the bounding line or curve of a plain area

▪ Power tools – handy machines operated by current/electricity

▪ Scaler – marked for use in measurement

▪ Segregate – set aside things from the others

▪ Standard – serves as a measure of reference

▪ Stock – refers to a lumber for a certain carpentry job

▪ Store – to put tools and materials in their proper places

Substrate – wood to be cut in a cutting machine.

Perform Mensuration and Calculation

Area – extent of part of a surface enclosed within a boundary
Calculation – the act or process of or result of calculating
Circumference – distance around the circle
Classification – group or category within an organized system
Decimal – number expressed in a counting system that uses units of 10, especially a
decimal fraction
Dimension – measurable extent such as length, thickness and width
Fraction – number expressed as a quotient of two other numbers
Fraction – number expressed as a quotient of two other numbers
Geometric Shapes – characterized by straight line, regular curves and angles
Graduation – scale of a measuring tool
Mensuration – act or art of measuring
Perimeter – bounding line or curve of a plain area
Standard – serves as a measure of reference

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Stock – refers to a lumber for a certain furniture job
Substrate – wood to be cut in a cutting machine
Volume – space inside a solid figure

TYPES OF MEASURING TOOLS

1. Pull-push rule – used for measuring
long pieces of stock.
2. Zig Zag Rule – a folded measuring
tool.
3. Ruler – used for measuring short
pieces of stock.
.4. Caliper – used for measuring
diameter.
5. Try Square – used for checking
flatness and squareness.
6. Meter Stick – a measuring device
which is one (1) meter in length.
7. Divider – used for dividing distances.
8. Compass – used for scribing arcs
and circles
9.Protractor – used for laying out
angles.
HANDLING OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS / TOOLS
A. DO’S
1. Wipe measuring tools/instruments before returning them to the storage room.
2. Oil the movable parts of the measuring tools such as zigzag rules, calipers, dividers
and compasses to avoid stock-up.
3. Make sure that grits like sand do not get inside the housing or case of a pull-push
rule to avoid wearing off of the graduations.
4. Check the lock of a pull-push rule if it is working.
B. DON’T’S
1. Do not wipe off edges of the steel tape of pull-push rule with bare hands to avoid
injury.
2. Do not pull the steel tape of pull-push rule too much to avoid the coil spring from
damage.
3. Do not use the caliper as tongs.

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Assessment

Identify the following:

1. _________________ is used in drawing lines and marking off points in measuring.

2. _________________ is a tool most appropriate in marking lines parallel with the

edges of the wood.

3. _________________ is used to cut curves of very small radii and other such curves
because of its exceptionally narrow point and sufficiently heavy blade.

4. _________________ is used for cutting curved shapes on thin pieces of board.

5. _________________ is used for boring holes on wood with a diameter ranging from ½
inch to 12 inches.
6. ________________ is used for boring holes either in wood or metal.

7. ________________ is used to bore a hole on a surface of the woodwork on a desired

size.
8. ________________ is used to form wood by means of turning.

9. ________________ is used to produce quality smooth surface of wood.

10. ________________ is used for cutting woods into lumber.

Chapter 2

Masonry
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Masonry Tools and Materials
Masonry refers to the structured construction of walls and important features of a
building through the use of mortar and bond materials. Materials - such as bricks, granite, glass,
concrete block, stucco marble, stone, and travertine- are used in installing panels and in
ornamental designs by laying masonry units in specific patterns. These units can be reinforced
through the use of steel (rebar) units to strengthen structures. The use of masonry units in a
building should conform to the prescribed requirements of the 2003 international building
code.

Types of Stones and Bond Patterns

Masonry stones of various shapes and forms are set in different patterns. These tools
can be used as outer surface or a wall or as a fitting of the core of a wall.

1. Rubble -is a broken stone of irregular size, shape, and texture. This word is derived from
rubbish, which means trash a garbage. Rubble, fast naturally found in the soil, is known
also a 'brash' (compare cornbrash). Where present, it becomes more noticeable when
the land is ploughed or worked.
2. Ashlar - Masonry with the use of dressed or cut stones laid in parallel course is known as
ashlar masonry. Whereas masonry with the use of irregularly shaped stones is known as
rubble masonry. Ashlar blocks are rectangular cuboid blocks that are masonry sculpted.
They have square edges and smooth faces.
3. Random Ashlar -is an arrangement of stone in various sizes. They are used to make
courses that are not continuous for the whole length of the wall. However, the course
has a formal appearance.

Brick
The term brick, as used today, denotes a solid rectangular masonry unit formed in a
plastic state from clay and shale.

Types of Bricks
1. Common Bricks -are made from clay and sold in the market. They are sometimes called
rustic, with a roughly finished appearance.
2. Face Bricks -are used for extension and interior, and other architecture structures.
3. Calcium Silicate Bricks -are made with alumina and silica. They are used for furnaces
and other structures that require higher temperatures up to 178 0 C.

Brick Laying and Patterns

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 Brick are laid in horizontal or vertical layer with a string or nylon cord as guide. The
vertical layer of bricks is guided by a plumb line wherein the mortal, having a thickness of 3 to
10 mm, is place between layers.
Concrete Hollow Blocks
The concrete hollow blocks (CHB) are widely used in the basic construction of many
buildings because of its low cost and durability. The blocks are easily painted and cleaned, and
require little upkeep. Because of its relatively large size, buildings constructed of concrete
blocks are built more quickly than brick structures.

Masonry Tools and Equipment

A standard set of tools used by a mason is fairly small compared to that of other trades.
1. Tamper - It is used for pressing exposed aggregate in concrete. It is also used for
compressing the soil before pouring concrete. It usually has the shape of a long or short
handle attached to a flat blade surface. When imprinting concrete with texture mats or
skins, this tool is used to securely tamp down the mat and ensure a good outlook.
2. Straightedges -They are used to remove excess freshly placed concrete to level the
surface in preparation for finishing. Straightedges can be made of thin metal like
aluminum and wood. They come in different lengths and widths.
3. Floats -they are used in masonry jobs to fill voids, level ridges, and smoothen the
surface in preparation for trowelling. Most floats for decorative concrete work are made
of aluminum, magnesium or wood, and rubber, stainless steel, and laminated wood or
canvas resin. They are also bull float used for working in large areas of concrete that are
about 8 inches in width and 3 to 10 feet in length. There are hand floats that are 12 to
24 inches long and 3 to 5 inches wide. Most floats are available with rounded or square
end.l Rounded-end floats are perfect in tight corners and help minimize lap marks.
4. Fresno -Fresno trowels are designed in such a way that they are attached to long
extension handle so that mason don't have to walk out on the slab. Fresnos are efficient
in rapid work over large areas. The only drawback is that they do not achieve the same
degree of compaction that can be achieved with hand trowels.
5. Trowels - This is used to spread mortar. It is the most important tool in masonry. The
pointing trowel is a miniature model of the standard mason trowel.
6. Hammer -They are used in bricklaying and concrete block construction. These are used
to cut concrete block and have wider blades. Some are used for chiselling stone.

7. Plumb rule -It is also called level. It is used to establish a plumb line (aligned vertically
with the surface of the earth) and a level line (aligned horizontally with a surface of the
earth). It measures 24 inches wide and 18 inches long with single or double vials. Double
vials are preferred in masonry. It has a glass tube which contains either alcohol or oil.
The fluid can determine the flatness of any surface.
8. Pocket rules -There are two types of rules used by masons. The first type is the course
counter spacing rules. It is used in laying bricks to space mortal around door tops or
window tops and measures 6 ft. long. The other one is the modular spacing rule. It is
based on the module of 4 in.

