Module 3 Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality

A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development
Module
in
THC101
Macro perspective of Tourism and

Hospitality
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management
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1 WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)1
WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
Module No. 3
THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY NETWORK AND

SUPPLY COMPONENTS AND ORGANIZATIONS
1st Semester AY 2021-2022
ROY B. CABARLES
Instructor 1
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Table of Contents Page
Title Page i
Table of Contents iii
Instructions to the User iv
Introduction v
Module 3 1
Overview 1
Learning Outcomes 1
Pre-test 2
Lesson 1 4
A. Learning Outcomes 4
B. Time Allotment 4
C. Discussion 4
D. Exercises/Activities 22
E. Evaluation/Post-test 27
Lesson 2 29
A. Learning Outcomes 29
B. Time Allotment 29
C. Discussion 29
D. Exercises/Activities 57
E. Evaluation/Post-test 62
References 64
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INSTRUCTION TO THE USER
This module would provide you an educational experience while

independently accomplishing the task at your own pace or time. It aims as
well to ensure that learning is unhampered by health and other challenges. It
covers the topic about the tourism and hospitality network and supply
components and organizations
Reminders in using this module:
1. Keep this material neat and intact.

2. Answer the pretest first to measure what you know and what to be
learned about the topic discussed in this module.
3. Accomplish the activities and exercises as aids and reinforcement for
better understanding of the lessons.
4. Answer the post-test to evaluate your learning.
5. Do not take pictures in any parts of this module nor post it to social
media platforms.
6. Value this module for your own learning by heartily and honestly
answering and doing the exercises and activities. Time and effort were
spent in the preparation in order that learning will still continue amidst
this Covid-19 pandemic.
7. Observe health protocols: wear mask, sanitize and maintain physical
distancing.
Hi! I’m Blue Bee, your WPU Mascot.
Welcome to Western Philippines University!

Shape your dreams with quality learning experience.
STAY SAFE AND HEALTHY!
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INTRODUCTION
This module will serve as an alternative learning material. The instructor will facilitate
and explain the module to the students to achieve its expected learning outcomes and to
ensure that they will learn amidst of pandemic.
This material discusses tourism and hospitality network and supply components and
organizations. It aims to teach the learner about the tourism and hospitality
components, tourism and hospitality supply components, Types of Accommodations,
Hotel Classifications and the role of the following in the tourism and hospitality industry:
International Organizations, Regional Organizations, National Organizations and
Professional tourism and hospitality organizations. It is very important that the learner
cooperates by using this module page by page and completing all the given activities. At
the end of the module, the learning outcomes are evaluated based on the different tasks
given to the learner.
Through the learner’s cooperation in this kind of flexible learning delivery,

understanding tourism and hospitality network and supply components and
organizations is possible. It is expected that after using this module the learner will
become well-oriented on the coverage of this chapter.
Disclaimer: This Module is prepared for instructional purposes only based on the
course syllabus. The teacher who prepared this module does not claim ownership on its
contents, but patterned the ideas from different sources.
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MODULE 3
THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY NETWORK AND SUPPLY
COMPONENTS AND ORGANIZATIONS
Overview
Module 3 is composed of 2 chapters that will discuss the tourism and hospitality
network and supply components and organizations. Lesson 1 (chapter 4) presents
tourism and hospitality network and supply components, which will focus on the tourism
and hospitality components, tourism and hospitality supply components, Types of
Accommodations and Hotel Classifications. Lesson 2 (chapter 5) describes tourism and
hospitality organizations and will discuss the role of the following in the tourism and
hospitality industry: International Organizations, Regional Organizations, National
Organizations and Professional tourism and hospitality organizations.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, you can:

1. explain the tourism and hospitality supply components
2. identify tourism and hospitality component; and
3. Illustrate the interconnections among different components of tourism and
hospitality industry
4. explain the importance of international, regional and professional tourism and
hospitality organizations;
5. analyze the role of international, regional and professional tourism and
hospitality organizations; and
6. enumerate the different international, regional and professional tourism and
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PRE-TEST
Test I. SHARE YOUR EXPERIENCE, DIRECT- INDIRECT & DEVT ORG
One essential part of our everyday life is to purchase necessities from

different providers depending on what type of things could satisfy our need. It could be
grocery stores, restaurants, entertainment facilities and so on.
Instructions: Now, identify one “direct provider”, one “support service” and a
“developmental organization” that you know based on your experiences.
1. Direct supplier -
2. Support Service -
2. Support Service -
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PRE-TEST
Test II - WERE YOU INVOLVED?
In your stay with your previous schools, you might have tried being part of one of
the organizations as an officer or a member. Each organization has their own goals and
rationale for existence.
1. Did you enjoy and learn from the organization/s?
2. Why do think we are highly encouraged to engage ourselves with organizations?
Thank you for sharing your answers! As future industry professionals, I know you are
now excited to be affiliated with one of the prestigious organizations in our field of
specialization.
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LESSON 1
THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY NETWORK AND
SUPPLY COMPONENTS
A. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you can:
4. explain the tourism and hospitality supply components

