OPC Final PDF
OPC Final PDF
OPC Final PDF
Chapter 1
2. Equipment: The machinery, tools, and other equipment needed to carry out
the manufacturing process.
6. Quality Control: The process of ensuring that the finished products meet the
required quality standards.
3- Functions of OPC:
• The primary function of operations planning and control is to manage and
optimize the production process to ensure that goods and services are
produced in a timely, efficient, and cost-effective manner.
• Some of the key functions of operations planning and control include:
1. Production Planning: This involves the creation of a plan that outlines the
resources, materials, and labor needed to meet production goals. It involves
determining the most effective production method and scheduling
production to ensure that orders are completed on time.
2. Inventory Control: This involves managing inventory levels to ensure that
there is enough inventory on hand to meet demand without incurring
excessive carrying costs. It involves tracking inventory levels, ordering new
inventory, and managing the flow of materials through the production
process.
3. Methods: Function concerned with analysis of all methods and select the
best appropriate method according to given circumstances and facilities.
4. Quality Control: This involves ensuring that products meet or exceed
customer expectations for quality. It involves establishing quality standards,
monitoring the production process, and inspecting finished goods to ensure
that they meet those standards.
5. Scheduling: This involves determining the sequence of tasks to be
performed and the time required to complete them. It involves coordinating
the activities of different departments to ensure that production runs
smoothly and efficiently.
6. Cost Control: This involves managing production costs to ensure that they
are within budget. It involves tracking expenses, identifying areas where
costs can be reduced, and implementing cost-saving measures.
7. Capacity Planning: This involves determining the production capacity
needed to meet demand. It involves forecasting future demand, assessing
current capacity, and making adjustments to capacity as needed to ensure
that production goals are met.
Chapter- 3
27- Define the term dummy activity with the help of network
diagram:
• In project management, a dummy activity is a virtual activity that is inserted
into a project network diagram to represent a logical relationship between
two or more activities.
• It is a time-consuming activity that has no duration or resource requirements
but is necessary for establishing logical relationships between other
activities.
• Dummy activities are represented by a dashed line and are used to maintain
the correct sequence of activities in a project.
• Dummy activities do not consume any time or resources and do not
represent any actual work or deliverables.
• They are used only to establish a precedence relationship between two or
more activities that cannot be directly connected by a single arrow in the
network diagram.
• It is the imaginary activity shown in project network diagram to identify the
dependance among operations.
28- Explain optimistic time, most likely time and pessimistic time for
PERT:
• Optimistic Time: Optimistic time (TO) is the shortest time in which an
activity can be completed, assuming everything goes as planned, and there
are no unforeseen obstacles or delays. This estimate assumes that the activity
will be completed under ideal conditions. It represents the best-case
scenario.
• Most Likely Time: Most likely time (TM) is the time required to complete
an activity, assuming that everything goes according to plan, and no
unforeseen obstacles or delays occur. This estimate represents the most
likely duration of the activity based on past experience, expert judgment, or
statistical analysis.
• Pessimistic Time: Pessimistic time (TP) is the longest time in which an
activity can be completed, assuming that everything goes wrong, and all the
possible delays and obstacles occur. This estimate represents the worst-case
scenario.
• Expected time: Expected time is the estimated time required to complete an
activity based on the three time estimates: optimistic time, most likely time,
and pessimistic time. Expected time is calculated as (optimistic time + 4 x
most likely time + pessimistic time) / 6.
Chapter- 4