Elements - basic building blocks of all matter

ATOM
● smallest particle to which an element can be reduced while still keeping the
properties of that element.
● consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged
electrons, so that the atom as a whole is electrically neutral.

Electron
● is the fundamental negative charge (-) of electricity
● revolves around the nucleus, or center, of the atom in concentric orbits, or
shells.

Proton
● fundamental positive charge (+) of electricity
● Located in the nucleus.
● The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom specifies the atomic
number of that atom

ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
● Force that holds the electron in orbit.

FIRST LAW OF ELECTROSTATICS (Law of electrical charges)

● negative charge of the electron is equal, but opposite to, the positive charge
of the proton.
● “Unlike charges (like electrons and protons) attract each other, and like
charges repel each other”
● it is possible to transfer electrons from one object to another.
● free electrons - electrons that can move around within an object. The
greater the number of these free electrons an object contains, the
greater its negative electric charge.
ELECTROSTATIC FIELD
● force acting between charged objects that causes them to repel or attract
● When two objects of opposite charge are brought near one another, the
electrostatic field is concentrated in the area between them
● When two objects of like charge are brought near one another, the lines of
force repel each other
Strength of the attraction or of the repulsion force depends upon two
factors:
1. The amount of charge on each object - The greater the charge on the objects,
the greater the electrostatic field

2. distance between the objects - The greater the distance between the objects,
the weaker the electrostatic field between them, and vice versa.
* This leads us to the law of electrostatic attraction, commonly referred to as
Coulomb’s Law of electrostatic charges

COULOMB’S LAW of electrostatic charges

● the force of electrostatic attraction, or repulsion, is directly proportional to
the product of the two charges and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between them

where:
o F = force of electrostatic attraction or repulsion (Newtons)
2
o K = constant of proportionality (Coulomb 2 /N-m )

o q1 = charge of first particle (Coulombs)

 o q2 = charge of second particle (Coulombs)

o r = distance between two particles (Meters)

* If q1 and q2 are both either positively or negatively charged, the force is

repulsive.

* If q1 and q2 are opposite polarity or charge, the force is attractive.

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (V)

● Symbol: V (" indicating the ability to do the work of forcing electrons
to move.)
● Called voltage
● Term used to describe how large the electrostatic force is between two
charged objects.
● If a charged body is placed between two objects with a potential difference,
the charged body will try to move in one direction, depending upon the
polarity of the object.
● if one charge is different from another, there is a potential difference
between them
· Potential - ability to do work
· Electromotive force (EMF) - sum of the potential differences of all charged
particles in the electrostatic field
· Volt - basic unit of measure of potential difference

FREE ELECTRONS
● While the electrostatic force is trying to pull the nucleus and the electron
together, the electron is in motion and trying to pull away. These two
effects balance, keeping the electron in orbit.
● The energy level (orbit or shells) of an electron is proportional to its
distance from the nucleus.
 ● The shells are lettered beginning with the shell nearest the nucleus: K, L, M,
N, O, P, and Q (Each shell has a maximum number of electrons it can hold).

REMEMBER:
● when the outer shell of an atom contains eight electrons, the atom becomes
very stable, or very resistant to changes in its structure
● atoms with one or two electrons in their outer shell can lose electrons much
more easily than atoms with full outer shells
● valence electrons - electrons in the outermost shell
● When external energy, such as heat, light, or electrical energy, is applied to
certain materials, the electrons gain energy, become excited, and may move
to a higher energy level
● It is the movement of free electrons that provides electric current in a
metal conductor.
● An atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons is said to be ionized
or to have an ion change.
o If the atom loses one or more electrons, it becomes positively charged
and is referred to as a positive ion.
o If an atom gains one or more electrons, it becomes negatively charged
and is referred to as a negative ion.

ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGY
CONDUCTORS
● are materials with electrons that are loosely bound to their atoms, or
materials that permit free motion of a large number of electrons.
● Atoms with only one valence electron, such as copper, silver, and gold, and
other metals are examples of good conductors.
INSULATORS OR NONCONDUCTORS
● materials with electrons that are tightly bound to their atoms and require
large amounts of energy to free them from the influence of LL asthe
nucleus.
● atoms of good insulators have their valence shells filled with eight electrons,
which means they are more than half filled
● Examples: rubber, plastics, glass, and dry wood.