5. identify tourism and hospitality component; and
6. Illustrate the interconnections among different components of tourism and
hospitality industry
B. Time Allotment
1.5 hours
C. Discussion
Tourism and hospitality Component
The travel industry is a tourism and hospitality network. Which includes both the public
and private sectors. Gee, Choy, and Makens (1997) define the travel industry as the composite of
organizations, both private and public, that are involved in the development, production, and
marketing of products and services to serve the needs of the travelers." This definition is
Illustrated in Figure 3 which clearly identifies both the and direct components of the travel
industry. Businesses and corporation are regarded as components of the travel Industry
classified as direct providers support services, and developmental organizations.
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Figure 1. Components of the Travel and Hospitality Industry
Certainly, the industry cannot perfectly produce satisfying services to guests,

travelers and clients without the presence of these three major components. It might
have the manpower as the main service provider but it would still need to be
complemented with the presence of direct providers, support services and guided by the
developmental organizations.
Below are the figures that will help you visualize and understand the three major
components.
Figure 3. Direct Provider
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The first category, direct providers, include businesses that are associated with
travel, such as airlines, hotels, restaurants, ground transportation, travel agencies, and
retail shops. These businesses provide services, activities, and products that are
consumed and/or purchased directly by travelers. They represent the sectors of the
industry that are visible to the travelers.
Figure 4. Support Services
The second category, support services, lend support to direct providers. Includes
specialized services such as tour organizers, travel and trade publications. Hotel
management firms, and travel research firms. It also includes basic supplies and
services, such as contract laundry and contract food services. Support services provide
goods and services for both the traveler and for organizations that sell goods and services
directly but not exclusively to tourists. A good example is tour wholesaler: who prepare
tours and instead of selling them directly to the public, they sell the tours through a travel
agency. Thus, the traveler receives the service indirectly through these support services.
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Figure 5. Developmental Organizations
The third category, tourism developmental organizations, is different from the

first two, since it includes planners, government agencies, financial institutions, real
estate developers, and educational and vocational training institutions. These
organizations deal with tourism and hospitality development, which tend to be more
complex and broader in scope than the production of daily travel services. The decisions
and results of tourism and hospitality development are more long-term in nature than
the first two categories which deal more with operators.
Tourism and Hospitality Supply Components
Tourism and hospitality supply components are classified into five main categories:
1. Natural resources - include elements in an area for the use and enjoyment of
visitors such as climate, landforms, terrain, flora, fauna, and bodies of water, beaches,
natural beauty, and water supply for drinking, sanitation, and similar uses;
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2. Infrastructure - consists of all underground and surface developmental
construction such as water supply systems, sewage disposal systems, gas lines, electrical
and communications systems, drainage systems, and other constructed facilities such as
highways, airports, railroads, roads, drives, 'parking lots, parks, night lighting, marinas
and dock facilities, bus and train station facilities, and similar tourist service
installations;
3. Superstructure - is the above ground facility services such as airport buildings,

passenger traffic terminals, hotels, motels, resorts, restaurants, shopping centers, places
of entertainment, museums, stores, and similar structures;
4. Transportation and transportation - equipment include items such as ships,

airplanes, trains, buses, limousines, taxis, automobiles, cog railways, aerial tramway,
and similar passenger transportation facilities; and
5. Hospitality resources - include the cultural wealth of an area which makes possible
the successful hosting of tourists. Examples are the welcoming spirit of tourist business
employees, attitudes of the residents toward visitors, courtesy, friendliness, sincere
interest, willingness to serve and to get better acquainted with visitors, and other
manifestations of warmth and friendliness. Also included are the cultural resources of
an area such as fine arts, literature, history, music, dramatic art, dancing, and shopping.
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Natural Resources
The natural resources of a

destination area provide an excellent
asset to sell to tourists. The physical
characteristics of an area can be
generalized as natural scenery, climate,
and environment. The natural scenery is
a combination of the general
topography flora and fauna, proximity
to lakes, rivers, seas, islands and islets,
hot and mineral water springs, caverns,
waterfalls, and the like. The greater the Figure 2 Taal Lake
Source: https//bmb.gov.ph/
variety and uniqueness of the scenery,
the more appealing it is. The appeal can be increased if the area has a” comfortable”
climate.
A comfortable cold climate is
determined by the wind-chill factor-a term
used to express how temperature feels to
the exposed skin. A comfortable warm
climate is determined by the combination
of humidity, temperature, and wind. A
notable example is the Caribbean because,
although many of its islands are in the
tropical zone, the wind currents make it
Figure 4 Lake Geneva in Switzerland more comfortable than the temperature
Source: https//www.telegraph.co.uk/ and humidity would show. Water plays an
important role in forming an attractive landscape: The sea, lakes, and rivers not only add
to the visual beauty of the region, but also offer the possibility of swimming, sailing,
canoeing, and fishing. Thus, large bodies of water have become popular such as Taal
Lake in the Philippines and Lake Geneva in Switzerland.
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Specific natural phenomena such as volcanoes, waterfalls, caves, and canyons also
attract tourists. Examples are:
Figure 5 Pagsanjan Falls in the Philippines

Source: http//selecttravelphilippines.com/
Figure 6 Grand Canyon in the US
Source: https://www.wallpaperflare.com/
Figure 7 Niagara Falls in Ontario, Canada