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 9. Bricks set or Blocking chisel -It is used to cut a very clean and sharp edge of bricks or
blocks. It is also used for storing or chiselling masonry stone.
10. Mason line -This is used to lay out walls and masonry materials over 4 feet in length and
use as a guide for building straight, true walls.
11. Jointers -They are used to finish or tool vertical or horizontal mortar joints. Tooling is
necessary to waterproof and beautify joints.
12. Mason's brush -This is used for brushing off footings and cleaning the area.
13. Mixing tools -On small jobs, it probably won't pay to use a powered mortar mixer.
Several tools are needed to mix mortar. A regular shovel with a square edge will be
needed to proportion materials. A large hoe with two holes in the blade is used to
actually mix the mortar sand, masonry cement, and water. The holes in the blade make
it easier to pull the hoe through the mix and to break up the lumps.

You will also need either a mortar box or wheel barrow to mix your mortar in, and a water
bucket to measure and add water to the mix. Mortar boxes are usually made of heavy gauge
plastic or steel. Once the mortar is mixed, transfer the mortal to a mortar board or hawk, from
which you will work when applying the mortar.

Chapter 3

Tile Setting

Overview
Tile setting is considered by many as a form of art. Adding tiles to any room expresses
character provides texture and new look. The tile design should blend with the room and
should not stand out to boldly when entering a room.

Laying a ceramic or porcelain tile can be considered a meticulous task, but when
adequate planning and preparation, this can be done by anyone who has the patience and
courage. Laying one’s own tile is much less expensive and possibly more rewarding that having
it professionally installed. Cost can be minimized by careful planning and preparation.

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Tools and Material in Tile Setting
Tile flooring has been practiced since the time of ancient Greece and Rome. The tile at
that time was mostly made of marble or other polished stone. Today, floor tiles used in homes
is mostly made of ceramic. Ceramic is relatively inexpensive to manufacture and fits well in
homes. Most people are willing to pay to have ceramic floor tiles installed in their houses.
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard materials, such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even
glasses used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects like tabletops. The word
tile is derived from the French word, tuile, and in Latin, tegula, meaning, a roof tile made from
fired clay.
Tiles are that are often used as cover walls and floor. Coverings are available in different
sizes, from square tiles to complex mosaics. Other materials are also commonly used to make
tiles, such as glass, metal, cork, and stone. Marble, onyx, granite, or slates to are filling stones
used for ground layers. Thinner tiles ca be used on walls; thicker and more durable tiles are
used on floor surface.
The right tile changes a space or place in the house from plain to astonishingly beautiful.
It adds a decorative touched to the room and requires simple cleaning and care. Learning how
to tile floors and walls is a skill can be used to beautify your homes. Start by knowing the
construction materials and tools for tile settings.

Classification of Tools and Materials per Job Requirements

Tile setting tool

The basic tools needed for applying adhesives and mortars are the following:

1. Notched Trowels
The choice of notched trowel depends of the size of tiles. The larger the tile, the
larger the size of the notch on the trowel due to the required mortar specifications. By
“notched,” it means that one long side and one short side of the trowel have
indentations.
Notched trowels are used to spread in “comb” adhesives onto the underlayment.

Tools Uses

Notched Margin Trowel Necessary when applying tiles. It is used to make sure that
the proper depth of setting material to the surface is
applied.

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Square Notched Trowel Use for installing tile on floors;

This is used for installing 16” square or less tiles. Square-

notched trowel is used for spreading thin sets on horizontal
surfaces.

V-notched Trowel Used for installing tiles on wall;

This trowel lays down less mortar, perfect for wall

application.

Use V-notched trowel for spreading adhesives on vertical

surfaces.

The grout float is a tool that is used to apply tile grout on

the joints between ceramic tiles or flat natural stones after
setting. Tile is usually sets with spacer which dictates the
size of the ground joint, i.e., 1/8 “, 1/16”, etc.. After the tile
has cured for at least twenty four hours, it is ready for grout.

Grout Float
A margin trowel is the most useful tile tool of all because of
its multiple functions. It is used to hand-mix mortars and
grouts, to scrape excess adhesive off of walls, to spread
mortar or adhesive onto the notched trowel, and to “back-
butter” small tiles.

2. Cutting Tools
Tiles must be cut to fit against walls, tubs, toilets, electrical outlets, and other
spaces that need to be tiled, and also to cut holes in a tile to fit plumbing fixtures. There
are several tools available to make cutting tile easy. Some of the tools that are available
to cut tile are wet saws, rot zip, nippers, hole cutters, and snap cutters.

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 Tools Uses

A wet tile saw utilizes a special carbide blade. It usually has

Wet Tile Saw diamond dusted on the edge of it. When cutting the tile, it is
not really cutting it with the saw, but grinding the tile with the
carbide blade. To lay the tile properly, it has to be very smooth
with straight cuts, or they will not fit together properly.

RotoZip produces a range of spiral saw systems for making

precise cuts in a variety of surfaces and materials, from dry
RotoZip wall to ceramic tile.

The rotoZip spiral saw is capable of performing a number of

tasks. It has multiple attachments and accessories. The
Zipmate Right Angle attachment gives the rotoZip the ability to
cut tiles and stone, whereas the Tile Dock allows the rotoZip to
drill tile accurately, with more stability and fewer breakages.

Tile Scorer This kind of hand tool with hardened metal wheel scores the
glazed surface of the tile, then with applied pressure, cuts it.
The tile snaps along the score.

Tile nippers are similar to small pairs of pincers, with part the
Tile Nipper width of the tool removed so that they can fit into small holes.
They can be used to break off small edges of tiles that have
been scored, or nibble out small chips and enlarging holes.

Diamond Hole Saw Used to cut holes on plumbing fixtures.

Cutter

Snap Cutter A simple hand held glass cutter capable of scoring smooth
surface glazes, allowing the tile to be snapped.

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Materials Needed in Tile Setting

Materials Description

Tiles are grouped according to:

Tiles
● Group I is suitable for walls, bathroom walls, and
floors.
● Group II tiles are generally used in house areas likes
the living room and bedroom.
● Group III tiles are for countertops, walls, and floors.

● Group IV and Group V are extra-durable tiles made for

commercial building, factories, malls, and other public
places.

Kinds of Tile

Porcelain tiles are remarkably durable tiles as they are forged

in flames. These tiles are good for entryways or in bigger
Porcelain Tiles spaces inside or outside because they are not susceptible to
splitting or breaking.

Ceramic tiles are made from a mixture of natural clays heated

in kilns at high temperature, producing hard bisque. These
Ceramic Tiles types of tiles are done in either glazed or unglazed finish.

17
 Roof tile is one of the most durable, long-lasting roofing
materials available. It is strong and resilient. It requires a fairly
Roof Tiles low-maintenance care routine, but skipping any of the steps
can mean trouble for the tile.

Outdoor tiles are used in walkways, stepping stones, patios,

walls, mantels, and sides of swimming pool. These are more
Outdoor Tiles durable and weather resistant than tiles typically used for
indoor construction. They can also withstand extreme heat,
cold, moisture, and pressure.

Granite Granite tiles are best to use for bathroom or kitchen. It can
also be used to cover floors, walls, or countertops. Granite
tiles are not only durable, but also look natural and expensive.

Pencil tiles are used as a finishing piece when ending the tile
on backsplashes or bathroom walls.
Pencil Tiles
Used to finish outside corners or make picture frames to
surround the design.

Used for the back wall of your shower or tub.

Used to frame in the stone behind the stove and under the
kitchen vent.

Used to cap off the tiles and also to make a baseboard from
the leftover pieces of the floor tiles.

Glass Tile Glass tile or mortal is translucent or transparent. Usually, they

come in white so as not to affect the entrance of light in the
house.

The white color of the mortar will help the glass show its
colors, without dulling or darkening it.

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 Tile Trim Tile trim provides walls, floors, and countertops with finished
edges and conceals rough or poorly glazed tiles. It comes in
different styles, designs, angles, and shapes –there are
corners, half-circles, and even decorative emblems.

V-cap tiles V-cap tiles, or V-tiles, are used to finish the front edge of tile
countertops and vanity tops. The ceramic tile forms the shape
of a V that fits both the front face and top edge of the tile
counter. This gives a finished look with a soft, rounded edge
on top.