RESISTORS (semiconductors)
● made of materials that conduct electricity, but offer opposition to current
flow.
● also called semiconductors because they are neither good conductors nor
good insulators.
● have more than one or two electrons in their valence shells, but less than
seven or eight
● Examples: carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, and lead. Each has four valence
electrons.

VOLTAGE (V or E)
● a difference of potential causing one coulomb of current to do one joule of
work.
● Amount of force required to force one ampere of current through one ohm
of resistance.
● basic unit of measure for potential difference
● An object’s electrical charge is determined by the number of electrons that
the object has gained or lost. Because such a large number of electrons
move, a unit called the "coulomb" is used to indicate the charge.
● 1 volt = 1 Joule/Coulomb
● 1 coulomb is equal to 6.28 x 1018 (billion, billion) electrons
CURRENT (I)
● movement or flow of these electrons
● basic measurement for current is the ampere (A)
● 1 Amps = 1 Coulomb/second
● One ampere of current is defined as the movement of one coulomb of charge
past any given point of a conductor during one second of time.

Electron Current Flow

● current flow from negative to positive potentials
>>

Conventional Current Flow

● current flow from positive to negative potentials

Direct Current
· current flow continuously in the same direction

Alternating Current
· current flow periodically reverses direction

REAL AND IDEAL SOURCE

IDEAL SOURCE
● is a theoretical concept of an electric current or voltage supply (such as a
battery) that has no losses and is a perfect voltage or current supply.
● used for analytical purposes only since they cannot occur in nature.
REAL SOURCE
● real life current or voltage supply that has some losses associated with it

UNITS OF ELECTRICAL
MEASUREMENT
VOLTAGE (electromotive force (emf), or potential difference)
● Unit: V or volts
● pressure or force that causes electrons to move in a conductor.

CURRENT (I)

● Unit: A or amps
● movement of free electrons through a conductor

RESISTANCE (R)
● Unit: Ohms Ω
● opposition to current flow.
● One ohm is defined as that amount of resistance that will limit the current
in a conductor to one ampere when the potential difference (voltage) applied
to the conductor is one volt.
● If a voltage is applied to a conductor, current flows.
● The amount of current flow depends upon the resistance of the conductor.
The lower the resistance, the higher the current flow for a given amount of
voltage and vice versa.
OHM’S LAW
● Applied voltage equals circuit current times the circuit resistance.

CONDUCTANCE (G)
● Unit: mho ( )
● opposite, or reciprocal, of resistance
● ability to conduct current.
● found by taking the reciprocal of the resistance.

POWER (P)
● Unit: watt (W)
● rate at which work is done, or the rate at which heat is generated.

Or P = I2­R­
INDUCTANCE (L)
● Unit: henries (H)
● ability of a coil to store energy, induce a voltage in itself, and oppose
changes in current flowing through it.
● One henry is the amount of inductance (L) that permits one volt to be
induced (VL) when the current through the coil changes at a rate of one
ampere per second.

CAPACITANCE (C)
● Unit: farads (F)
● ability to store an electric charge
● equal to the amount of charge (Q) that can be stored in a device or
capacitor divided by the voltage (E) applied across the device or capacitor
plates when the charge was stored

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
POWER SUPPLY
● Generating units that produce electricity

POWER PLANT
● Generates electricity

FUEL
1. Fuel
 2. > Power Plant
3. > Substations
4. > Transmissions
5. > Substations (MERALCO, nagcocontrol kung gano karaming kilowatts per
area)
6. > Power lines > Customers

RENEWABLE

METRO (ELECTRIC METER)

· Connected sa powerlines
· Nakikita kung ilan consumption per month
· Rent lang

ELECTRICAL DESIGN
● General notes
o Specifications
o Limits (basis - electrical code of the Philippines)
-Allowed pipe size
● Floor plan
● Power layout
● Lighting layout
● Load computation

*The owner will tell the components of the structure

MUST READ!!!
*Building code
*Electrical code
*Plumbing code

DESIGN PROCESS (OF ELECTRICAL DESIGN)

● Designer must understand the scope of the project
● Project scope is determined by the customers’ requirements

CALCULATION
● Calculations shall justify electrical design
Ex. wire - 8.0mm2 wire - dapat may computation kung bakit ganyan yung size
nung wire

LOAD CALCULATIONS
● Justify the size of branch circuit and feeder
● Tells the size of the breaker