Source: https//adventures.com/
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The particular fauna or flora of a region often draws tourists. Kenya and other
countries of Southern Africa and their wildlife safaris are increasing in popularity, the
camera being substituted for the gun. The Amazon, with its exotic rainforest vegetation
and its wildlife, is attracting several tourists. The same is true with the tulip fields of
Holland and the cherry blossoms of Japan.
Infrastructure
Infrastructure consists of all the underground and surface developmental

construction of a region, which is made up of water systems, communication networks,
healthcare facilities, transportation terminals, power sources, sewage/drainage areas,
streets/highways, and security systems.
1. Water: Sufficient quantity of pure water is essential. A typical resort requires

350 to 400 gallons of water per room per day. An 18-hole golf course will require
600,000 to 1 million gallons of water per day, depending on the region on which
it is located.
2. Power: The important things to consider are that adequate supply of power is
available to meet peak load requirements, that continuity of service is assumed.
And that the type of power supplied is compatible with that used by the target
markets of the destination.
3. Communication: it is necessary that the telephone and/or telegraph service is
available.
4. Sewage/drainage: Sewer demand is often placed at 90% of domestic water

demand. Although water storage reservoir and sewage treatment paints can be
designed on the basis of maximum average demand, transmission lines must be
designed on the basis of maximum peak demand.
5. Healthcare. The type of healthcare facilities provided will depend on the

number of visitors expected, their ages, the type of activities in which they will
engage, and local geographical factors.
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6. Streets/highways. The availability of first-class roads adds greatly to the
accessibility of a region. The following are certain ways to make the use of
highways more interesting to tourists:
A. Provide close-up range views of local scenes.

B. Change the elevation;
C. Develop viewpoints and overlooks;
D. Independently align dual-Lane highways to fit into the land contour; and
E. Select thin trees to reveal views. Design a dual system of higher speed lanes
flanked by roads for low-speed local traffic. Roads should be engineered for safety,
taking appropriate measures designed to safeguard the highway user.
7. Transportation terminals. The following are the problems in terminal facilities and
ground transportation:
A. General. There is an almost complete lack of coordination among the three modes of
air, rail, and bus; there is also a noticeable lack of consistency in standards and
procedures within each mode. Directional and informational signs are not uniform
throughout the system; public address announcements are often unintelligible.
B. Air. Long walks are required in many terminals.
C. Rail. Parking is inconvenient and inadequate near larger terminals; use of

facilities by local transients and inadequate cleaning procedures lead to crowded
and unsanitary waiting rooms and restrooms; security to prevent thefts is lacking;
information and directional maps are not provided in most rail terminals; special
transportation to and from rail terminals is not provided; and urban transit and
taxi service are often inadequate.
D. Bus. Terminals are dirty and crowded due to use by unauthorized people and
to inadequate cleaning procedures; boarding gates lack a system of orderly
procedures resulting in crowding when passengers are boarding; and inadequate
protection is afforded to passengers against traffic.
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The following suggestions with regard to terminals and ground facilities
may same as a guide in providing adequate services:
➢ Full Information about facilities. terminal location, and local transportation
at destination should be made available to all originating passengers;
➢ A security system should be provided to prevent theft and misleading of
checked baggage at terminals;
➢ The information system should provide data on connecting or alternative rail
and bus service, including information on fares and schedules;
➢ A system of standard signs and symbols should be developed and installed in
all air terminals;
➢ Rapid updated arrival and departure information should be available on
posted information boards, through public address announcements and to
telephone callers;
➢ Personnel should always be available to assist passengers especially the aged,
handicapped, and non-English speakers;
➢ Complete information should be provided on the locations, fares, schedules,
and routes of local transportation services; and
➢ City maps should be made available to tourists.
8. Security: while on vacation, tourists are in an unfamiliar environment.

Because of this, the need for assurance regarding their safety is important.
The image gained of the destination may be distorted. In addition, the costs
of medical care are so expensive that concern about health in foreign
countries may generate additional fears. Insecurities about food, water, or
police protection may prevent visitors from visiting. It is necessary that the
basic need for security and safety be considered and assumed to make the
potential tourist feel secure before and during the vacation.
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Hospitality Resources
Hospitality resources refer to the general feeling of being welcomed that the
visitors receive while visiting a destination area. It is the way that tourist services are
delivered by service providers, as well as the genera| feeling of warmth from the local
population. Tourists will have a more enjoyable vacation if they feel welcomed by the
host population and will certainly feet awkward and unhappy if they feel rejected.
Hospitality resources can be improved by training tourism and hospitality
personnel to be hospitable to encourage positive feelings toward tourism and hospitality
and tourists by the general public.
Hospitality training
Hospitality training aims to motivate service providers to be hospitable in dealing

with tourists. It is assumed that providing more hospitable services will result to more
satisfied tourist who will be inclined to return and advertise to other potential tourists
through word of mouth.
To enable service providers to render hospitable services, it is necessary change

their present behavior. This change of behavior is brought about by a Change in attitude
and an increase in the level of knowledge. The three aspects of attitude3 one toward self;
toward others, and toward the tourism and hospitality Industry.
Attitude toward Self
If an individual’s self-esteem or attitude toward self is low, that individual will

