TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………….ii

ENGLISH PROFICIENCY CERTIFICATE

...............……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
...................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….v

DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………………
…………………............................................................................................……….
................................................................................................................................ vi

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................

1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................

1.2 Problem Statement.........................................................................................................................

1.3 Objectives........................................................................................................................................

1.4 Scope of the Project........................................................................................................................

1.5 Outline of Thesis.............................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 2..................................................................................................................................................

LITERATUR REVIEW...............................................................................................................................

2.1 Solar Tracker...........................................................................................................................

2.2 Sun Tracking Approaches.........................................................................................................

1
 2.3 Types Of Sun Trackers..............................................................................................................

2.4 Dual Axis Tracking....................................................................................................................

2.5 Tracker Type Selection.............................................................................................................

2.6 Power Management................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 3..................................................................................................................................................

HARDWARE COMPONENTS...................................................................................................................

3.1 Solar Panel..............................................................................................................................

3.2 Arduino Mega 2560.................................................................................................................

3.2.1 Arduino Mega 2560 Board................................................................................................

3.2.2 Input and output pins:......................................................................................................

3.2.3 Digital and Analog Pins.....................................................................................................

3.2.4 Analog pins.......................................................................................................................

3.2.5 Power and other pins........................................................................................................

3.3 LCD:.........................................................................................................................................

3.2.6 LCD is used to:..................................................................................................................

3.2.7 Pin layout of LCD:.............................................................................................................

3.2.8 Sending Data and Control Information to LCD...................................................................

3.2.9 Working with a LCD (writing to display data)....................................................................

3.4 Servo Motor............................................................................................................................

3.2.10 Specifications:...................................................................................................................

3.2.11 Working principles of a servo motor:................................................................................

3.2.12 Controlling servo motor:...................................................................................................

3.5 LDR..........................................................................................................................................

3.6 7805 Regulator IC....................................................................................................................

2
 3.7 Resistor...................................................................................................................................

3.7.1 Fixed Resistor...................................................................................................................

3.7.2 Variable Resistor...............................................................................................................

3.8 Transformer.............................................................................................................................

3.2.15 Step Down Transformer....................................................................................................

3.2.16 Step Up Transformer.........................................................................................................

3.9 Relay.......................................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 4..................................................................................................................................................

HARDEWARE IMPLEMENTATION AND SOURCE CODE...............................................................

4.1 Implementation.......................................................................................................................

4.2 Arduino Mega 2650:................................................................................................................

4.3 Connection of LCD:..................................................................................................................

4.4 Connection of LDRs..................................................................................................................

4.5 Connection of Motors..............................................................................................................

4.6 Connection of Main and Solar Sensing Pins..............................................................................

4.7 Working of Project...................................................................................................................

4.7.1 Solar tracking....................................................................................................................

4.7.2 Power Management.........................................................................................................

4.8 Street Light..............................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 5..................................................................................................................................................

CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................

5.1 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 6..................................................................................................................................................

REFRENCES................................................................................................................................................

3
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
The energy issue has been always an important subject in the progress of
civilization. Control of fire, using

4
 The wind for sailing or mechanical work, water mills, Thermal electrical power
plants and nuclear energy are a few essential themes in the history. Which represent the
growth of the human being over a large period of time.
Currently in the 21st century, we are facing new challenges. Energy has become a
priority, not only to meet the energy demands of industrial countries, but also to meet the
energy demands of the increasing world population. Fossil fuels, with an awesome
contribution to the world’s energy supply, are expected to have limited reserves,
threatening the future of the world’s development at the present rate. Fossil fuels are also
involved in atmosphere’s pollution and associated to global warming. To overcome these
problems, before it ends in a crisis, man has focused on the development of new energy
sources, which will represent the next step in human history. Among them, there is no
doubt that the sun’s energy, directly or indirectly, will play a main role in the future. In
these days, photovoltaic systems directly collecting the sun’s energy are increasingly
being used and represent a growing trail of the solar industry and of the research in the
scientific community. The improvement of the energy gain, via solar tracking systems, is
one of the studied topics in this area and has not been out of discussion due to a variety of
statements made about its efficiency.

5
 6

Figure 1: Smart Power Management for Solar System

1.2 Problem Statement
The solar system exhibits many common problems of power quality such as
voltage sag (sudden drops in voltage due to over demand of battery capacity and/or loss
of sun), harmonic contamination (errors in the 60 Hz frequency due to nonlinear loads),
and voltage regulation problems. Power quality is extremely important problem in
industrial electricity applications and for the students this setup offers best opportunities
to study power quality problems in a real system.

As the sun does not shine all the time and the sun radiations are not constant
during the daytime that’s why the solar is a poor power source. The variable feature of
solar power generation is different from conventional fossil fuel, nuclear or hydro based
power generation. Solar energy has become the least expensive renewable energy
technology because a lot of companies are experimenting and trying to develop the low
cost PV cells and has piqued the interest of scientists and educators all over the world.

7
One of the main issues is that the power obtained from a solar cell varies with the
electrical load, and it is therefore important to operate at a load that gives maximal
power. This operating point is affected by numerous conditions, for example temperature,
light intensity and light incidence angle.