DRAWINGS
● Show the detail, methods of anchoring electrical equipment.
● may symbols
 ● Ex. switch –
o S1 = one gang
o S2 = 2 gang
o S3 = 3 way

*ang power at lighting layout ay magkahiwalay

· Power layout - mga outlet lang
· Lighting layout - light bulbs tas continuous yung numbering

*Curve lines yung wire sa layout kasi laging may pasobra yung wire na nilalagay sa
mga electrical wirings/lighting

*0.5m pasobra na wire

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

1. INCANDESCENT LAMPS

● 2-3 years life span

● Nainit
● Mataas sa consumption - mababa ang cost / cost of production

--------------------------------------------
● a hot wire (the filament) centered in the glass bulb.
● An electric current that passes through the wire heats it to incandescence.
Thus, the wire emits radiation, respectively light.
● The length and the diameter of the wire determine the amount of
electrical current consumed by the lamp. This regulates its light output.
● In modern incandescent lamps, the bulb is filled with an inert gas which
slows bulb blackening.
o Argon
o Nitrogen
o krypton gasses
 ● The higher the voltage an incandescent lamp is operated the higher its
efficacy causing a high light output.
o Overvoltage, however, results in shorter lamp life.
o Under voltage results a lower efficiency causing a low light output but
increases lamp life.

TUNGSTEN
● Due to its high melting temperature (3.,655 K), tungsten is used for
filaments.
● The higher the temperature at which the filament operates the more light
can be emitted but the sooner the lamp fails or burns out.

Low voltage lamps:

● wattage of an incandescent filament lamp is defined as the product of the
voltage delivered at the socket multiplied by the amperes flowing through
the filament.
● To achieve certain wattage of a filament lamp using low voltage, a high
current is necessary. This high current requires large diameters of the
filament to carry it.
● A filament with a large diameter can be operated at higher temperatures,
which increases efficacy.
● a large diameter allows for a more compact filament, which enables a
precise beam control. This is one of the biggest advantages of low voltage
lamps.
● If a lighting system fitted with low voltage tungsten, halogen lamps is to be
investigated from an economic viewpoint, we must not forget that
low-voltage lamps need a suitable transformer for operation. The
transformer converts the mains voltage of normally 230V (primary side)
into the low voltage required which is normally 12V (secondary side).
 ELECTRONIC TRANSFORMERS
● are operated with high frequencies. Their power loss is two thirds less
than that of conventional transformers. Furthermore, due to their
lamp-saving operation (stable voltage) they prolong the life of lamps because
only 5% over voltage reduces the life of lamps to 50%.
● Less loss of power also reduces the heat generated. This is particularly
advantageous because low-voltage reflector lamps and transformers are
often built into ceiling cavities. As they can also be operated with direct
current, electronic transformers are also suitable for emergency lighting.
Furthermore, electronic transformers can also be dimmed.

DISCHARGE LAMPS

FLUORESCENT LAMP
● contain mercury vapor with extremely low pressure.

LAMP LIFE of fluorescent lamps:

● It is the time required until the system’s light flux is reduced to 80% of its
initial value (new value).
● The system’s decrease in light flux can, however, be traced back to the
following:
o a decrease in light flux due to burning period of lamp (fatigue of
fluorescent material)
o lamp failure
o dirt accumulation
● Fluorescent lamps operated with
o Conventional ballasts last approx. 7,500 hours,
o those operated with electronic ballasts last from approx. 25,000 to
50,000 hours

----------------------------------
● May starter na tinatawag tas yun yung nailaw
 ● Mas mataas yung factor compared sa receptacle

COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS

1. CFL WITH BUILT-IN BALLASTS
● 50 lm/W and their 8-fold life of approx. 8,000 hours, they are the ideal
substitute for incandescent lamps, from an energy-saving viewpoint.
● also known as energy-saving lamps.
● mainly used to replace tungsten lamps in restaurants, salesrooms, homes
and rooms with decorative lighting.

2. CFL WITH EXTERNAL BALLASTS

● generate light according to the principle of fluorescent lamps.
● have thin, parallel fluorescent tubes, a built-in starter and a base.
● life of 8,000 hours.
● normally applied in homes, restaurants and places, where economical lighting
is desired.