tend to behave in such a way that the feedback from others will confirm the low opinion
of himself. Hence, it is necessary to change the individual's perception of self in order to
improve his behavior. If service providers can be made to believe that they and their work
are important, their work and their actions toward tourists will reflect this feeling. If
service providers can be viewed as hosts and hostesses rather that "just” employees, their
self-image may be raised. The fact that dealing with and serving people is a very difficult
task should be stressed. Although it is relatively easy to deal with a satisfied guest, it is
very challenging to deal with visitors who are dissatisfied or are very demanding. The
ability to satisfy guests is a very demanding task. People who can do this have skills that
should be highly regarded by themselves and by others.
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Attitude toward Others
The second aspect is the attitude toward others. Service providers should be
assisted in developing positive feelings toward fellow employees and tourists that will
result in positive behavior toward the tourists. This can be achieved by training the
individual regarding teamwork and interdependencies in getting the job done.
The key to the development of positive attitudes toward visitors is to be able to

develop the ability to put oneself in the visitor’s place. Roleplaying can be used for this
purpose. If the service providers can empathize with the tourists, accept tourists as they
are, understand that for tourists, the vacation is something that they have saved up for
the whole year or for a lifetime, and appreciate how tired they may be after a long trip,
then, the attitude is likely to be more positive.
Attitude toward the Tourism and Hospitality Industry
The third aspect is the attitude toward the tourism and hospitality industry a
positive attitude as service providers toward tourists can be brought about on when
employees are made aware of how important tourism and hospitality is to their country,
city, and community. By being aware of the amount of revenue. Jobs, taxes generated,
and the dispersion of the tourist dollar throughout the community, employees may
become convinced of the economics and social significant the industry of which they are
a part of.
To facilitate a change in attitude, it is necessary to raise the level of knowledge 04
the Individual. This may be done in group sessions or through a variety of audiovisual
means. To be able to give advice or directions to tourists, employee can familiarize
themselves with the surrounding attractions and services through familiarization tours.
Employees should be Instructed In group sessions with regard to verbal and nonverbal
behavior since many of them are unaware of the negative messages thief facial
expressions or posture give to tourists. With increasing the level of knowledge 3nd
teaching hospitable behavior, it is hoped that the hospitality behavior level 0f service
providers will be raised.
Community Awareness Programs
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Although the tourists are most directly affected by the degree of hospitality shown
by service providers, the overall feeling of being welcomed within a community will also
enhance or detract from the vacation experience. Residents of a destination area cannot
be trained to act in a hospitable manner toward tourists, but a community awareness
program can help develop a more positive attitude toward the tourists. The aims of the
program are to build acceptance of tourism and to build an understanding of the tourists.
Acceptance of tourism and hospitality cannot be built unless the benefits of

tourism and hospitality are made clear to the members of the community. The benefits
of tourism and hospitality are many, yet many people do not realize that they are
positively affected by it. It is necessary to convince the local citizens of the importance
and relevance of tourism and hospitality to them
An understanding of who the tourist is can bring about a greater acceptance of the
visitor. Knowing why people visit may result in a stronger civic pride.
There are various ways to communicate with the local community. Public
meetings can be held to discuss particular problems. A speakers’ bureau composed of
tourism community leaders who can talk to community groups may be organized.
Information sheets and newsletters can be distributed throughout the destination area.
Whatever method is used, the main objective is to create a feeling of being welcomed for
the tourists within the community.
Transportation
Transportation is of paramount importance in developing tourism and

hospitality. Tourists need easy access to various forms of transportation, such as road,
rail, air, and water. Thus, the amount of time from major population centers via each
mode of transportation is important. It n important to have convenient access and
quality service. The cost of reaching the destination and staying there must also be
considered. This should include special needs, web as road tom, gasoline stations,
repairs, pecking, car rentals and charter, and scheduled bus services.
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Land travel
1. Taxi and Limousine Service- Adequate taxi and limousine service is

important in a tourist area. Taxis should have removable and washable seat covers
so that they will present a dean appearance to the passenger. The taxi driver
should always be courteous and helpful. He should open the door for the
passenger and assist him in getting the baggage from the trunk. Taxi drivers
should be trained in foreign language. If the drivers are generally weak in foreign
language ability, hotels can cooperate by providing written directions for the
tourists to give to the taxi driver regarding his destination and another written
direction for the tourists to give to the taxi driver to return to the hotel at the end
of the trip.
2. Bus Service -Tour buses should have large windows comfortable seats, air-
conditioning unit, and restroom facilities. Springs and other suspension systems
in the tour buses should be carefully designed to prevent joggling of passengers.
Multilingual services or multilingual tape-recording facilities with earphones for
each passenger are desirable for touring areas where an interpretation of the
points of interest is necessary.
Persons assigned to the buses should be selected for their appropriate

temperament, courtesy, and hospitality. Tour guides and interpreters should be
properly trained and educated for their job to avoid the faulty interpretations of
the tourist attractions.
3. Rail Services -The majority of seasoned travelers prefer to travel by train