1.3 Objectives
The project objectives are:

 The solar panel can produce maximum power output by tracking the sun light. To
produce more output power, the solar tracker will follow the sun movement.
 To design a solar tracker, which is less costly and also compatible for user so that
users use domestic solar panel more efficiently in affordable order.
 To manage the main power and solar power efficiently.
 To manage power consumption for street light.

1.4 Scope of the Project

Fixed solar panels waste a lot of energy as they are not able to move with the sun
positions. This project can serve as the free renewable energy source generator with
power management section, the scope also include the interfacing of the source with the
electronic circuits and motor rotating sensors, interfacing a complete system to build one
unit i.e. interfacing of solar panels with dc battery and street light system, interfacing of
Arduino Mega for processing purposes to rotate the solar panel with the moment of sun
position

1.5 Outline of Thesis

The entire thesis consists of six chapters. In first chapter, it discuss about the
introduction like objectives and scope of this project. While Chapter 2 discusses
more on theory and literature reviews. Each component will be discussed in
chapter3. In Chapter 4 hardware implementation and simulation results of this
project. Chapter 5 discusses the conclusion and future work that can be done and
recommendations. Chapter 6 is only about the references that we helped from.

8
CHAPTER 2
LITERATUR REVIEW

9
 Literature Review

The sun aliment in sky increases with time in day as sun travels in the sky. Solar
energy apparatus in the sky do great job when it became closer to the sunlight. The
efficiency of solar tracker can rise when the equipment’s are in static position.

The main goal of using this tracker is to decrease the rate of power we want to
imprisonment. A tracker creates more power a lengthier period than a still array with the
same amount of units. This extra output can be calculated as a ratio of the output of the
still array. Gain varies meaningful with latitude, climate, and the kind of tracker you
select well as the direction of a still connection in the same place. (The energy essential
to move the tracker is irrelevant in these calculations)

Weather is the most significant factor. The more sun and fever cloud moisture haze, soil,
and smog, the better the gain provided by the trackers. At advanced latitudes gain will be
better due to the extended curve of the summer sun. In the cold places the percentage of
the gain is smaller than 22% of the early tracker output.

Gain of the solar tracker is far better when the days of summer are extended than the
winter. The presence of sunlight is durable for some hours from noon to afternoon in
summer. If your system is linked to the grid, the tracker’s capability to capture all the
afternoon sun can worth it all.

A tracker is the combination of electrical and mechanical devices use for positioning
solar panel in front of the sun. Its significance is to transport signals, emergency phone
installations, highways, lighthouses etc. its working is to charge the batteries using
maximum amount of sunlight.

Solar trackers generally are of two types’ Single axis and dual axis solar tracker. A polar
stand solar tracker is generally used for single tracker. With the passage of time it will be
adjust yearly.

Solar tracker is comparatively cheap for photovoltaic. For high efficiency we use
particularly effective photovoltaic system. For the best performance of solar tracker we

10
need to check and balance the solar tracker regularly. For active trackers we use gear
bearing and motors, to control electrically responding of the solar ray’s direction.

Trackers can be comparatively cheap for photovoltaic. This makes them particularly
effective for photovoltaic systems using high-efficiency panels. Solar trackers usually
need check and lubrication on a consistent basis. Active trackers, uses motors and gear
bearing, are controlled electrically responding to the solar ray’s direction.

The purpose of solar panels is to utilize the refillable source of energy such as solar. As
the demand of electricity is increasing day by day as the solar energy is obtained directly
from sun so there is no environmental hazard. The energy from the sun is totally God
gifted. Tracking system helps us to orient our solar panel directly in facing the sun. In
summer the efficiency of solar tracker is increased by 50%.

Satellites are solar power helps scientists in doing experiments. Now a solar power plane
had completed the revolution around the earth which is a great achievement.

1.6 Solar Tracker

A solar tracker is a device used for tracking the solar light energy and converts it
to electrical energy. Solar tracker can used photovoltaic plate’s lenses, reflectors and
other devices. In normal PV it is used to decrease the angle of incidence between PV
panel and incident light. The rising of energy are formed by a fixed amount to install
more power generating capability. In PV applications the solar trackers are used 86% of
industrial installations which is greater than 2MW from 2008 to 2012.

In CPV and CSP we use solar thermal sun tracker and concentrated photovoltaic cell. The
solar thermal is a direct component of sunlight rays and must be sloping correctly to
accumulate energy. In solar thermal applications tracking system are used and it produce
energy when the panel is in proper position to sunlight.

The sun travels 180 degrees in a day. In summer the angle of sun is greater as compare to
winter. Local horizon somehow effected and it makes the motion of 155 degree. A sun
tracker is fixed with the motion of the sun from the dawn to sunset.

11
So we need to adjust the tracker along with the sun through the whole day starting from
east ending at west. A tracker that rotates only from east to west is called Single Axis
Solar Tracker.

Over the period of a year the sun also moves 46 degree north-south direction. Cause of
that the panel should move 23 degree extra on each side. A solar tracker that adjust itself
by traveling from east to west that is the day time and seasonal south-north direction is
called dual-axis solar tracking system. The seasonal angle losses are more complex than
of changing during a day. During the summer season the angle south-north is increased.
If we placed the solar panel to the proper angle the losses will be minimized as compared
to the spring-fall season.