MAIN ADVANTAGES
o low weight,
o mall size,
o High luminous efficacy
o long life

● Warm white
● Daylight

FLOOD LIGHT
● · Kagaya dun sa nasa complex
● · Malawak ang range
 ● · Umiinit yung light habang tumatagal

PANEL BOX
· Dapat di matatabunan at laging accesible

ELECTRICAL WIRING COMPONENTS AND

ACCESSORIES
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTING MATERIAL
● Electricity requires an electric path to flow and there are many conducting
materials used for this purpose.

WIRING MATERIALS
● Electrical wire is made of materials like copper, aluminum and silver.
● Copper and aluminum are used in wiring.

Materials are Classified into three types according to their

properties:

1. CONDUCTING MATERIAL
a. Copper
● a good conductor of electricity.
● Used in wiring materials in cables.
 ● has low resistance and is used for conduction of electricity at high, medium
and low voltage

b. Aluminium
● light weight and cheaper in comparison to copper.
● Mostly used in electrical wiring making cable
● silvery–white in color and it has a soft texture.

2. INSULATING MATERIALS
● used for insulating purpose.
● These types of materials are bad conductors of current.
● Example: rubber, paper, mica, wood, glass and cotton.

3. WIRING ACCESSORIES
● used for connecting appliance

a) Switch
o used to make or break an electrical circuit.
o used to switch ‘on’ or ‘off’ the supply of electricity to an appliance.
Types:
1. surface switch
a. mounted on wooden boards fixed on the surface of a wall.
b. It is of three types
○ One-way switch: It is used to control single circuits and lamp
○ Two-way switch: It is used to divert the flow of current to either
of two directions
○ Intermediate switch - It is used to control a lamp from more than
two locations
2. flush switch
 3. ceiling switch
4. pull switch
5. push button switch
6. bed switch

b) Holders

A holder is of two types.

1. Pendant holder 2. Batten holder

c) Ceiling rose
● o used to provide a tapping to the pendant lamp–
holder
through the flexible wire or a connection to a
fluorescent
tube (Fig. 3.12).

d) Socket outlet/plug
● has an insulated base with the molded or
socket base having three terminal sleeves

e) Main switch
 ● To control the electrical circuit a main switch
is used. Through the main switch, the power in
a building is controlled completely

f) PVC casing-capping wiring

● PVC capping is done in order to cover the
wires
● casing-capping wiring is also known as open
wiring, as it is done outside the wall

Materials required for PVC casing-capping

wiring
1. wire
2. casing enclosures made up of plastic
3. capping made up of plastic
4. T. Joints VIR (Vulcanised Indian Rubber) or PVC
(Polyvinyl chloride) insulated wire
5. junction box
6. elbow
7. casing and capping joints

Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)

· used in new constructions instead of the older
types of fuses.
· small devices used to control and protect the
electrical panel and the other devices from
overflowing of electrical power
CONDUIT WIRING
· protect and provide the route of electrical
wiring in an electrical system
· provides protection and safety against fire
· made of metal, plastic, or fibre and can be rigid or
flexible.
· must be installed by electricians as per standard
regulations.
· For workshops and public buildings, conduit wiring is the best and most
desirable system of wiring

Types of Conduits
1. Class A conduit
· Thin layered steel sheet of low gauge
2. Class B conduit
· Thick steel sheet of high gauge

MATERIALS USED IN CONDUIT WIRING

1. GI (Galvanised Iron) wire
2. Elbow y Coupling
3. VIR (Vulcanized Indian Rubber) or PVC (Poly Vinyl
4. Chloride) insulated cables
5. Lock nut
6. Clip y Junction Box

ADVANTAGES OF CONDUIT WIRING

1. Safe
2. Better appearance
3. No risk of fire
4. No risk of damage of cable insulation
5. Safe from humidity, smoke, steam, etc.
6. No risk of shock
 7. Long lasting

DISADVANTAGES OF CONCEALED WIRING

1. Expensive
2. Installation not easy
3. Not easily customizable for future use
4. Hard to detect faults

CONCEALED WIRING
● It is laborious to install this wiring.
● The layout of this wiring is done under the plaster of the wall of the
building.

1. COPPER
● Pure annealed copper is used for the winding of electrical machines.
● High purity copper is obtained by electrolytic refining.
● Traces (0.1%) of iron, silicon or phosphorus seriously reduce the
conductivity of copper.

2. ALUMINIUM
● suitable for operations in very high ambient temperatures.
● Used in the aircraft industry has considerable advantages because of the
saving in weight involved.
● steel reinforced aluminum conductor (A.C.S.R.) is extensively being used
for long span transmission lines.