because of its safety record and the convenience and satisfaction of viewing the
scenery from a comfortable air-conditioned car. The appeal of. Rail travel has
been further enhanced by the recent introduction of high-speed trains. Adequate
taxi limousine, or bus services from the railroad station to the hotels are very
important. These services must be frequent enough to avoid fear on the part of
the traveler that he will not reach his hotel at once. Such service should also be
available to transport him from the hotel to the railroad station to allow him to
board his train.
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Air Travel
Porter service is important at air terminals. The porters’ helpful behavior and
attitude are essential and their training and supervision should be adequate. Although
airport facilities differ from place to place, the comfort of travelers should always be kept
in mind. In a hot climate, the airport must be completely air-conditioned and in a cold
climate, adequate heat should be provided. Large airports provide comfortable and
attractive waiting areas, as well as information regarding flight details.
Sea Travel
Sea travel is a major factor in tourism and hospitality. Examples of these are the
Manila Bay Sunset Cruise in the Philippines, the Miami Cruise in Florida, the Rhine
River Cruise in Germany, and the Canal Cruise in Holland. Cruise ships have developed
into “floating resorts” or “floatels." Because of this idea, the demand for sea travel has
increased and cruises became popular in recent years. The luxurious way of life will have
a large market as soon as wealth and leisure time increases.
Superstructure Accommodation
While away from home, the tourist needs to eat and sleep. Sleeping
accommodations range from hotels of international standards and condominiums to
campgrounds and the homes of relatives and friends. For a tourist region to succeed, a
sufficient quantity of accommodations of the right quality should be provided for the
needs of the tourists.
The demand or accommodations varies according to the price the guests are
willing to pay, services required, and similar considerations. The type of
accommodations provided is also partly determined by what competitors are providing.
An important thing to remember in marketing is that the facilities should at least equal
those provided by the competition for the same market.
Appropriate accommodations should be available for all segments of the market.

Expensive hotel accommodations may be demanded by those who want the best and are
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willing and able to pay accordingly. On the other hand, tourists who are unable or
unwilling to pay for expensive accommodations should have cheap facilities available.
In planning accommodations, the nature of the environment destination, the

expected markets, the mode of transportation, the of activities engaged in at the
destinations, and other related factors determine the type of accommodations which
shall be made available.
Types of Accommodations
Tourist accommodations may be classified into the following categories:
1. Hotel- provide accommodation, meals, and refreshments for those who m

reserves their accommodations in advance but need not do so. In broad term.
They provide facilities that meet the needs of the modern travelers. They portray
an image of efficiency and service;
2. Condominium- is an apartment or individual dwelling unit owned by an

individual but the management and services, such as maintenance and security
are handled by an independent company. The company often contracts to rem the
condominium when it is not being used by the owner. Each owner can sell his or
her unit independently of the other owners;
3. Motels or motor hotels -provide bedrooms, bath, and parking to motorists;

rooms are usually accessible from the parking lot. They are usually near the
highways;
4. Inns -are lodging establishments catering to transients which do not meet the
minimum requirement of an economy hotel;
5. Apartments- are hotels (apartelles), buildings, or edifices containing several

independent and furnished or semi-furnished apartments that are regularly
leased to tourists and travelers for dwelling, on a more or less long-term basis and
offering basic services to its tenants similar to hotels;
6. Paradores- are old convents, monasteries, castles, or fortresses converted

into hotels by the government and operated by a national tourism office. First-
class paradores are found in Spain and Ireland. They are generally priced
reasonably with full-meal plans. They appeal to tourists who would like to
experience the romances and ambiances of the past in a fifteenth-century
Augustinian monastery or a nineteenth-century mansion;
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7. Pensions - are private or family-operated tourist accommodations similar to
boarding houses or guesthouses. They offer food and lodging to tourists and are
well-known for their informal family atmosphere;
8. Bed-and-breakfast accommodations -provide a room, bath, and a hearty

breakfast to tourists and/or travelers. They are known as B&Bs and are popular
in Britain, Ireland, and the United States;
9. Hostels -provide minimal amenities such as a bunk bed and a commonly

shared toilet and bathroom. The traveler provides his or her own bedding. They
appeal mostly to young travelers;
10. Campgrounds -appeal mostly to families who travel in recreational vehicles

(RVS);
11. Health spas -are hostels and resorts which cater to individuals who go to
spas or mineral springs for weight reduction or medical treatment; and
12. Private homes- provide lodging to tourists when accommodations are not
available during peak periods.
Hotel Classifications
There are different ways of classifying hotels. One way is by location, such as city
center, suburban, airport, highway, and resorts. Another way is by type of guest, such as
commercial, convention, and resort. A more meaningful classifications one based on
price such as economy or budget, standard or midscale, first-class, or deluxe.
A star rating system is often used to classify hotels in Europe and other parts of
the world outside the United States. Stars are assigned according to the quality of
restaurants, rooms, amenities, and service. The highest is the five-star hotel and the
lowest is the one-‘star hotel. Other classifications are deluxe, first-class, standard, and
economy.
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Food and Beverage
More of the tourist dollar is spent on food and beverage than on any other service.
Countries which are highest in per capita eating place and sales are also top tourist
countries. The type of food service provided will be related to the needs of the tourists.
Many destination areas have successfully developed menus which are indigenous to the
area to promote local economy food.
Restaurants
Besides hotels, motels, and other types of accommodations, restaurants are also
classified as superstructure. Restaurants are establishments offering refreshments
and/or meals to the public.
Some of the basic standard requirements for restaurants are the following:
1. The facades and architectural features of the building shall be appropriately
designed. It shall be provided with a proper entrance and exit. There shall be an
adequate and secured parking space provided free to customers. A receptionist
shall be available to usher in the guests. A waiting lounge with a telephone shall
also be provided;
2. The dining room shall be adequate ln size, with sufficient and well-maintained
furniture;
3. There shall be cuisine of good quality and presentation and served with
distinction. There shall be 5 menu book or card which shall be presentable, clean,
and easy to read with the menu items listed ln logical sequence. All tables shall
have clean table cloth and cloth napkins of good quality. No piece of crockery,
cutlery, and tableware in use shall be chipped, cracked, or gazed. The silverware
shall be kept polished and clean at all times; and
4. Adequate number of well-trained, experienced, efficient, and courteous staff