V-cap tiles are installed after the other tile counters have been
placed. This will ensure a balanced layout with properly lined
grout joint.

Other Materials Used in Tile Setting

Mastic or Adhesive Mastic or adhesive is material used as a sealant for plumbing or

as a seal when waterproofing a foundation wall. This is also
used to fasten ceramic tile in nonwet areas.

Grout Grout is a soft and pliable construction material that fills the
gaps between tiles after they are set on the surfaces. As it
dries, it becomes solid filler. Grout comes in different colors, to
blend or contrast with a color of the tiles. It is important that
grout is able to keep the moisture out.

Other Tools Used in Tiles Setting

The tools and materials that complete the tiling installation.

Materials Description and Uses

Tile Stripper Tile strippers come in various types. Each type has a different
purpose, but mostly are used for crapping off undesirable
coatings such as rust, scale, and adhesives.

19
 Bucket Contains water and aid in tiling and cleaning of grout.

Chalkline Used for marking lines between two points and intersecting
lines to facilitate tile layout.

Tape Measure Used for taking the linear measurements of the area needing
to be tiled, for easy estimation of the number of tiles needed.

Tile Sponge Tile sponges are made specifically for cleaning grout.

Float Knife This is used for grouting, together with the tile sponge and
bucket.

Purchasing Procedure

1. Write a list outlining all the materials and items that the business needs to purchase.
Group items together and give each group an appropriate heading.
2. Plan a purchasing budget. Determine how much is the budget is intended for the
materials and tools needed. Decide whether the tools are to be brought or rented.
3. Make a survey. Collect information, such as company name, address, phone numbers,
contact person, and the company’s account number. Compare prices and quality of the
products you are intending to buy. Note stores or suppliers of good quality products. It
is wise to have a list of suppliers for each item so that if the preferred supplier is out of
stock, there are other suppliers to go to, thereby preventing delays in ordering. This is
especially important to finish work on time.
4. Established relationships with suppliers to negotiate pricing discounts and manage
special orders.
5. Write procedures in making purchase.
The step-by-step process when making purchases:
a. Consider how a purchase will be requested, authorized, ordered, received,
delivered, and paid for.
b. Considered the establishment of purchasing caps for the various levels of employees
and staff.
c. Include procedure for ad-hoc purchases, payment options, and purchases that may
require a response from other departments. For instance, purchasing new
computers by the administrative department will require the IT department’s

20
 involvement and input to purchase installation items, such as cables, modems, and
routers.
6. Formulate a step-by-step process for managing the paperwork in the purchasing
process. Depending upon the need, an electronic purchasing process instead of a paper-
based one may be required.
7. Use the forms required for each purchase, or buy standard agreement forms from an
office supply vendor. Forms include:
a. a purchase request form with room for authorization;
b. an order form to send to the vendor; a form for receiving the items in a main
warehouse; and
c. an order form that recognizes delivery to the requesting department.
8. Adapt a process for managing complaints and accountability reviewing supplier
relationships and discount structures, monitoring purchasing budgets, and reviewing,
and improving the purchasing process.
9. Produce a purchasing procedure manual that highlight a step-by-step guide for the staff
to follow. The manual should provide:
a. clear steps that each staff member must follow to request;
b. obtain authorization and place a purchase order; and
c. identify those who will manage the process and who are authorized to approve a
purchase, as well as an approved list of suppliers and a list of forms that shows its
physical location of the forms or where they are in the company's computer network.

Chapter 4

Electrical Installation and Maintenance

Overview

21
 The acquisition of vocational efficiency, which is one of the major goals of education, is
emphasized in teaching industrial arts courses. These courses will instill awareness to the
students about the jobs or livelihood opportunities the knowledge and skills acquired in these
courses can offer.

Electrical installation and maintenance is one of the many industrial arts courses that
Student like you will find interesting and challenging. Acquisition of skills in this course is
beneficial to the home, where simple electrical repairs can be done without additional
expenses on service fee, which later can become a livelihood as you gain more experience in
the area.

This unit offers four basic lessons about the study of electrical installation and
maintenance. Unit VII includes familiarity with the use and care of electrical tools, equipment,
supplies, and materials. It also includes a careful study and analysis of electrical plans and
diagrams, such as the wiring system of electrical fixtures and of room or house, and
occupational health and safety procedures that an aspiring electrician like you must take
seriously in order to avoid hazards and risks, which are parts of the profession.

Electrical Tools, Supplies, and Materials

Acquiring knowledge and skill in the use of different electrical tools, supplies, and
materials is a head start in electrical installation and maintenance. Such knowledge and skill can
benefit you and your family in two ways. One, it enables you to do simple electrical repairs at
home, and two call ma it allows you to do electrical repairs in your neighborhood, which can be
the start of a livelihood. This lesson introduces you to what you need to know when you start
learning the basics of electrical works.

Basic Tools for Electrical Work At Home and in the Office

Electricity is always at work in your home or in the office. Sometimes, it becomes
necessary to install new electrical lines or equipment or appliance using electricity or to repair
or improve existing lines. It is, therefore convenient to be familiar with the basics tools you will
need to adequately do the job, or at least understand what the electrician you hire to do the
job will need.

1. Screwdrivers
These are used to drive in or remove screws that fasten electrical wires or other
electrical accessories. Screwdrivers come in two major types, depending on the type of
screw you have to work with the cabinet flathead type, which has a straight-edged tip;
and the Phillips type, which has a tapered cross-shaped tip.

Other types of screwdrivers:

a. Stubby screwdriver- has a short handle and short blade; used to handle screws in
tight space where a standard screwdriver cannot be used.

22
 b. Allen screwdriver/wrench -is used to drive screws with hexagonal slot head.

2. Pliers
These are primarily use to grip, pull, and cut electric wires. For electrical work, the
pliers have insulated handles, usually rubber or hard plastic. Liars have four basic types:
a. Cutter- has sharp blades that are commonly used to cut wires and to remove a
portion of the wire insulation (stripping)
b. Long-nose - with tapered and elongated nose to reach narrow spaces that standard
pliers cannot reach
c. Mechanical- has vicelike teeth that enable a firm grip on wires or objects that have
to be pulled or held family.
d. Combination plier - the nose portion incorporates both teethed portion for stripping,
as well as a bladed portion for cutting. They are used to grip, hold, cut electrical
wires, cables, and even small nails.

3. Wire Stripper
This is similar to pliers but has round gap along the blades. This is used to remove
the insulation from a wire, usually to enable the wire to be spliced or connected to
gadgets or other electrical devices. The wire to be stripped is inserted into the
appropriate gap and pulled until the insulation slips off.

4. Electrical Drill and Drill Bit

This is used to bore holes for screws or bolts to secure devices, or for passage of
wire through solid materials such as wood or masonry. When an electric drill is not
available, a manual drill or chisel may be used.

5. Multitester VOM (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter)

This is a testing equipment used to measure current, voltage, and resistance.
a. Voltmeter- used to measure AC and DC voltages; it gives precise measurements
when connected across the circuit.
b. Ohmmeter -used to measure resistance; it is also used in testing components such
as capacitors, diodes, transistors, and coils.
c. Milliammeter - used to measure electric current and is always connected in series,
be careful in using this because it can be damaged when connectors across the
circuit, especially a strong current, is involved.

Precautions
When measuring the DC voltage, observe the polarity. Set the function switch to
a high voltage and gradually lower, until finally, the desired voltage is obtained.

Precautions when measuring resistance:

a. Set the functions switch to R x 1 or ohmmeter range.

23
 b. Be sure that the components to be measured have been attached in the PCB or set
off to aim shock or destruction to an ohmmeter.
c. Place the meter across or parallel to the component you want to measure.