3. TUNGSTEN
● has the highest melting point among metals.
 ● suitable for applications requiring high operating conditions, such as lamp and
valve filaments.
● Typical operating conditions for tungsten contacts are:
○ Voltage a.c. or d.c.upto 230V Current upto 15A

4. CARBON AND GRAPHITE

● Carbon is also used in automatic voltage regulators for making the pressure
sensitive pile resistors.
● Among other uses of carbon are for
○ making arc welding electrodes,
○ fixed and variable resistors for light currents.
○ contacts of certain classes of d.c. switchgear which are subjected to
arcing

5. IRON AND STEEL

● Steel is employed as conductor rail in traction on account of its cheapness
and rigidity.
● Galvanized steel and iron wires may also be used for the phase conductors
in rural areas where cheapness is the main consideration.
● Cast iron is used in the manufacturing of “resistance grids” to be used in
the starting of the large dc motors. We

6. NICKEL
● used extensively for making the electrodes of thermionic valves, and
sparking plugs.
● used to form the positive plate of the Nife accumulator which has distinct
advantages over the ordinary lead acid accumulator.
7. LEAD
● two important electrical applications:
○ Form cable sheaths
○ Form the plates of lead acid accumulators
○ Lead sheaths are required to protect the insulation of the cable from
effects of moisture

8. TIN
· Used in the manufacture of low current fuses.

9. ALLOYS
● used for making resistors for laboratory instruments and for laboratory
standards where a high constancy of resistance is desirable.
● used for making heater and thermo-couple elements.

IMPORTANT ALLOYS ARE:

1. Constantan or Eureka [(55-60%) Cu, (45-40%) Ni]
2. German silver (an alloy of Cu,Zn and Ni)
3. Manganin (86% Cu, 2% Ni , 12% Mn)
4. Nichrome (60% Ni, 15% Cr, 24% Fe)
NEW ELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGIES FOR A
SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
electricity system of the twentieth century relied upon the
1. combustion of fossil fuels - initially coal and oil
2. natural gas

Sustainable electricity system must be able to meet current needs without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

World Total Final Energy Consumption

Renewable Generation Technologies

1. Wind Power
2. Solar Energy
3. Biomass
● Bioenergy is a renewable source utilizing wood, crops, and
agricultural and forestry woods.
● biomass is the only renewable source that produces solid, gaseous, and
liquid fuels for transport and other uses.
Nuclear energy

END-USE TECHNOLOGIES AND PATTERNS OF FUTURE DEMAND

1. Buildings
Buildings are integrated into active networks that connect and co-ordinate a
variety of new and conventional generation sources to buildings that also
function as distributed supply sources

2. Industrial end-use technologies

Technological progress is expected at the level of small, medium, and large
generation units for different industrial applications and scales

3. Transportation
electrically supplied transport modes may facilitate the substitution of
cleanly produced electricity for fossil fuels.

COMMON AND CONTEXTUAL FACTORS AFFECTING NEW TECHNOLOGIES

1. cost level,
2. Scale
3. underlying technologies,
4. stage of development and maturity,
5. diffusion.

FOSSIL FUEL PRICES AND SECURITY OF SUPPLY

● The cost of electricity from conventional thermal technologies is dependent
on the price of fossil fuels.
RECIT
1. 1 volt = 1 Joule/Coulomb

2. Inductor
○ Cover the iron core
○ a passive electrical component that opposes sudden changes in
current.
○ also known as coils or chokes.
○ The electrical symbol for an inductor is L.
○ slow down current surges or spikes by temporarily storing energy in an
electro-magnetic field and then releasing it back into the circuit.

3. Regulator
○ controls the flow of current and voltage
○ a component of the power supply unit that ensures a steady constant
voltage supply through all operational conditions.
○ It regulates voltage during power fluctuations and variations in loads.

4. Flow of electron - electricity

5. ion
○ Atoms, shortage or excess
○ an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or
gain of one or more electrons

6. Fuse
○ replaceable chuchu
○ a small, thin conductor designed to melt and separate into two pieces
for the purpose of breaking a circuit in the event of excessive
current.