There is a substantial disagreement with in industrial uses whether the difference occurs
in between dual-axis and single-axis solar tracker, where the difficulty increased in dual-
axis sun tracker.

1.7 Sun Tracking Approaches

A better sunlight solar tracking system is trustworthy and should be capable to
track down the light of the sun in perfect angle through cloudy season. Over in last
twenty years, the mechanism can be developed that how to increase the efficiency and the
performances of the solar panels.

In this chapter we should analyze the three types of solar tracking systems (closed loop
open loop system et) and the example of these are given below.

In the methodology of closed-loop system there are many types of sensor used such as
CCD sensor and photodiode sensor. These sensor are used to operate the location of the
solar image on the receiving panels and give feedback signal and then it controlled sun
image transfer away to the receiver panels. An active sensor device is a device which is
used in closed-loop sun tracking system.

By changing the condition of the weather the performance of the closed-loop system will
be highly affected due to environmental factors, and it will consume more time, more
12
saving in term of cost for overlooking more extra sun light configuration. So in the active
sun tracking system closed-loop method can be used. But this method is very costly and
complex because in this method four radiometers and four cameras are used to complete
the target. By taking solar image on a CCD camera is be examined by computer to check
the tracking error, and also checking the control and feedback modification.

The function of open-loop sensor like encoder guarantee if the sun antenna is on per
calculated angles positions such as positions can be determined by proper formulas.
Discussing the literature (Blanco Muriel et al...)2002[1] Greina 2009[2] Meeues 1992[3]
Rida and Andreas 2005[4] Sprroul 2008[5] that the elevation and azimuthal angles of the
sun can be obtained by a formula for finding sun position or algorithm of preexisting
data, geographical data and time lapse. This method of solar tracking is the capability to
accomplish successful errors of tracking over less than ± 0.20 . in the year 2004 Abdullah
and Najma [6] make a dual axis solar tracking system which worked with an open loop
controlling system. For tracking the sun path they used a PLC to regulate sun tracker and
to obtain solar vector.

Christraj and Shanmugam [7] in the year 2005 for obtaining the sun path the computer
system is represented written in visual bases. They derived a parabolic type dish
concentrated (PDS) with south-North sides axis and East-West axis sides in getting more
sun energy.

In the year 2007, Rubiomade-up [8] and calculated to approach a new control for the PV
solar energy tracker and it’s worked in two methods. The one method is search mode and
the other is normal tracking mode. The open-loop tracking mode syndicates normal
tracking mode and is grounded with closed-loop mode on a solar moments models. To
acquire a sun tracking error we used to control electro-optical. If there is any which is
less than the boundary valued specified to the tracker and sufficient for sun radiation to
yield electrical energy. If there is no electrical energy produce or sun error is greater than
the search mode will come in action.

1.8 Types of Sun Trackers

Here we discuss two types of solar sun tracking devices:

13
 1. Singles Axis sun tracker
2. Dual Axis sun tracker
The type of single axis tracker and dual axis sun tracker is shown in below chart.

Figure 2: Types of Sun Tracking System

Our project is on dual Axis sun tracking devices so we will define and explain here only
this one.

1.9 Dual Axis Tracking

Sun tracker which has both vertical axis and horizontal axis and therefore we can
track the sun easily position during its motion almost every place in the world. In dual
axis solar tracking application CSP devices are used, including dish rotating engine solar
power towers systems etc. in solar power tower applications dual axis solar tracking is
particularly important, because if the angle errors is arising subsequent from the lengthy
the detachment between the mirror to capture light and it will be received in the middle
places in the tower structure.

There are two points of dual axis solar trackers of independence as axis side of the
rotation. These are normally one another. The fist axis means primary axis are that axis
which is immovable with respect to the earth, and the axis which refer to the primary axis
is measured are known as secondary axis.

14
Here we discuss some common application of dual axis solar tracker. With respect to
earth theses main axis are divided in to their own direction. There are two mutual
applications which are azimuth-altitude and tip-tilt dual axis trackers.

The direction of components with respect to the sun tracker is significant to showing
presentation. The secondary axis of the spin is sloping parallel to the segments of the dual
axis sun trackers.

Dual axis sun tracker permit best sun energy stages by this his capacity is improved to
track the sun vertically and horizontally. If the sun is on the sky anywhere the dual axis
has the capability to angle it automatically and will straight exchange with sun.

1.10 Tracker Type Selection

If we select solar tracker it depends on several feature including electrical rates,
latitude, local weather, connection size and land constraints.

In great circulated generating projects and efficacy balance projects we are naturally used
parallel single axis solar tracker. The mixture of development energy and lesser produce
charge and lesser connection density result in exciting financial in great organizations. In
adding the powerful p.m. presentation is mostly popular for big type grid-tied PV
methods so that the making will equal the climax in request time. During in summer and
spring season when the sun light is greater in the sky the horizontal single axis add a
large quantity of production. If the characteristic strength of the secondary arrangement
and the softness of the machine will be also effected in highly dependability which keeps
preservation low costs. If we placed the solar panel straight it will be efficiently located
on the axle pipe without risk of personally shading and also freely reachable for clean-up.

Perpendicular solar trackers axis is only about to perpendicular axle. The sun trackers are
fixed or changeable angles and proper for great latitude.