Reading the Voltmeter Scale

Read the scale from left to right. One, therefore, starts from 0 volt to maximum
of full scale deflection. The scale is divided equally from left to right. The range one
selects is equal to maximum scale deflection. For range 20v, the maximum deflection or
is 20 volts, and 40 volt range, the maximum reading is 40 volts, and so on. There are 10
main divisions and 5 subdivisions.
To get the value of the main division, divided given range by 10 and get the value
of subdivision -devide the value of the main division by 5. For example, a range of 2v will
be computed as follows:

Value of main = 2/10=.2

Value of subdivision = 2/5 =.4

6. Ammeter
Another testing equipment used to measure current.

Precautions in measuring current:

a. Place the function switch to ammeter range (DCM).
b. Cut any portion of the circuit and invert the meter, which is in series with the load.
c. Observe the polarity when measuring the current.
d. Always keep all electrical equipment in good order and operate it only for what it is
intended for.
e. Do not tamper with electrical devices or electrical equipment.
f. Always avoid handling electric cords, fixtures, or appliance with wet hands or when
standing in water or in an excessively damp place.
g. Conserve and protect electrical plugs, cords, and appliance by using them in the
manner intended by the manufacturer.
h. Replace blown fuse with correct size fused. Never use a coin as it has high melting
point and will not protect the circuit.
i. Extension cords that are used with trailers, iron, or pressure cookers should be made
with regular heater cord. This cord is cotton-covered and has an asbestos base to
cover the wires. It is very flexible and will stand hard usage.
j. Chords that are to be used in places where there is moisture and water require a
rubber cover.
k. The proper method of removing the plug is to take hold of the plug and remove it,
but many people grasp the record and jerk the plug from the socket. If the cord is
not properly fastened, it will eventually break and cause a short circuit; blown fuse
can cause more serious damage. The underwriter boot is used as a precautionary

24
 device to put the strain on the boot, rather than on the wire conductors if the wire is
jerked from the socket.
l. Wire used for wiring electrical circuit of houses should be placed in a metal pipe
called a conduit to protect it further from short circuit or damage.

7. Soldering Tools
a. Soldering iron (30 watts) -used to solder joints and electrical components.
b. Soldering gun -is used primarily for connecting and soldering, commonly used in
soldering components and parts in a printed circuit board, it is better than soldering
iron because of its continuous heat at its tip.

8. Other Tools
a. Zigzag rule or steel rule - for measuring
b. Hacksaw - for cutting metal
c. Claw hammer - for driving and pulling nails
d. Cold chisel - for cutting metals and sheets
e. Slant edge cutter - for cutting
f. Electrician’s knife – for removing insulations of wires and cables in low-high and
high-voltage transmission lines.

Electrical Supplies and Materials

Electrical materials and supplies are used for construction and/or repair of electrical
installation and devices. Specifically, they are used to:
a. Supply electric current from one source to the load.
b. Hold and secure electrical wires in an electrical installation inside and outside the
house or building.
c. Protect the house/ building, as well as the electrical appliance and devices, from any
damage or destruction.

The following are the common electrical supplies and materials:

1. Electrical wires - These are usually made of copper. Copper is a good conductor of
electricity at a reasonable price. It is available in different types to meet the
requirements of different circuits. An electrical wire must be large enough to carry the
current and must be properly insulated so that the circuit wire will not be easily shorted.
For instance, a 14-gauge copper wire is insulated with rubber and covered with strong
cotton cloth. Copper wires for electric iron and electric hot plate are coated for asbestos
because it is highly resistant to heat.

An electric wire can consist of:

a. Stranded wire with multiple strands joined together to make a single wire.
b. Solid wire one single strand of copper or aluminum wire. This is usually used in
wiring installations inside and outside buildings or houses.

25
 Electrical wires are used for electric transmission where electric current flows freely.
It is a conductor of electricity because of the copper it contains. However, other
conductors of electricity include silver, gold, aluminum, brass, zinc, iron, lead, mercury,
platinum, and tin.

2. Insulation material -These are also called insulators and are placed around conductors.
They are nonconductors of electricity. They are dielectric materials since they can store
electrical charge. Rubber and asbestos are most commonly used for insulating copper
wires. Other insulators are air, paper, ceramic, plastic, enamel, glass, and porcelain.
3. Conduits/Pipes -Used to protect and insulate the wires; made of rigid metallic, flexible
metallic conduit (FMC), and rigid nonmetallic (PVC), or corrugated plastic conduit (CPC).
4. Connectors -used to connect conduits to the utility boxes; made of metal or flexible
nonmetallic metallic material.
5. Clamps - keeps the electrical conduits in their places; clamps can be made of metal or
plastic.
6. Circuit breaker - cuts the electric current when short circuit or overloading occurs; acts
as a protective device at homes and buildings.
7. Fuse -usually found in the circuit breakers; it is a protective device that automatically
blows to cut the electric current.
8. Junction box - made of plastic or metal and octagonal in shape; this is where joints of
wires are done and kept in place.
9. Utility box - made of plastic or metal and rectangular in shape; this is where the flush
type convenience outlet and switch are attached.
10. Convenience outlet - this is where the source of electricity emanates. This is where the
plug of the electrical appliance or device is inserted. The surface type of outlet is
attached permanently on the wall, and the flush type is connected to an extension cord
and can be moved to any place where it is needed.
11. Flat cord - comes in two sizes of gauge #18 and #16. Used for extension cords.
12. Male plug - connects the appliance to the source of electricity for the supply Of electric
current. It is inserted to the electrical outlet and is connected with a flat cord to conduct
the electric current from the outlet to the appliance or other electrical device.
13. Sockets - used to hold the electric bulb in place, whether it is hanging or on a flat wall.
Sockets come in different types: hanging, flush, and surface.
14. Switch - a small device that is pushed or pulled to allow or stop the flow of electric
current attached to an electric bulb, a fluorescent lamp. Switches come in different
types: hanging, surface, and flush.

Electrical Joints and Splices

In connecting wires to and from the power sources, loads, and control devices, it is
sometimes necessary to connect wires together since it is not always possible to use one
continuous wire to form a circuit.
Joints are the connection of a separate wire to a continuous wire, so that the resulting
wire goes directly in three directions.

26
 Splices are the connection of the ends of two separate wires, so that these wires
become one continuous wire.

Joints and splices are made by stripping portions of the insulation of the wire, then
joining these bare portions either by twisting them together or securing them together, or by
Winding pieces of tin wires around the connection. The connection is then insulated by winding
insulating tape, more commonly known as electrical or friction tape (made either of rubber or
plastic), around the connection.

The manner of twisting the wires together, or of wrapping thin wires around the
Connections, gives rise to various types of joints or splices. The more commonly used are the
following:

27
 In some instances, joints and splices are more securely connected by means of
soldering, which is the process of introducing a solder (a metallic substance that melts when
heated and forms a bonding surface as it hardens). This is normally accomplished with a
soldering iron, which melts and applies the solder by means of electric current or open flame.

Safety Precautions and Practices

1. Always keep your hands dry when working with wires, switches, and any electrical
connection; water is a conductor of electricity.
2. Do not overload. An "octopus" connection is a dangerous. Decrease the load of your
connection to avoid short circuits that can cause fire.
3. Keep away combustible materials like clothes, rugs, papers, and chemicals near
electrical wirings or connections.
4. Do not insert pieces of metals like coins in the fuse box.
5. Always keep floors dry when standing on it and when fusing light bulbs and wirings.
6. Report broken bulbs or dangling electrical wirings immediately to the authority. Cordon
the area to avoid children and other people from coming near it to avoid electrocution.

Simple Project in Electricity

I. Name of Project
Extension Cord

II. Purpose of the Project:

1. Construct an extension cord for connecting Power supply to table lamps, floor television,
radio, flat iron, toaster, washing machine, and many others.
2. Observe safety measures in doing the project.

III. Materials

Plug
2 strand cords, black and white
Sharp knife
Screwdriver

28
IV. Illustration/Drawing

V. Procedure

Steps in Making an Extension Cord

A. Tying an underwriter's knot. (Use black and white cords)

1. Put the wire through the plug first and separate the two-strand cord so that
there are two ends about 2 h to 3 inches long.
2. Hold the black wire up and bring the white wire around behind the black one.
3. Complete the loop by continuing the white wire around the black wire.
4. Hold up the end of the white wire and bring the black wire around behind the
white wire.
5. Put the cord of the black wire through the loop formed by the white wire.
6. Tighten the knot by pulling the end of the wire.