shall be employed. The bar shall be well-stocked at all times. The kitchen, pantry,
and cold storage shall be in good operating condition at all times and shall be of
good quality fixtures and fitting and provided with running water. Tissue paper,
soap, paper towels, and/or hand drier shall be provided. All main dining or
function rooms shall be fully air-conditioned and/or well-ventilated
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ACTIVITY/EXERCISE
Activity 1
Direction: Discuss/Explain the question. The rubric will be used to check your work,
and this will be recorded as part of your written works (10 points).
1. With the COVID19 Pandemic affecting the tourism and hospitality industry worldwide, how
bad do you think the tourism and hospitality industry that was hit by this Pandemic? And how
do you think will the Philippine Tourism Industry bounce back? Write your answer in no less
than 50 words.
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Rubric for essays and discussions
Rating(s) Traits
10 Main ideas/information/content/all sentences are well constructed.

The student makes no errors in grammar, mechanics, and/or spelling.
9 Some interesting ideas/information/content are constructed but the

points are not sustained or not fully developed. Makes a 1-4 errors in
grammar, mechanics, and/or spelling, but they do not affect with
understanding.
Some points/ sentences are well constructed but makes 5-9 errors in
7-8 grammar, mechanics, and/or spelling that affect with understanding
4-6 The topic and main ideas are somewhat clear. Sentences sound
awkward, are distractingly repetitive, or are difficult to understand.
The student makes 10 or more errors in grammar, mechanics, and/or
spelling that affect with understanding.
1-3 Ideas/information/content are irrelevant to the question.
0 Sign of plagiarism is observed.
23
ACTIVITY/EXERCISE
Activity 2
Direction: Draw a diagram that supports your understanding of the various Tourism
and Hospitality Industry Components. Show how it is interconnected with each other.
(40 points). Rubric will be the criteria to check your work. These activities will be
recorded as part of your performance task.
Rubric for assessment
CRITERIA HIGHEST POSSIBLE

SCORE
Content (Discussion)
Presents information in logical, interesting 10 pts
sequence which reader can follow
*2pts deduction for each item not observed

Organization and Presentation
Contains appropriate and effective graphics 10 pts
(symbols, icons) to represent the scenario.
Texts and icons jibe with each other.

Writing and Spelling
There are no grammatical or spelling errors in 10 pts
the discussion.

TOTAL 40 pts
24
ACTIVITY/EXERCISE
Activity 3.
Direction: Complete the tourism and hospitality supply components table below by providing
the information needed. Identify one example for each component (2nd column) and discuss
briefly their main asset as a component which make them a well-visited/ well-known component
in the industry (3rd column). Rubric will be the criteria to check your work. These activities
will be recorded as part of your performance task. (50 points)
Reasons of being a well-visited/ well-known

Components Name of the place/ component. Include also
establishment services/strategies that they do in order to
attract guests/ travelers/ clients.
Natural Resources
Infrastructures
Transportation services
25
Superstructure
What are your takeaways from this chapter?

SCORE
Required components/ Content
Response includes all components and meets 15 pts
or exceeds all requirements indicated in the
instructions. Each question or part of the
assignment is addressed thoroughly

Organization
The output has well organized information. 10 pts
The information indicated are clear and easy
to understand.

Support
Response shows strong evidence of synthesis 15 pts
of ideas presented and insights gained
throughout the entire course

Structure 10 pts
Writing is clear, concise, and well organized
with excellent sentence/paragraph
construction. Thoughts are expressed in a
coherent and logical manner. There are no
more than three spelling, grammar, or syntax
errors per page of writing.

TOTAL 50 pts
26
POST-TEST
TEST I -IDENTIFICATION
Instructions: This evaluation/post-test contains 15 questions. Identify the following

that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. It is the general feeling of being welcomed that visitors receive

while visiting a destination.
2. It Refers to the underground and surface construction of a
region.
3. The monasteries, convents, and castles converted into hotels are

called.
4. the Type of accommodation that provide a room, bath, and
breakfast to travelers.
5. What are the establishments that serve refreshments and meals

to the public are called.
6. An apartment owned by an individual but managed by an

independent company.
7. Refers to facilities and services that are above the ground such
as hotels, airports, and shopping centers.
8. Are family-operated tourist-lodging houses which offer an

informal family atmosphere.
9. It is a tourism and hospitality supply component which includes

climate, lakes, volcanoes, and flora and fauna.
10. Another name for “tourist
27
POST-TEST
TEST II – MATCHING TYPE
Instructions: matching type. Match the following items in column A if they belong to
the Supply components in column B. Write the letter in the space provided. You can
repeat your answer.
Answer Column A Column B

1. Sewage/ drainage A. Natural Resources
2. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National B. Infrastructures