7. Opposing force electric current - Resistance

8. Reluctance
○ resistance in the magnetic field chuchuchu… -
○ The property of a magnetic circuit that opposes magnetic lines of
force

9. molecules
○ the smallest particle into which a compound can be broken down
○ smallest particle daw ng compound bago ma break down sa elements
niya

10. amperes
○ Measurement of current of electricity in closed system

11. Physical phenomenon that occurs emelyn positive and negative - electricity

12. POWER
○ the rate at which work is accomplished

13. semiconductor
○ Neither good conductor nor good insulator

14. anything that occupies space and has weight - matter

15. Resistance to flow current - resistor

16. Atomic mass - Sum of neutron and proton

17. positively charged atom - proton

18. ELEMENT
○ Something that can't undergo further decomposition.

19. Inverter
○ A device used to convert direct current into alternating current.

20.Energy
○ Capacity to do work

21. Kilowatt-hour (kWh)

○ Unit used in selling electric energy to consumers.

22. Conductance
○ The reciprocal of resistance

23. Parallel circuit

○ all components are connected across each other with exactly two
electrically common nodes with the same voltage across each
component.

24. Series Circuit

○ the current that flows through each of the components is the same
○ all components are connected end-to-end to form a single path for
current flow.

25. Polarity
○ electrical conditions determining the direction of the current flow
relative to the electrode

26. Voltmeter
○ instrument used for measuring voltage

27. Ammeter
 ○ instrument used for measuring current

28. Ohmmeter
○ instrument for measuring electrical resistance

29. 1 coulomb = 1 Ampere * 1 second

30. 1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb/second

31. Source
○ The start of the point from where the electrons start flowing

32.1 Watt = 1 Joule/second

33. Cation
○ Positively charged ion
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
· a collection of individual telecommunications networks, transmission systems, relay stations,
tributary stations, and terminal equipment usually capable of interconnection and interoperation
to form an integrated whole.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS
1. OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
· The word “Optical” stands for light. As the name itself suggests, optical communication
system depends on light as the medium for communication.
· the transmitter converts the information into an optical signal (signal in the form of light)
and finally the signal then reaches the recipient. The recipient then decodes the signal and
responds accordingly.
· light helps in the transmission of information.
· The safe landing of helicopters and aero planes work on the above principle. The pilots
receive light signals from the base and decide their next movements. On the roads, red light
communicates the individual to immediately stop while the individual moves on seeing the
green light.

2. RADIO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

· information flows with the help of a radio.
· radio communication system works with the aid of a transmitter and a receiver both
equipped with an antenna
· The transmitter with the help of an antenna produces signals which are carried through the
radio carrier wave. Some information is unwanted and must be discarded and hence the
electronic filters help in the separation of radio signals from other unwanted signals which
are further amplified to an optimum level.
· Finally the signals are decoded in an information which can be easily understood by the
individuals for them to respond accordingly.

3. DUPLEX COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

· two equipment can communicate with each other in both directions simultaneously.
· Two devices can communicate with each other at the same time
 · The sender sends the signals to the receiver who receives it then and there and also give
his valuable feedback to the speaker for him to respond. Hence the communication actually
takes place between the speaker and the receiver simultaneously.
· involves the sender and the receiver where the sender is in charge of sending signals and
the recipients only listen to it and respond accordingly. Such communication is also called
Simplex communication system.
· Ex. Telephone

4. HALF DUPLEX COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

· two parties can't communicate at the same time. The sender has to stop sending the signals
to the recipient and then only the recipient can respond.
· Ex. walkie talkie - The military personnel while interacting has to say “Over” for the other
person to respond. He needs to speak the security code correctly for the other person to
speak. The other party will never communicate unless and until the code is correct and
complete.

5. TACTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

· communication system, communication varies according to the changes in the environmental
conditions and other situations.

5 CATEGORIES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS NEED

STRUCTURED CABLING SYSTEM
1. phone system,
2. data system,
3. local area network,
4. building automation control system,
5. sound system

1. PHONE SYSTEM
o Most commercial businesses require more than one phone line, so that employees can receive
phone calls while other employees are making phone calls. This is supported by a phone
switch. Each telephone is connected to the phone switch using UTP (Unshielded Twisted
Pair) copper cable.
o Small business phone system
· Small businesses with fewer employees typically use small phone switches called Key
Service Units (KSU). KSU is designed to support a fixed number of phone lines and
telephone extensions.
 · A typical KSU supports up to eight phone lines coming from the Local Exchange
Carrier (LEC, the phone company), and up to 32 telephone extensions.
o Large business phone system
i. Hundreds or thousands of employees need a large phone switch called private
branch exchange (PBX)