In smaller housing installations the dual axis solar tracker are used and places with highly
management feeds in tariffs.

15
1.11 Power Management
Power Management means if you have many resources of power how it will be
used efficiently and accurately. A lot of work is done on the power management for load.
Here we are managing the solar power and main power through relays. According to the
desire utilization, power management is different in different places. Power management
is very important because everyone want to save energy and reduce the power
consumption

16
 CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE
COMPONENTS

1.12 Solar Panel

A Solar Panel is a combination of a series of solar cells interconnected in a

specific pattern. Multiple panels make up a Solar Array. A solar cell is an electronic
device which directly converts sunlight or intensity into electricity. Light falling on the
solar cell produces both a voltage and a current to generate electric power. Solar
cells function is same as large semiconductors and use a large-area p-n junction diode.
These p-n junction diodes convert the energy from sunlight into usable electrical energy
when the solar cells are exposed to sunlight. When the solar energy generated from
photons strikes the surface of the solar panel that allows electrons to be pushed out of
their orbits and released. Thus, the electric fields in the solar cells pull these free
electrons in a directional current in which the metal contacts in the individual solar cells
(which are all 'connected' within the panel), can then generate electricity! This is how
solar panels work.

17
Figure 3: Working of Solar Panel

The Solar Panel used in our project is 6v 10 watts. The solar panel is fixed on a iron
stand. The controller will give commands to the servo motor and it will change the panel
directions.

1.13 Arduino Mega 2560

ATMEGA2560 based Arduino is a microcontroller board. It has 54 –pins digital

I/O (of which15 PWM outputs can be used),16 analog inputs, a power jack , 4 UARTs
(hardware serial ports), 16 MHz ceramic resonator, ICSP header, USB connection, ICSP
header and a reset push button. It is needed to support the microcontroller includes
everything. Simply start the AC to DC adapter or battery-powered from USB cable or
connect it to your laptop.

1.1.1 Arduino Mega 2560 Board

Arduino Mega2560 board has shown in the figure given below. If we look
at the figure the things which we use normally are highlighted.

18
Figure 4: Arduino Mega 2560 Board

Starting from top center towards right:

 AREF pin (analog reference)

 GND pin (digital ground)
 from 13-2 are digital pins
 Pin 0 and 1 are also digital pins but for serial in/out (TX/TR) are used.
If you are interacting with serial communication i-e serial begin, these
pins are prohibited for digital read/digital write.
 S1 is the reset button
 Pins from 0-5 are analog pins

19
  Red pin is for power while black pin is for ground
 X1 pin shows External Power Supply Input usually 9-12v DC
 Pin SV1 is for toggles External Power and USB power
 USB pin (used for uploading program/code)

1.1.2 Input and output pins:

There are some pins which are used for special functions. There are 14
digital pins which are mounted on the Arduino board and cam be used for input and
output separately, which depends on the mode of the pin that is either for reading or
writing actions. The voltage required by the pins are 5 volts. Each pin consumes current
up to 40mA

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX), RX acts as a receiver and TX acts as a transmitter.

Both the RX and TX and RX are connected to the specific pins of the Arduino
(USB-to-TTL) serial pins
 External Interrupts: pin 2 and 3 are used to trigger an interrupt on a low voltage,
usually it shows the change occurring in the pulse due to the external interrupts.
 PWM: pins 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 are used for PWM output, with Write operation
(analog).
 SPI: By using the SPI library the following pins are used for SPI communication.
Pin 10 for SS, pin11 for MOSI, pin 12for MISO and pin13 for SCK.
 LED: There is a LED (built-in) which is connected to pin 13, when it is HIGH,
LED is on, and LED is off when it is LOW.

There are 6 pins used for analog input on Arduino board, namely A0 through A5, in
which each of pin gives 10 bits of resolution. They measure from 0-5 volts by default,
although by
using AREF pin. The upper end of their range can be changed and also for analog
reference. Besides it, there are pins which have some special functionality.

20
  TWI: A4 also called SDA pin and A5 also known as SCL pin. By using wire
library it support TWI communication.

There are several other couple of pins on Arduino board.

 AREF: this pin is used with analog reference for analog input voltage.
 RESET: the microcontroller is reset when it is brought low.

1.1.3 Digital and Analog Pins

Digital pins

 Serial 0(RX) and 1(TX): RX is used to receive while TX is used to transmit

serial data (TTL). These pins have specific functions for example. On the Arduino
Diecimila, these pins are directly connected to the FDTI pins correspondingly. On
the Arduino Bluetooth, they are directly joined to the WT11 BT device. While the
Arduino Mini and Lily paired Arduino, they are typically used with TTL module
externally, such as Mini-USB adapter.
 External Interrupt: pin 2 and 3 are used to trigger an interrupt on a low voltage,
usually it shows the change occurring in the pulse due to the external interrupts.
 PWM: pins 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 are used for PWM output, with Write operation
(analog).
 SPI: By using the SPI library the following pins are used for SPI communication.
Pin 10 for SS, pin11 for MOSI, pin 12for MISO and pin13 for SCK.
 LED: There is a LED (built-in) which is connected to pin 13, when it is HIGH,
LED is on, and LED is off when it is LOW.