Park
3. Porter Services C. Hospitality Resources
4. Involvement to community outreach D. Transportation
5. Mount Mantalingajan E. Superstructure
7. Cruise ships
8. Nagtabon Beach
9. Attitude towards own self
10. Hotel Centro
11. Involvement to community outreach
12. Communications systems
13. Ninoy Aquino International Airport
14. Sheridan Beach Resort and Spa
15. Ati-Atihan Festival in Aklan
28
LESSON 2
TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY ORGANIZATIONS
A. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you can:
1. explain the importance of international, regional and professional tourism and

2. analyze the role of international, regional and professional tourism and
hospitality organizations; and
3. enumerate the different international, regional and professional tourism and
B. Time Allotment
1.5 hours
C. Discussion
Tourism Organizations
Since tourism and hospitality is a diverse industry made up of many different

segments, there is a need to interrelate and share
information. This has led to the establishment of
several public and private organizations at the
international, national, regional, state, and local
levels.
Source: https://twitter.com
29
International Organizations
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
The UNWTO is the chief international

organization in the field of travel and tourism. It is
an intergovernmental technical body which deals
with all aspects of tourism. It began its legal
existence on January 2, 1975. The primary aim of
the UNWTO is to promote and develop tourism;
and to contribute to the economic development,
international understanding, peace, prosperity,
and universal respect for human rights; and
fundamental freedoms for ' all without distinction Source: https://www.nepalayatimes.com
as to race, sex, language, or religion. To pursue this aim, the UNWTO pays particular
attention to the interests of developing countries.
In order to establish its-central role in the field of tourism, the UNWTO

establishes and maintains effective collaboration with the United Nations and its
specialized agencies. It participates in the activities. of the United Nations Development
Programmed
To accomplish these objectives, the UNWTO:

1. monitors and identifies trends in world tourism;
2. studies travel demands, marketing trends, tourist motivation, and alternative
approaches to marketing;
3.surveys the environmental effects of travel growth and makes recommendations
for the protection of natural and cultural resources;
4. provides services for developing and organizing tourism for countries;
5, serves as a clearing house for tourist information;
6. informs members about tourism and hospitality development;
7. conducts vocational training programs;
8. works for the elimination or reduction of governmental measures for
international travel and the standardization of requirements. This Includes
passports, visas, police registration, and frontier formalities;
30
9. assists and develops technical cooperation projects; and
10. works to standardize equipment, terms, phraseology, and signs as an aid to
easier travel and understanding for foreign visitors.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
The ICAO is an organization of around 134

governments established for the purpose of
promoting civil aviation on a worldwide scale. It was
established at the Chicago conference of 1944. The
96 articles of the Chicago convention established the
privileges and restrictions of the member countries.
Source: https://www.aerotime.aero
The objectives of the ICAO are to:
1. adopt international standards and to recommend practices for regulating air
navigation;
2. recommend installation of navigation facilities by member countries;
3. set forth proposals for the reduction of customs and immigration formalities;
4. plan for the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout
the world;
5. encourage the improvement of the art of aircraft design and operation for
peaceful purposes;
6. seek the development of airways, airports, and air navigation facilities for
international civil aviation;
7. provide for safe, regular, efficient, and economical air transportation;
8. discourage unreasonable competition;
9. ensure that the rights of contracting countries are fully respected, and that
every member has a fair opportunity to operate international airlines;
10. discourage discrimination between contracting countries; and
11. promote the development of all aspects of air transportation.
31
International Air Transport Association (IATA)
The International Air Transport

Association was established in 1945 in Havana; it
was composed of airline operators attached to the
national delegations of the ICAO conference in
Chicago. At present, membership includes more
than 112 scheduled airlines. Their objectives are to
promote safe, regular, and economical air
transport, faster air commerce, and study
problems connected with the industry. lATA
serves as y the agency through which airlines seek
Source: http://goldenkeylogistics.blogspot.com
jointly to solve problems that cannot be solved
individually. It is involved in standardizing tickets, prices, weight bills, baggage checks,
and other documents. This helps make travel uniform throughout the world.
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)
The Word Travel and Tourism Council is the

only global forum whose members are the top
decision makers in the travel and tourism industry. It
is the only body ' representing the private sector in all
parts of the industry worldwide. The over 150
members comprise of CEOs, presidents or chairmen
of airlines, airports, hotels, cruise ' lines, travel
Source: https://newsinamerica.com agencies, tour operators, and travel technology

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org
suppliers. WTTC drives on three strategic priorities
which it has identified as hindering the successful development of travel and tourism
now and in the future-freedom to travel; policies for growth; and tourism for tomorrow.
32
Regional Organizations
Some countries and regions feel that it is important to bond together to

strengthen their respective tourism programs. These regional organizations have
become excellent sources of information.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development was set up in a convention signed in Paris
on December 14, 1960. It provides that the OECD shall'
promote policies designed to achieve the highest
sustainable economic growth and employment and a
rising standard of living in member countries, while
maintaining financial stability and contributing to the
development of the world economy; to ’ contribute to
sound economic expansion in economically developing Source: https://landportal.org
nonmember countries; and to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a

multilateral, nondiscriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations.
Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)
The Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) was organized in Hawaii in 1951. It is
composed of more than 1,000 organizations, including governments, air and steamship
lines, wholesale and retail travel agencies, ground carriers, hotels, publishers,
advertisers, public relations firms, and travel associations with major interests in the
pacific area. Its purpose is to develop, promote, and facilitate travel in the Pacific area
(including Pakistan, the United States, and Canada). PATA’s hallmark has been
innovation and conservation. PATA was an early leader in
recognizing the need for an environmental ethic among those
involved in the tourism industry. PATA has initiated the “PATA”
Code for Environmental Tourism.” In this code, environmentally
responsible tourism means tourism which recognizes the necessity
of ensuring a sustainable future.
Source: https://www.pata.org
33
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Another organization which focuses on tourism