2. DATA SYSTEM
o The term Data System is typically used to describe a mainframe or minicomputer system. It
is not used to describe today’s popular PC-Server LAN (Local Area Network) systems.
o MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
a) a large, centralized computer that perform computing activities
b) All applications were installed on the mainframe computer, and all data was stored on
the mainframe computer’s disk drives.
c) Users interacted with the mainframe computer through terminals which were
connected to a port on the mainframe’s controller with a communication cable. A
mainframe computer could support hundreds of terminals. A mainframe computer was
powerful enough to support an entire company
o MINICOMPUTERS
a) a smaller version of the mainframe computer. All applications ran on the centralized
computer system and all data was stored on the minicomputer’s disk drives. Users
interacted with the minicomputer through terminals which were connected to a port
on the minicomputer with a copper cable.
b) Because minicomputers were not as powerful as mainframes, they supported only small
number of terminals.

3. LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

o In 1980, IBM produced the first Personal Computer (PC) and LAN (Local Area Network) was
designed to link PCs together and enabled them to communicate.
o Data communication system allowing a number independent devices to communicate directly
with each other and within a moderately sized geographical area
o LAN components
1. Computers
2. Network Interface Card (NIC)
3. Communication cable
4. LAN hubs or switches
5. Each station on the LAN must have a dedicated cable connection to a port on the hub.

4. BUILDING AUTOMATION CONTROL SYSTEM (BACS)

o System that regulates building’s environment or monitors it for safety or security purposes.
 o BACS systems use a centralized control unit and distributed sensors or devices. Each sensor
is connected to a port on the centralized control unit with a cable. The cable may also
provide power from the central unit to the sensor.
o Parts of a BACS
1. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC)
2. Fire alarm
3. Security, access control and CCTV

1. HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)

o Provides building temperature and environmental control
o It has a centralized control unit, and thermostats placed throughout the building.
o Thermostats are connected to the control unit with cable and preset thresholds will
trigger the centralized control unit to turn on a mechanical system to adjust the air
pressure, rate of air flow, and fan speeds.

2. FIRE ALARM
o COMPONENTS
1. Sensors
2. sprinklers
3. Lights and horns

o The centralized fire alarm control panel is responsible for the detection, suppression
and notification of fire. Fire alarm sensors are wired to a port on the control unit. If
the centralized control panel receives a signal from a sensor indicating a fire condition,
it may activate the suppression and notification devices.
o The fire alarm can also integrate with the access control to unlock security doors and
enable automatic doors to be manually opened to provide an escape route.
o It can also integrate with the electrical system to operate emergency lighting and
perform elevator capture to prevent their use during a fire.

3. SECURITY, ACCESS CONTROL AND CCTV

a) SECURITY SYSTEM
· alarm system that provide intruder detection
· COMPONENTS:
1. A centralized control unit
2. Sensors
3. Magnetic contact points
 b) ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM -
· to provide restricted access to specific areas of a building
· COMPONENTS:
1. centralized control unit
2. Access points
· Access points are connected to the control unit with communication cables
and they are magnetic card readers, key pads, or a type of biometric sensing
device. The access point sends user’s information to the control unit, and the
control unit send the signal to open the door if user is verified
c. CCTV (Closed circuit television systems)-
· provide 24 hours surveillance of building grounds and building spaces
· a video network for security purpose. It is made up of video cameras placed
throughout a building and campus. The video cameras are wired to a headend with
coaxial cable. In turn, the headend sends the video signal to television monitoring
sets in a security office.

5. SOUND SYSTEM
o Used in buildings for many people, such as airports, department stores, and sport
stadiums.
○ Include overhead paging system and audio system. Overhead paging system is used
to broadcast messages in a building such as airports and sport stadiums.
○ Audio systems are used in department stores to distribute music and create a
pleasant shopping environment.

o Components:
1. sound source
2. amplifier
3. communication cable
4. speakers
ELECTRICAL LOAD COMPUTATION

LOAD SCHEDULE
· Worksheet provides the information on item to be installed and its equivalent power
· All outlets and lightings installed will quantify to provide total power
· Circuit number is important for the end user to determine the division of the series of wire.
· current and power has equivalent factor for this computation

POWER LAYOUT
● Provides the location of outlet and circuit breaker on plans
● The Panel Box is also projected

LIGHTING LAYOUT
● The current and voltage for the accessories is determined by the manufacturer