1.1.4 Analog pins

By using the analog read function the analog input pins are support up to 10 bits (ADC).
Almost several of analog input pins can be used for digital also: like analog input pins 0-5
and digital pins 14-19 are interchangeable. While the analog input pins 6 and 7 can never
be used as digital.

21
 1.1.5 Power and other pins

Power pins

 VIN or 9v. This pin is used for power to the Arduino, power means input voltage
which is usually 5 to 9 v DC. This voltage can usually be supplied through this
pin or also in some cases power jack can also be used. It must be noticed that
every Arduino has different input voltage of different ranges.
 5 v power supply is used to give power to the Arduino and specific voltage to
other components mounted on the microcontroller board. This power will be
either form input voltage through regulator mounted on board, or may be supply.
 The 3.3 v supply is required only in case Diecimila, this voltage is generated by
FTDI chip.
 GND means ground pin can also be categorized in power pins. [12]

1.14 LCD:

LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is an electronic display module and
has a wide range of applications. These modules are preferred better in contrast to multi
segments LEDs and seven segments displays. They are available in different sizes like
8x1 , 8x2 , 10x2 , 16x1 , 16x2 , 16x4 , 20x2 , 20x4 ,24x2 , 30x2 , 32x2 , 40x2 etc. Many
multinational companies like Philips Hitachi Panasonic produce their own specific kind
of LCD’s, which they use in their products. All the LCD’s perform the same functions
(display characters numbers special characters ASCII characters etc.). The programming
pattern of all the LCD’s is the same. The LCD which we have used in this project is
16x2. It has 16 pins i-e (1-16). It is the very common example of LCDs. This LCD can
display 16 characters in a single line and there are 2 such lines.

1.1.6 LCD is used to:

 Display information
 Makes projects more interactive
 Easy to interface

22
  Easy to procure
 Well documented

1.1.7 Pin layout of LCD:

Figure 5: Pin layout of LCD

If you hold your LCD towards you such that the pins are on the top facing you, then pin
no 1 is the left most and pin no 16 is the right through.

We can divide pins of in LCD in to 3 sections. We can divide them in to power, control,
data and back light. Pin no 1, 2 and 3 have to do with power.

Section 1: power pins (1, 2, and 3).

Section 2: control pins (4, 5, and 6).

Section 3: data pins (D0-D7).

Section 4: back light control pins (15, 16).

23
Pin 1 connected to ground or 0 volt

Pin 2 is connected to power supply which is VDD.

Pin 3 is the contrast pin. Contrast would mean that in the foreground you would have a
black screen or black text, and the background, which is typically green or blue and if I
want that the background is more green or blue, then I would increase my contrast and
that I would do using pin 3.

Pin 4 is a register select (RS). Typically in our LCD we have two register. A control
register and data a register. When I need to give control instruction such is clear the LCD,
shift the curser, then I would sent instructions to the control register by making my RS
pin 0. If I need to send data i.e. to display a character A, then my RS or register select
would be 1 or the input given to my LCD would be 1.

Pin 5 is my RW (read/write) pin. Typically or in most cases we do not read from the LCD
as we just want to display on the LCD. Hence we would just write to it. So for that I have
to make sure that my R/W pin is always maintained at 0. So hence we have connected the
R/W pin to ground.

Pin 6 is an enable pin whenever I need to read data or write data on to my LCD, I have to
make sure that my LCD sees it +ve edge on my enable pin. So always at a +ve edge of
enable at pin. At that time the LCD understands that I have to do a read or a write or
basically even control instruction.

(Pin (7-14) are data pins we have decided to use the upper 4 bits not the lower 4 bits).

Pin 15 is used for the controlling of the back light of the LCD. It is connected with +ve
voltage. To protect our LED we have to connect a resister in series to avoid damage of
the LCD.

Pin 16 connected to –ve voltage.

24
 1.1.8 Sending Data and Control Information to LCD

As we know that there are two registers namely, data register and control register.
To send either of these two data or control register, how my LCD knows that to which
register I am sending information? That is because of my RS pin. If RS is 0, I would be
sending control information and if RS is 1, I would be sending data. But either of these
two registers, we have to make sure that my RW pin is 0, which shows that I am writing
to my LCD. I can write to my LCD only at the positive edge of the enable pin, if the
enable pin is at negative edge, then I cannot write to my LCD. So by the combination of
data, control and R/W, I can decide that either I am sending data information or control
information to the LCD.

1.1.9 Working with a LCD (writing to display data)

 To specify the write operation, first we have to keep the R/W pin=0 and for the
selection of data register we should keep the RS pin=1.
 For sending the data we have to give a high to low pulse at the EN pin.
 The writing operation will be performed only on the positive edge of the enable
pin.

1.15 Servo Motor

It is an electrical device which can be used for the pushing or rotating of an

object. If our aim is to rotate an object at a specific angles or distance, then we use a
servo motor. If we have supplied a DC voltage, then it is called a DC servo motor and if
we have connected it to an AC source, then it is called as AC servo motor. They have
small size, but high torques.

25
 1.1.10 Specifications:

Weight: 55g

Dimension: 40.7×19.7×42.9mm

Stall torque: 10kg/cm

Operating speed: 0.20sec/60degree (4.8v)
Operating voltage: 4.8-7.2V
Temperature range: 0_ 55

Figure 6: Servo Motor

1.1.11 Working principles of a servo motor:

A servo consists of a Motor (DC or AC), a potentiometer, gear assembly and a

controlling circuit.