Before the plug and socket are connected, the cotton and rubber insulations
must be removed from the strands of wire. The only tool necessary is a sharp knife.

1. Place the wire on a block of scrap wood and hold it between the thumb and
the index finger.
2. With a knife, cut through the insulation 3'4" from the wire.

29
 3. After the knife cut has been completed around the wire, the insulation may
be removed easily by grasping the wire on each side of the knife cut and by
twisting off the insulation.

B. Attaching the plug

Attaching Wire to Plug

1. Pass the cord through the plug. Separate the strands of the wire. Remove the
insulation 3'4"from the end of each strand.
2. Tie the underwriter's knot, and pull the cord down until the knot rests firmly on
the plug.
3. Loosen the screw in the plug so that the strand of wire may fit into them easily.
4. Bring the wires around the screw in the same direction. Tighten each screw and
then test the attachment by pulling the plug and cord.

C. Attaching the socket

1. Remove the outer shell and the fiber shell from the socket.
2. Insert the cord through the hole in the bushing cap and the fiber insulator, and
remove the insulation from the wire strands.
3. Tie the underwriter's knot in the cord.

30
 4. Loosen the screw on the socket and place the insulated end of one wire around
one of the terminal screws of the socket in a clockwise direction and tighten the
screws. The other wire should be connected in the same manner.

Assembling the Socket

A. Requesting Appropriate Supplies, Materials and Tools for a Specific Job

In requesting for materials and tools for a specific job, you need to fill out the
appropriate form and process it according to the standard operating procedure of the office
or company
Samples of inventory form, requisition form, job order form, and borrower's form are
shown below:
1. Inventory form - a list of raw materials and goods that are considered business assets
and already or will be ready for sale or use.
2. Requisition form – a document filled out by the personal or department requesting the
purchase department of materials/supplies in need to order, the amount and time it is
needed.
3. Job order form – a written instruction to perform a work according to specified
requirement at the specified time and cost estimate.
4. Borrower’s form – used to request for tools for equipment to be used for specific job.

B. Receiving and Requesting Electrical Supplies, Materials, and Tools

In receiving delivered electrical supplies, materials and tools, examine first the official
receipt at form and the delivery receipt form.
For clarification, the following should be done:
1. Identification of consignee's name, exact address or where it is to be delivered, and
the specification of goods delivered. It should be addressed to your Office/agency
and whose name it is to be delivered.
2. Check goods for any damages - are there holes, stains, mutilation, dents, damaged
by water, etc.?
3. Check quantity of goods as reflected in the delivery receipt.

C. Be thorough in your inspection

31
 Once these three steps have been successfully complied with, your signature can now
be affixed in the receiving form. If the shipment does not meet what is specified for or that it
is damaged, then you have the right to refuse acceptance. However, if little damage is found,
accept the shipment but make the appropriate notations in your record book and the delivery
receipt forms. The notation should be specific as to nature and extent of damage and quantity
of goods. After the notations, affix your full name, signature, ‘name of company, date and
time of the day in the delivery receipt form. The driver or personnel who delivered will also
write his/ her name, affix his/her signature, date and time of delivery.

Mensurations and Calculations in Electrical Installations

Electrical Measuring Tools and Instruments
Measurement can be done accurately by using of measuring tools and instruments in
electrical works. They are as follows:
1. Ruler — about 12 inches in length and made of plastic or wood; it measures length,
width, and thickness of small items. It is also used to draw straight lines. It has inches as
unit of measurement on one side and centimeters on the other side. It is also used in
drawing straight lines.
2. Pull-Push Rule — similar to a ruler but longer in length; it measures length, height,
width in centimeter and inches.
3. Micrometer - measures diameter in different sizes of wires and cables.
4. Wire gauge - measures the size of wires and conductors; gauge ranges from 0 to 60
amg.
5. Test light - a handy tool that tests the presence of current in a line wire or circuit.
6. Clamp ammeter - measures current flowing in a conductor; it is clamped or hanged in a
conductor.
7. Ammeter - measures the intensity of current in a circuit; unit of measure is ampere; it is
connected along or in series to the circuit.
8. Voltmeter - used to measure voltage or electrical pressure in a circuit; unit of measure is
volt; it is connected parallel or across the circuit.
9. Multitester — also called VOM (Voltmeter-Ohm-Milliammeter); it measures voltage,
resistance, and current of a circuit; it is connected either in a parallel or in series
depending on what to measure.
a. Voltmeter — measures the AC and DC voltages; it gives precise measurement when
connected across the circuit.
b. Ohmmeter - measures resistance.
c. Milliammeter — measures electric current and is connected in a series; be extra
careful in using as it is sensitive; it can easily be damaged when a strong current is
measured.

Systems of Measurement
Types of Systems of Measurement

32
 A system of measurement is a set of units that can be used to specify anything that can
be measured. This can be associated with numbers with physical quantities and phenomena.
Even though the concept of weights and measures includes factors such as temperature,
luminosity, pressure and electric current, it is only composed of four basic measurements,
namely: mass (weight), distance or length, area, and volume (liquid or grain measure). Basic to
the whole idea of weights and measures are the concepts of uniformity, units, and standards.

There are two systems of measurement: the English and Metric Systems. Today, the
Metric System is the international standard of measurement.

1. The unit of measurement in the English System is the foot. A foot is divided into twelve
equal parts called inch. An inch is one-twelfth of a foot, which is further subdivided into
16 equal graduations. Each subdivision or unit is called 1/16"ofan inch.
2. The unit of measure in the Metric System is the meter. A meter is divided into one
hundred equal parts called the centimeter. In a centimeter, there are ten millimeters.

English Graduations on the Rules

In using a rule, one must carefully examine the graduation on it. The most common
graduation in the rule are the inch, half an inch, quarter of an inch, eight, sixteenth, and
sometimes include 1/32 Of an inch division. The other scales, which are not commonly used
have the inch divided into tenths and twelfths.

Technical Drawings and Plans in Electrical Works

Electrical Signs and Symbols
Electrical signs warn workers and other people of possible electrical hazards in a place.
This makes them conscious and alert of their movements within the areas to keep them safe
from any possible accidents and injuries. Here are some signs commonly used.

33
Electrical Symbols

Electrical symbols are drawings that represent different electrical parts of a schematic
diagram or plan for different electrical works, whether this is a house wiring system, doorbell
system, installation of an air conditioner or that of Christmas lights. These electrical symbols are
useful guides to electricians, thus, making it easy to follow an electrical plan.

The following are few of the symbols universally used for any electrical plan.

34
Electrical Wiring Diagram

35
 The flow of current in a wire can be shown through a diagram. This diagram can either
be a pictorial diagram or a schematic diagram. A pictorial diagram shows the actual component.
It uses simple images of the parts. A schematic diagram shows electrical components and
connections using electrical symbols.
Look example below:

The following are few of the symbols universally used. It would almost be impossible to
draw a diagram of house writing system.

Types of Circuits

36
 A circuit is a path where current flows from negative to positive, interconnecting a bulb
or switch and a plug in a piece of wire. Electrical circuits represent the complete path of the
electrical current.
There are two types of circuit connections: the series and the parallel connections.

In the series connection, all the resistors are connected in a single wire to the first,
second, third, etc. and back to the source passing through a switch. When one resistor burns
out, the whole circuit goes off. Remember, a resistor is an electrical device such as a bulb.

A parallel connection is a multipath circuit. Each device runs on a separate path and
can, thus be turned on or off without affecting the others.

The thing to remember is that, in a series connection, the same amount of current
passes through loads. While in parallel connection, the current is divided among the loads, in
accordance with their varying resistance. In terms of voltage, in a series connection, the voltage
is distributed among the loads in that particular circuit, depending again on the degrees of
resistance of the loads. On other hand, in a parallel circuit, the voltages on each of the loads
remain equal and the same.