Servo motor works on PWM (pulse width modulation) principles means its angle of
rotation is controlled by the duration of applied pulse to its control pin. If we want to
increase the torque of the motor, we have to reduce the RPM of the motor. For this
purpose we use the gear assembly. When there is no electrical signal there is no signal
generated at the output port of the potentiometer. Now if we apply an electrical signal
to an input of the error detector amplifier, the difference between the two signals, one

26
coming from the potentiometer and the other signal coming from the other source, will
be processed by the feedback mechanism and hence will produce an output in terms of
error signal. Through this error signal the motor takes start and rotates. As the position
of the potentiometer changes due to the rotation of the motor, the feedback signal
changes. If the output of the potentiometer becomes as same as the external signal
provided, at this time, there will be no error signal and the motor will stop rotating.

1.1.12 Controlling servo motor:

We can control the motor by providing PWM through control wires. It can rotate 90
degrees on either side from its neutral position. It is made up of a DC motor which is
controlled by a variable resistor and some gears. The gears convert a high speed of
motor into torque. In DC motor, force is less and speed is high while in servo motor the
speed is less and the force is high. For calculating the angle and to stop the motor on
the required angle, we have connected the variable resistor to the output shaft of the
servo. A 1.5 MS pulse will make the motor turn to 90 degree position. The motor will
move towards 0 degrees if the pulse is shorter than 1.5 ms. and will move towards 180
degrees if the pulse is greater than 1.5 ms. [15]

The following diagram shows the above process:

27
Figure 7: Controlling servo motor

1.16 LDR

A light dependent resistor in short LDR is also known as photoconductor, photo

resistor and photocell. It is the type of resistor whose internal resistance changes with the
intensity of light falling on the surface of the LDR. These type of resistor are used in the
way where to sense the presence of sun light. These resistors have various resistance and
functions. It can be also used to turn ON or turn OFF a light in the presence or absence of
light. Typically a light dependent resistor in the darkness has a resistance of 1KOhm and
in the light condition, the resistance is halve of the darkness resistance

28

Figure 8: LDR with data sheet

1.17 7805 Regulator IC

7805 is a voltage regulator IC. It belongs to the 78xx series. 78xx series is fixed
linear voltage regulator ICs. In a circuit the voltage source may have fluctuations, which
causes the circuit to not getting fixed voltage from the source. The voltage regulator IC
keeps the output voltage at a constant value. In the 78xx series xx indicates fixed output
voltage for which it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V fixed regulated output.
Depending upon the respective voltage levels capacitors of suitable values are to be
connected at input and output pins.

Figure 9: Regulator IC:

Figure 10: Regulator IC

1.18 Resistor

A resistor is an electronic component which is used in electronic circuit either a

limited current through an active components also reduce voltage in the circuit.
There are basically two types of resistors one is fixed resistor and other is variable
resistor.

29
 1.1.13 Fixed Resistor

This is the mostly used type of resistor it is used to set right condition in a
circuit. During designing phase of circuit we can determine the value of this type of
resistor. Fixed resistor is show in the given figure.

Figure 11: Fixed Resistor

1.1.14 Variable Resistor

This type of resistor is consisting of fixed resistor element having a slide

taps onto main resistor. As from the name it implies that its resistance can be change.
There are three terminals of variable resistor. In circuit when the resistance increases
the current, which it allows to the output will decrease and vice versa.

30
Figure 12: Fixed Resistor

1.19 Transformer

A transformer is a device which transfer the voltage from its primary to the
secondary without changing the frequency

There are two types of transformer.

 Step Down Transformer

 Step Up Transformer

1.1.15 Step Down Transformer

A step down transformer is type of transformer which converts high

voltage, low current to low voltage, and high current without changing the frequency.
At the secondary side the number of coil’s turn is less than the secondary coil. The
secondary winding needs a larger gauge of wire due high current. The primary
winding which does not conduct higher current, there for it needs smaller gauge of
wire

Figure 13: Step Down

transformer
31
 1.1.16 Step Up Transformer

A step up transformer is a type of transformer, which converts low voltage

and high current to high voltage and low current without changing the frequency. At the
primary side the numbers of coil’s turn is less than the secondary coil. This type of
transformer is used, where a high voltage is required by the load than the normal voltage.

Figure 14: Step Up Transformer

1.20 Relay

It is an electrical device which works on the principal of electromagnetism. It is

used for switching action. A typical relay has 5 pins. 2 pins for activating the relay, 1
common pin for controllable, 1 for normally open and 1 for normally close

32

Figure 15: Relay

 CHAPTER 4
HARDEWARE IMPLEMENTATION AND SOURCE
CODE

1.21 Implementation
Now we will discuss that how we have implemented our project. We can
understand by looking at the pin diagram shown in the figure. As we have discussed in
the previous chapter in detail, our project consists of an Arduino MEGA 2650, 6 sensor,
two servo motors, a 16×2 LCD, a solar panel, two relays and power supply

33
1.22 Arduino Mega 2650:
We have used Arduino mega 2650 as a major component in our project. All the
devices are controlled through this module. The Arduino mega 2650 has 54 digital pins
and 6 analog pins. We have connected these components to the Arduino mega 2650
accordingly. The description of each device is given below.

1.23 Connection of LCD:

As we have described earlier that a 16×2 LCD has 16 pins namely VSS, VDD,
V0, RS, RW, E, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, A, K. The connection of each pin of
LCD with the Arduino mega 2560 is given below:

 Pin 1 is connected to ground

 Pin 2 is connected to Vcc
 Pin 3 is connected to potentiometer and is used for contrast control
 Pin 4 is connected to pin 11 of the Arduino mega
 Pin 5 is connected to ground
 Pin 6 is connected to pin 12 of the Arduino UNO
 Pin 7, pin 8, pin 9 and pin 10 are not connected, because we have used a 4 bits
data
 Pin 11 is connected to pin 5 of the Arduino mega
 Pin 12 Is connected to pin 4 of the Arduino mega
 Pin 13 is connected to pin 3 of the Arduino mega
 Pin 14 Is connected to pin 2 of the Arduino mega
 Pin 15 is connected to Vcc and also we have connected a resister in series for the
protection of the back light
 Pin 16 is connected to the ground

By the above connection the data as character are shown

1.24 Connection of LDRs

There are four LDRs sensing pins which are connected with the Arduino.
Connection of LDRs with the Arduino mega 2560 are shown in the following

34
  Sensing pin no 1 is connected to the pin no A1 of the Arduino mega
 Sensing pin no 2 is connected to the pin no A2 of the Arduino mega
 Sensing pin no 3 is connected to the pin no A3 of the Arduino mega
 Sensing pin no 4 is connected to the pin no A4 of the Arduino mega

1.25 Connection of Motors

We have used two servo motor in our project for the rotation of solar panel .the
connection of servo motors with Arduino mega is given below

 The sensing pin of motor 1 is connected with pin no 22 of the Arduino mega
2560
 The sensing pin of motor 2 is connected with pin no 26 of the Arduino mega
2560

1.26 Connection of Main and Solar Sensing Pins

As we discuss in the abstract that we managed the main power and solar power in
our project. For showing the result on display, we have used two pins which are
connected with the Arduino as mention below

 Main sensing pin is connected with pin no 44 of Arduino mega 2560

 Solar sensing pin is connected with pin no 36 of the Arduino mega 2560

1.27 Working of Project

Basically our project is consist of three parts

 Solar tracking
 Power management
 Street light as a load

1.1.17 Solar tracking

The solar tracking system is consist of two servo motors,4 LDRS and
moveable stand .the two cross top and bottom LDRs are used for motor no 1 which rotate

35
the solar panel vertically and the two LDRs for motor no 2 which rotate the solar
horizontally. The LDRs and motors are energized by battery supply. When the sensitivity
value of top LDR is greater than the bottom LDR the motor rotate the panel upward and
vice versa. When the top LDR and the bottom LDR sensitivity become equal then motor
rotation stops.

The top right LDRs and bottom left LDR are used for x-axis rotation. When the top LDR
sensitivity is greater than the lower LDR the motor rotate the solar panel to the right side
and vice versa and when the sensitivity of both LDRS are equal the motor will stop the
rotation. The solar panel charges the battery through relay

1.1.18 Power Management

Power management section is consist of two 5 volt relays, solar power
and main power. In this section we have used two power the main power and solar power
but the priority is given to the solar power when both power are available.in this project
the dc voltage is considered as the main power which is given by the power supply
section. The relays are used as switching circuit, which are activated by the solar panel
power. The solar power is supply to the both relays and to the common pin of relay no1,
the main power to the common pin of relay no 2.the output of solar power is taken from
the normally open pin of relay no 1 and the main power is taken from the normally closed
pin of relay no 2. Further both charge the battery. We have taken two connections as
sensing pins which are connected to the Arduino to show the presence of available power
on display.

When the solar power is present the relays are activated, here in this condition the main
power is disconnected and the battery is charged by solar power through normally open
relay.

When the solar power interrupted by weather variations or night shift the relays are
deactivated, the solar power is disconnected and the main power is connected so by this
way the battery is charged through normally close condition.

In this condition load will be on as well as charging the battery.

36
1.28 Street Light
This circuit is consisting of LDR, transistor and 2 resistors. One terminal of LDR
is connected to the base of the transistor and other is to ground, while one resistor of 10k
is connected to the base of transistor from the +vcc. The LED is connected on the
collector from +vcc with 220 ohm resistor. The emitter of the transistor is connected to
the ground. Its basic working is that, when light falls on LDR, the LDR resistance
becomes very low and the transistor goes to cut-off region, because at this time all current
flows by 10k resistor and LDR. So at the base no current flows to the transistor, hence the
transistor goes to cut-off region and LED does not on. When there is darkness, then the
transistor goes to saturation because at this state the LDR resistance is too much high.
The current flows through transistor base which causes the transistor into saturation and
the output LED becomes on because of current flowing from collector to emitter.