37
 Resistors are used to control how much current or voltage is available in a given circuit.

To illustrate the characteristics of series and parallel circuits and the difference between
them, try this experiment:
1. First, take two like bulbs and connect them in the proper receptacle. Then by means of
an appropriate electric plug, connect the series to the convenience outlet. Make sure all
connections are properly insulated (by means of electrical or friction tape). Take note of
the relative brightness' of the bulbs as we shall compare this to brightness of the same
lamps when they are connected in parallel.
2. Next, unscrew one of the bulbs from its receptacle, until it goes off. Observe what
happens to the other bulb. In effect, when we remove one of the bulbs, we open the
circuit; thus, current can no longer pass through the circuit, and the other bulb goes off,
too. Disconnect the circuit from the convenience outlet.
3. Then connect the two bulbs, this time in parallel. Make sure all your joints or
connections are tightly secured and insulated. Plug this connection to the convenience
outlet and observe the relative brightness of the bulbs this time. You will notice that
they are brighter than those in the series connection. Light bulbs are normally rated in
terms of voltages. In the series connection, the voltage was divided between the bulbs.
In effect, each bulb gets only one-half of the voltage; hence, the brightness was
diminished. In parallel connection, each bulb gets the full voltage in the circuit.
4. Next, unscrew one of the bulbs in the parallel circuit and see what happens. Unlike in
the series connection, the other bulb did not go off when the first bulb was removed.
This is because current still runs through the other bulb. In effect, the other bulb can still
use the current as it has a complete current. This is one of the reasons why light bulbs in
the home are usually connected in parallel, so that in case one or more of the bulbs go
off, or get busted, the other bulbs will still function.

Direct and Alternating Currents

Current can flow in two types or motions, depending on the manner in which the
electricity is generated. If current flows in one direction (that is, from negative to positive) in a
continuous manner, then it is called direct current. This type of current is generated by the
voltaic cell or battery. In a cell or battery, the charge of the terminals (where you connect the
load) are always the same: one is the negative terminal (called anode), and the other is the
positive terminal (called the cathode).
If the current flows from one direction to the opposite direction and repeats this
reversal continuously, then the current is called alternating current. The large scale power-
generating plants generate this type of current. Alternating current is generated because the
characteristic charge of the terminals (called the polarity) keeps changing in a regular manner:
one is negative at one moment, then becomes positive the next moment, then negative, then
positive, and so on. Since current flows from negative to positive, this regular reversal of
polarity results in the current changing of its directions, also in a regular and continuous
manner. The regular reversal of polarity is a result of the electromagnetic process that is
utilized in generating the electricity.

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Electrical Plan
An electrical plan is a graphical presentation of electrical wiring connections of a room,
an office, or a house. The electrical plan shows the specific locations of electrical fixtures such
as lamps' switches, power panel, or major circuit breakers. The following are samples of lighting
layout, power layout, and auxiliary layout.

Maintenance of Electrical Tools and Equipment

Checking the Condition of Tools and Equipment

A. Electrical tools and equipment can be classified as:

1. Hand tools - these are handy tools that can be operated manually. Examples are
screwdriver, pliers, wire stripper, zigzag rule, hack saw, claw hammer, cold
chisel, electrician’s knife, and slant edge cutter.
2. Power tools - these are electric driven tools. Examples are electric drill,
multitester, ammeter, soldering gun, and soldering iron.

B. Identify functional and nonfunctional tools and equipment.

To identify functional and non-functional tools and equipment, do a regular
inventory of all tools from their storage areas. To start, you can group tools according to
type of function-all hand tools together and all power tools together. You can also
classify them according to function like all types of measuring tools together, all holding
tools together, all cutting tools together and boring tools together, and so forth. As soon
as classification is done, you can start checking each tool.

Methods of Identifying functional and nonfunctional tools are as follows:

A. Visual inspection. Check carefully and meticulously the appearance and form of each
tool. See if each tool looks as it should be. An expert in using these tools is capable of
making visual inspection of the tools.
B. Check performance of the tool. This involves actual operation of the tool. If it works as it
should be, then it is functional. If there is an unusual noise or difficulty in handling some
of the parts, then there maybe something wrong. Identify specifically what part is
dysfunctional.
C. Check power driven tools. Find out if tools or equipment perform well when plugged
into the electrical outlet. If it does not operate, identify whether it is the power source
or a part of the equipment that is damaged. You need an expert to do the inspection
and evaluation of the tool.
D. Get expert assistance. For valid and reliable identification of functional and
nonfunctional tools, the technical expertise of one who is familiar in the handling and
operation of these tools should be consulted.

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 Remember, nonfunctional tools are those that do not function well due to a
damaged or defective part or parts.

E. Prepare a master list of the functional and nonfunctional tools, specifying their quantity,
description, condition, and what needs to be done to each tool. You can use the
Standard inventory form of the school, or you can prepare your own list containing all
needed information. Then you can transfer this to an official inventory form.

The list should contain the following:

Perform Preventive Maintenance

Preventive maintenance is giving the proper care of your tools and equipment in order
to keep them from being damaged or in injured. The purpose of preventive maintenance is to
keep tools and equipment efficient and in good-looking condition for many years.

Routine Care of Tools

The following are routine activities to keep tools and equipment looking new and
working good:
1. Wipe and dust every now and then. Even when in storage, take time to wipe them clean
using a clean, dry cotton cloth. Remove dirt not only on tools, but even their containers
and cabinets where they are kept.
2. Check all wiring and other connections of electric-driven tools. See if parts are well-
lubricated, free from rust, and well-attached. Check if the plastic or rubber insulations
are not broken and the plug is in good condition.
3. Protect tools and equipment from exposure to heat and sharp objects that can damage
them or leave them lying around for students to trample or kick them around
accidentally.
4. Clean tools and equipment before and after using them.
5. Store tools and equipment in their individual cases or containers, and keep these
containers in cabinets where they are secured and easily available.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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 PPE consists of suits and gadgets worn by workers to protect themselves from injury or
illness that are brought about by different types of hazards (safety, physical, ergonomic
chemical, and biological) in the workplace.
Personal protective equipment includes cover-all or protective pants or suits, hard hats'
gloves, mask, goggles, and work boots. Care should be given to personal protective equipment'
especially after use. Keep them clean and in good condition before wearing them and before
keeping them in their storage place. PPE protects the worker from any harm or injury,
especially when dealing with electricity. Gloves and goggles are a must to protect them from
handling live wires and when electrical sparks occur.

Doing Basic Preventive Maintenance

1. Know the different lubricants and cleaning solvents and materials.
a. Lubricants — these are used to remove or reduce friction between parts of a tool or
equipment to promote smooth and efficient performance. Types of lubricants
include all purpose, antirust lubricant for preventing rust; lubricating and
decontamination lubricant oil for lubricating gear and cleaning and protecting the
equipment; and wire-pulling lubricant that cleans wires and cables covered with
rubber.
Use a good lubricant that prevents corrosion and has high resistance to
oxidation.
b. Cleaning solvents - these are generally used for cleaning tools, furniture, and shop
or workplace. A solvent dissolves a solute in a given solution. Solvents, which
dissolve in water, are called polar solvents. Examples are detergents, bar soap,
chlorox, and water. These solvents clean and remove dirt in floors, walls, and
working table tools. Solvents, that do not dissolve in water are nonpolar. Examples
are gasoline, kerosene, and paint thinner. These solvents remove grease, paints and
oil in tools, equipment, and floorings.
c. Other cleaning materials - these include clean, dry, absorbent rags, brooms, both
soft and stiff brooms, dust pan, trash containers, etc.