Source Code

// include the library code:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

#include<String.h>

#include <Servo.h>

// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins

LiquidCrystal LCD (12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

#define Main 44

#define Solar 36

#define ledPin 13

Int pin State = LOW;

37
Int a=LOW;

//defining Servos with LDRs

Servo myservo1;

Int pos1 = 90; // initial position

Int sens1 = A1; // LRD 1 pin

Int sens2 = A2; //LDR 2 pin

Int tolerance1 = 2;

Servo myservo2;

Int pos2 = 90; // initial position

Int sens3 = A3; // LRD 3 pin

Int sens4 = A4; //LDR 4 pin

Int tolerance2 = 2;

Void setup ()

PinMode (ledPin, OUTPUT); // declare LED as output

PinMode (Main, INPUT);

PinMode (Solar, INPUT);

Serial.begin (9600);

myservo1.attach (22); // attaches the servo1 on pin 9 to the servo object

38
 PinMode (sens1, INPUT);

PinMode (sens2, INPUT);

myservo1.write (pos1);

myservo2.attach (26); // attaches the servo2 on pin 10 to the servo object

PinMode (sens3, INPUT);

PinMode (sens4, INPUT);

myservo2.write (pos2);

Delay (2000); // a 2 seconds delay while we position the solar panel

Lcd. Begin (16, 2);

Lcd. Print ("Smart Power Mana");

lcd.setCursor (0, 1);

Lcd. Print ("gment For Solar");

Delay (2000);

Lcd. Clear ();

Lcd. Print ("Backup is ON!");

Void loop ()

Int m = digital Read (Main);

39
Int s = digital Read (Solar);

Int val1 = analog Read (sens1); // read the value of sensor 1

Int val2 = analog Read (sens2); // read the value of sensor 2

Int val3 = analog Read (sens3); // read the value of sensor 3

Int val4 = analog Read (sens4); // read the value of sensor 4

If ((abs (val1 - val2) <= tolerance1) || (abs (val2 - val1) <= tolerance1)) {

//do nothing if the difference between values is within the tolerance limit

} else {

If (val1 > val2)

pos1 = --pos1;

If (val1 < val2)

pos1 = ++pos1;

{If (pos1 > 170) {pos1 = 170 ;} // reset to 180 if it goes higher

If (pos1 < 0) {pos1 = 0 ;} // reset to 0 if it goes lower

40
 myservo1.write (pos1); // write the position to servo

Delay (50);

If ((abs (val3 - val4) <= tolerance2) || (abs (val4 - val3) <= tolerance2)) {

//do nothing if the difference between values is within the tolerance limit

} else {

If (val3 > val4)

pos2 = --pos2;

If (val3 < val4)

pos2 = ++pos2;

{If (pos2 > 170) {pos2 = 170 ;} // reset to 180 if it goes higher

If (pos2 < 0) {pos2 = 0 ;} // reset to 0 if it goes lower

myservo2.write (pos2); // write the position to servo

Delay (50);

41
}/////////lcd////////

If (m == HIGH) {

Digital Write (ledPin, HIGH); // turn LED ON// check if the input is HIGH

If (pin State == LOW) {

// we have just turned on

Lcd. Clear ();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

Lcd. Print ("Main is ON!");

Pirate = HIGH;

delay(2000);

}}

else {

if (pin State == HIGH){

// we have just turned on

Lcd. Clear ();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

Lcd. Print ("Backup is ON!");

Pirate = LOW;

42
 }

if (s == HIGH) {

Digital Write (ledPin, HIGH); // turn LED ON// check if the input is HIGH

if (pin State == LOW){

// we have just turned on

Lcd. Clear ();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

Lcd. Print ("Solar Power!");

pin State = HIGH;

delay(2000);

}}

else {

If (pirState == HIGH) {

// we have just turned on

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

Lcd. Print ("Backup is ON!");

PirState = LOW;

43
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

1.29 Conclusion

Solar panels are typically in fixed positions. They are limited in their energy-
generating ability because it does not gain full advantages of sunlight. For more effective
solar energy systems, as the solar panel changes during day time and from season to
season and should not be able to adjust with sun light. The proposed system could be

44
used with other power sources as well. For example hybrid combinations of geothermal
power, wind power, hydroelectric power, and tidal power etc. In this project we have
designed a smart power management with solar tracking system which will track the sun
in real time during the daylight and recharge batteries through relays to provide
electricity to switch on/off street light as a load. We have built an experimental prototype
and field results have proved the good performance of the developed a smart power
management with solar-tracking system.

From the above experiments, results and comparison it is found that our prototype system
is working good under normal conditions moreover system have high efficiency when
compare it with the other subjective systems, so we are able to get our objective of
building such a system which is capable of providing high efficiency, good results and
smart storage system which can be used latter on for driving loads.

CHAPTER 6 REFRENCES

45
 References

[1] Non-Conventional Energy Resources, Blanco Muriel, (2002).

[2] Non-Conventional Energy Resources, Greina, (2009).

[3] Solar collectors and panels, theory and applications. Meeues (1992).

[4] Rida and Andreas, New solar tracker, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 51
(2005).

[5] Sprroul, Discrete two-positional tracking of solar collectors, Renewable Energy

(2008).

[6] S. Abdallah, S. Nijmeh, Two axes sun tracking system with PLC control, Energy
Conversion and Management (2004).

[7] Christraj and Shanmugam, Design and construction of a two-axis Sun tracking
system for parabolic trough collector (PTC) efficiency improvement, Renewable
Energy (2005).

[8] Digital Electronics, Rubiomade-up, (2007).

46