2. Practice good housekeeping in the workplace.

Follow the Japanese philosophy of efficient workshop management through the
5S, namely: sort, set-in-order, sweep, standardized, and sustain.
a. Sort is about separating necessary items from unnecessary ones then discarding the
latter.
b. Set-in-order is systematizing or arranging the necessary items in orders, so they are
within reach.
c. Sweep is the process of removing all the dust and dirt on the floor, machines, and
equipment.
d. Standardize is about maintaining a high standard of cleanliness.
e. Sustain is on instituting self-discipline in workers to keep the standard at all times.

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 3. Clean tools and equipment.
a. To clean tools and equipment, separate hand tools according to type or kind.
b. Prepare water-detergent cleansing solution in a washing basin or similar container.
c. Soak hand tools to loosen dirt.
d. Scrub each tool with fine scrub. Those tools with paint should be treated with other
cleansing solvent (thinner).
e. Rinse thoroughly.
f. Spread out a clean, dry absorbent cloth on a dry surface. Arrange wash tools on the
cloth to absorb water. Then wipe dry.
g. To clean equipment and power tools, follow manufacturer's instructions. Read the
manual for use and maintenance.
h. Replace old sparkplugs, dull blades, damage cords, broken handle' and defective
parts.
i. Lubricate moving parts. Change oil and wipe clean all parts. Note: Wear appropriate
PPE while working.

4. Cleaning the workplace

a. Wear appropriate PPE.
b. Remove sticking dirt such as paint and grease on the floor, with appropriate cleaning
solvent.
c. Sort out all items in the workplace. Eliminate all wastes or nonessentials.
d. Set in order all necessary items. Arrange them where they are to be used.
e. Sweep the floor clean. Mop and wipe dry.

5. Storing tools and equipment

a. Follow the rule: a place for everything and everything in its place.
b. Store tools in their own storage boxes if any—or keep them in cabinets. See to it
that the cabinets are well-cleaned and dry.
c. Hang tools that can be hanged. The walls and doors of the cabinets can be used to
hang tools.

Occupational Health and Safety in the Electrical Shop

Objectives of Occupational Health and Safety
Occupational Health and safety is primarily concerned with the overall well-being of
workers by implementing health and safety standards in the workplace. OHS aims to:
1. Promote the physical, mental, and social well-being of every worker
2. Create a workplace conducive to the worker's welfare
3. Remove or minimize possible hazards and risks detrimental to workers' health and
safety
4. Promote the highest level of productivity possible when workers are safe and healthy

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Identifying Hazards and Risks in the Workplace
There are several types of hazards that are present in a workplace.
1. Physical hazards - these are brought about by poor working conditions such as lack of
fire exit and no fire extinguishers, poor lighting and ventilation, unpaved floors, unkept
garbage, and too much noise.
2. Biological hazards - are caused by lack of regular medical examination for workers who
may have communicable diseases that can be transmitted to other workers; no personal
protective equipment for workers with coughs and colds who can transmit virus or
bacteria to co-workers.
3. Chemical hazards - these can come from paints, varnish, and other chemicals applied to
wood. Wood dust produce while sawing can also be harmful to the lungs when
intended.
4. Ergonomic hazards - these are brought about by poor posture, wrong use of tools or
poorly designed tools that can cause undue stress on the body.
5. Psychological hazards - stress and anxiety brought about by all the types of hazards that
may be present in the workplace.

Evaluating Hazards and Risks

To what extent do hazards and risks occur in the workplace? How serious are the
presence of these hazards and risks that they pose short-term and long-term effects on the
health and safety Of workers in the workplace?
To gather data on hazards and risks that have occurred in the workplace, you can do a
number of strategies.

1. Make observations of the physical conditions of the workplace. Give attention to every
detail of the layout and arrangement of the machines and the working process, as well
as tools and equipment that may pose risks to workers.
2. Interview workers about work-related injuries they have experienced in the past and
their personal observations of hazards and risks in the workplace.
3. Look into medical records of workers and find out their illnesses and injuries and which
of these are job-related and what is the nature of each injury or illness.

From the above data, you can arrive at some conclusions, on the presence of possible
hazards and risks and the extent and frequency to which these hazards and risks occur.

Controlling Hazards and Risks

The following are activities geared toward controlling hazards and risks.

A. Accident Prevention Signs and Symbols

1. Use accident prevention signs and symbols. These should be posted where there are
existing hazards.
2. Use caution signs for warning against things or processes that carry risks, accidents,
or possible danger. Signs are printed in black with yellow background.
3. Exit signs are in red letters and with white background.

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 4. Safety signs shall be in white letters with green background.
5. Traffic signs shall be posted at point hazards; signs should confirm with OSHA
Standards.

B. Check the condition of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

a. Inspect any damage or defect of PPE.
b. Test the function of each PPE.
c. Repair or replace non-functional PPE.
d. Report the condition or status of PPE.

C. Performance Standards for Tools and Workplace

a. Tools and equipment are lubricated according to preventive maintenance schedule.
b. Measuring instruments are checked and calibrated in accordance with
manufacturer's instructions.
c. Defective tools and equipment are inspected, repaired, or replaced.
d. Workplace is cleaned and safe following the 5S in housekeeping — sort, set-in-order,
sweep, standardize, and sustain.

D. Safety Procedure when Using Hand and Power Tools

1. Make sure that tools are in good working condition before they are used.
2. Tools that are damaged or make sounds and feel different should be checked and
repaired.
3. Never try to catch a sharp tool that is falling. Let it fall on the ground and pick it up.
4. When carrying sharp or pointed tools, keep the sharp or pointed edge away from
you.
5. Do not lay tools on top of ladders or other areas where they can fall on someone
else.
6. Never throw or pitch tools to someone. Walk over and hand it to him/her.
7. Follow the proper way of using tools.
8. Wear the correct personal protective equipment when using hand and power tools.
9. Do not leave tools unattended. Return them in their secured places after use.
10. Clean tools after use. Wipe clean and dry. Lubricate if needed.
11. Group tools according to use.
12. Report immediately any accident to authority.

E. Safety Precautions When Working

1. Turn off electric current before working on a circuit or appliance.
2. Use the right tools and materials for the job.
3. Wear the proper personal protective equipment needed for the job. Gloves, hard
helmet, and protective clothing are a must in any electrical work.
4. Always keep all electrical equipment in good order to avoid confusion and waste of
time.

44
5. Avoid handling electric cords, fixtures, or appliance with wet hands or when
standing in water or in an excessively damp place.
6. Conserve and protect electrical plugs, cord, and appliance by using them in the
manner prescribed by the manufacturer.
7. Replace blown fuse with the correct fuse size. Never use a coin as it has a high
melting point and will not protect the circuit.
8. Extension cords that are used with trailers, iron, or pressure cookers should be made
with regular heater cord. This cord should be cotton-covered and have an asbestos
base to cover the wire. It is flexible and can stand hard usage.
9. Cords used in places with high moisture or water require a rubber cover.
10. The proper way of removing a plug from a socket is to hold the plug firmly and pull it
out briskly. Do not grasp the cord and jerk it out of the socket.
11. Wires used for house electrical wiring should be placed on metal or plastic pipes
called conduit. This protects the wire from short circuit or damage.

Chapter 5
SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING (SMAW)

Overview
Shielded metal arc welding(SMAW) is widely used in the manufacturing and
construction industries.Special applications of this type of welding are resurfacing
steel parts, pipe welding and automatic welding process. Ar welding machines today
are designed to join light and heavy gauge metals of all kinds. The process of arc
Welding si,plifies the maintenance and manufacture of goods and machines.
Welding is the process of heating and melting metal parts to join them together
permanently. It is used to construct and repair parts of cars, airplaines, ships, and
sheet-metal products. Welding is also used to join beams when costructing bridges
and buildings. Some welders work at steel mills, railroad shops, and highway
departments. Other welder are cutters, using their tools to cut metal into pieces as
required by a blueprint or design, or to cut structures into pieces so they can be
discarded.
Welders are classified as either skilled or unskilled, depending on their training
and the kind of welding they do. Skilled welders work from blueprints and written
specificaions. They know the welding properties of various kinds of metal. Some
welders use computers and robots to join metal pieces. With additional training,
they can learn to program the computrs. Unskilled and semi-skilled welders work on
projects in home construction, instruction, industry, shipbuilding, and other fields.
They often work on assembly lines and do repetitive work that requires no special
knowledge of welding properties.
Additionally, skilled welders are already at the top of their craft. However,
experienced welder can become supervisors. With additional training, they can also

45
 become inspectors. Some experienced welders open their own welding and repair
shops. Others specialize in working with certain metals or techniques.
Furthermore,welding is playing an important role in the expansion and
production of industries. Welding has become one of the principal means of
fabricating and repairing metal products. It is almost impossible to name an industry,
large or small, that does not employ some type of welding. Industry has found that
welding is an efficient,dependable, and economical means of joining metal in
practically all metal fabricating operations.

Lesson 1
Basic Hand tools and Equipment

One of the important advantages of hand tools is that they are cheaper than the power tools,
so in your work you do not have a specific need for thid type of tool, it will be much more cost-
effective to buy a cheaper hand tool and use it occasionally, than to buy as expensive power
tool which will lay on the shelf. Besides that, hand tools are indespensable for house
maintenance, Various jobs on the house are occasional, so it is not wise to spend a lot of money
on various power tools. Another great advantage of hand tools is that they are much safer than
ower tools, and this is important for both beginners and amateurs, who use hand tools.

Hand tools are categorized in four such as measuring tools, cuttings tools, driving tools and
handling tools.

Measuring Tools
1. Pull-Push Rule- This is flexible rule used to measure curved and nonregular surface. It is
usually ½ inch wide and 72 inches long.
2. Steel tape- A steel tape with number of feet marked on the tape with 3/8-inch wide and
has 25 -100 long.
3. Steel rule- Made of tampered steel with ½ inch thick, ¾ inch wide and 12 inches long.
4. Tri-square (T-square)- this is used to measure the square of an object.
5. Combination set- The combination set, as its name implies, is a tool that has several
uses. It can be used for the same purposes as an ordinarytri-square, but it differs from
the tri-square in that the head slides along the blade and can be clamped at any desired
place.
6. Dividers and pencil compasses- Dividers and prencil compasses have two legs joined at
the top by a pivot. They are used to scribe cicrles and arcs and for transferring
measurements from the rule to the work.

Cutting Tools
1. Hacksaw is designed to cut mainly metals from thin copper tubing to rusted
bolts. The standard hacksaw blade has 14 to 32 teeth per inch. The set of the

46
 teeth, how they are angled in relation to the sides of the blade, detemines how
well the blade cuts.
2. Files are metalworking, woodworking, and plastic-working tools used to cut fine
amounts of material from a work piece. They are most commonly made of a
steel bar with a case hardened surface and a series of sharp, parallel teeth. Most
files have a narrow-pointed tang at one end to which a handle can be fitted.
3. Chisel are tools with shaped cutting edge of blade on its end,for carving or
cutting a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal. The handle and blade of
some types of chisel are made of metal or wood with sharp edge on it. To use
the chisel, force it into the material to cut it. The driving fore may be manually
applied or applies using a mallet or hammer. In industrial use, A hydraulic ram or
falling weight (‘trip hammer’) drives the chisel into the material to be cut.
Driving Tools
1. Ball Peen Hammer is normally used by welders. Tha ball peen hammer is rounded and is
usually used for happing metal and closing rivets. Ball peen hammers are in the 8 to 12
ounce range, as they are most suited for general work. The handles are normally wood.
2. Chipping hammers are durable, lightweight, handheld power tools used to chip away or
break concrete. They are sturdy and can be powered electrically,pneumatically, or
hydraudically.
3. A wrench is a tool specially designed to tighten or loosen nuts, bolts, studs, and pipes.
Wrenches are forged from steel alloy to prevent breakag. There are many different
types of wrenches. Each type has its own use. By using the proper wrench for the task to
be done, you will not break the wrench, damage the equipment, or cause personal
injury.
4. Screwdriver is a hand tool that is designed to turn screws. They come in various sizes
and are made of steel attached to the end of a plastic or wooden handle.

Holding Tools
1. Clamps are tools that are serve as temporary devices for holding work securely in place
while performing tasks like grinding, bending, fitting and cutting metals. C-Clamp is the
most common clamp. C-clamp vary in size with a 12- inch opening and have four parts:
the frame, the screw, the handle and the swivek pad.
2. Machinist vice is designed to hold the material to be worked on and mounted on a
workbench.
3. Drill vice is used with a drill press. The jaws are made to accept round, square or shaped
work and hold it firmly in place.
4. Bench vice is a tool made heavy steel commonly used in bench work. It is used to hold
work securely when sawing drilling, chipping and other bench operations.
5. Vice grip is a tool used to grip the stock tight enough to hold the object during welding.
A table-mounted vice increases the work area’s practically and frees up the welder’s
hands.

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 6. Pliers are used to grip and hold small parts objects. These include combination pliers,
side cutting pliers, long-nose pliers and mechanical pliers. Diagonal cutting pliers are
used for cutting wire or cotter oins. Long-nose pliers are used for hard-to-reach places.

Basic Service Tools and Materials In Welding

1. Welding Machine
One tool that is required to perform welding is a welding machine. Welding
machines include stick welding machines, mig welding machines and tig welding
machine. Welding machines, are made in various types,sizes and price- with smaller
machines being reasonably are required for commercial work or large projects.
2. Electrodes
Electrodes are fundamental tools of welding. Electrodes deliver the current to the
work piece to fuse the pieces of metal together.
3. Helmet and Gloved
A welding helmet and leather welding gloves are personal protective equipment for
welding operations. A helmet with a protective face shield protects the welder’s eyes, face,neck
and hair from the heat,sparks and ultraviolet light produced during welding operations.
Longsleeve leather welding gloves protect the welder’s finger, hand and arms from burns and
cuts from metal edges.Leather welding aprons are protective items usedful to welders. These
items may be required during workplace welding operations under OSHA regulatons.
4. Welding table
An item that is used for welding is a steel top welding table with a angle iron or sturdy
pipe legs. They are more practical than trying to use a regular wood or metal table,
which will get ruined quickly during welding projects. An adjustable-height welding table
is ideal. Welder’s can buy welding tables at a hardware or home-improvement stores or
have them made by a welding shop.
5. Welding Curtain
A welding curtain is relatively inexpensive, but contributes greatly to safe welding
practices. It shields passersby and nearby items from sparks showers and dangerous rays and
reduces exposure to burns. Welding curtains are particularly useful in small areas.
6. Welding torch
A welding torch is a device used to melt a metals before welding them together.
The torch is set to a specific temperature and melts the metal into a shared pool of molten. An
air-fuel torch is made up of 70 percent nitrogen and 30 percent oxygen to produce a clean
flame, while oxygen torches use pure oxy-fuel to heat metals at higher temperatures. Oxy-fuel
torches are used less commonly in the professional workplace and may be used for artwork.
7. Welding Guns
Welding guns are used to fuse two pieces of metal together. The components of a
welding gun include a gas nozzle, control switch, contact tip, power cable, electric
conduit, and gas hose. Welding guns have various level of power for different types of
jobs. Welding bigger pieces of metal requires more power. Welding guns range from
100-600amps.

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 8. Wto grind, cut, and polish metal. Welding Pliers
Welding pliers are versatile tools that can remove splatter from a piece of metal or other
type of welding tool. The tool can work as a hammer or to cut wires. Many welders also use
the sharp edges of the pliers to remove slag from inside the nozzle.

9. Angle Grinder
An angle grinder is a handled power tool that uses a fast moving metal disc to grind, cut
and polish metals. Welders use angle grinders to cut and remove excess material from a
piece of metal. The angle is powered by an electric motor, and the flat side of the disc is
used for polishing.

Maintenance of Tools
Proper care and routine maintenance of hand tools and power tools makes any home
improvement or repair project easier, safer, and more successful. Proper tool care also saves
money bacause the better they are cared for , the longer they will last.

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