and which recently achieved official status as an
international governmental organization is the Asia-
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). It represents 15
countries, namely, Australia, Brunei, Canada, Hong
Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand,
People's Republic; of China, Philippines, Singapore,
Taiwan, Thailand, and United States.
Source: https://www.shutterstock.com
The purpose of APEC is to establish coordination of national economies for the

benefit of countries in the Asia-Pacific region as a whole. The specific goals are to sustain
the growth and development of capital and technology in keeping with the principles of
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and to develop and strengthen the
open multilateral trading system in the interest of Asia-Pacific and all other economies.
APEC has 10 working groups including Tourism, Telecommunications, and
Transportation. Other groups include Human Resource Development, Marine
Resources, Energy, Trade Promotion, Trade and Investment Data, Investment and
Technology Transfer, and Fisheries.
Organization of American States (OAS)
The main objective of the Organization of American States is to

strengthen relations between American states by providing advisory
services and training programs in many fields including tourism.
Source: https://www.worlddata.info
Like OECD, tourism is an important component although its
principal motive is to promote economic growth. Thus, OAS conducts a number of travel
studies and tourism development programs.
34
Roles of National Organizations in Tourism
The government plays an important role in formulating policies to guide tourism

development and promotion in line with other national economic and social objectives.
The WTO Manila Declaration provides the basic foundations and guidelines that help
governments in defining their tourism role. Governments can play a decisive role in the
following areas:
1. Planning attracts foreign investment and funds infrastructure development.

2. Employment and Training determines manpower needs, develops tourism
training programs.
3.. Coordinating Public and Private Sectors determines roles in mixed economics.
In order to achieve national development, the government should clearly

delineate its policy with regard to tourism and other development options.
National Tourism Office (NTO)
Countries that are visited by tourists have an official organization that regulates
and encourages tourist activities. Its importance varies from one country to another. In
some countries, tourism organizations are at the full ministry or cabinet level while in
others, it may be on a sub-cabinet level or a council or information post. In some
countries, the tourist office is not officially a part of the regular government structure.
The national tourism office is responsible for the promotion of tourism in a

particular country and for the overall development of the tourist industry. Examples:
United States Travel and Tourism Administration and the Department of Tourism in the
Philippines
35
The Department of Tourism in the Philippines
The Department of Tourism (DOT) is the primary government agency charged

with the responsibility to encourage, promote, and
develop tourism as a major socioeconomic activity; to
generate foreign currency and employment; to spread
the benefits of tourism to a wider segment of the
population, and to assure the safe, convenient,
enjoyable stay and travel of foreign and local tourists
in the country.
Source: https://philippineslifestyle.com
The Department of Tourism is headed by the Secretary of Tourism who is assisted

by three undersecretaries and one assistant secretary. The assistant Secretary for
internal. Services and Legislative Liaison is responsible for the Legal Service,
Administrative Service, as well as the Financial and Management Service. The
Undersecretary for Planning, Product Development, and Coordination is responsible for
the Office of Tourism Development Planning, Office of Product Research and
Development, as well as the Office of Tourism Coordination. The Undersecretary for
Tourism Service is responsible for the Office of Tourism Standards, National Capital
Region, and all Regional Offices. The Undersecretary for Tourism Promotions is
responsible for the Bureau of Domestic Promotions, Bureau of International Tourism
Promotions, as well as the Office of Tourism Information.
The 15 regional offices of the DOT are

responsible for domestic tourism promotion,
tourism marketing accreditation, tourism
assistance, public relations, and coordination with
local government units and tourism stockholders
in the region. The regional offices are also tasked
to undertake planning and product development
projects in support of the government’s policy of
Philippine Tourism Slogan
Source: https://itsmorefuninthephilippines.co.uk decentralization under the Local Government Code
the DOT regional offices are also actively involved in the formulation of Regional
Tourism Master Plans (RTMP) that will serve as the framework in the development of
travel and tourism in the Philippines.
36
DOT ATTACHED AGENCIES
Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA)
TIEZA or Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority, formerly known as PTA
or Philippine Tourism Authority, is a corporate body tasked to designate, regulate, and supervise
the Tourism Enterprise Zones (TEZs) as well as develop, manage, and supervise tourism
infrastructure projects in the country, with the primary objective of encouraging investments in
TEZs. TEZ is an area specifically defined or organized as a tourism area, zone, or spot under any
special or general law, decree, or presidential issuance.
The TIEZA is the principal agency responsible for the
timely collection of 5 travel taxes, 50% of which shall
accrue to it while 40% goes to the Commission on
Higher Education (CHED) provided that priority is
given to tourism-related educational ' programs and
courses and the remaining 10% share is for the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts.
Source: https://issuu.com
Mandate
The TIEZA shall be a body corporate which shall designate, regulate, and supervise the
TEZs established under R. A. No. 9593, as well as develop, manage, and supervise tourism
infrastructure projects in the country. it shall supervise and regulate the cultural, economic, and
environmentally sustainable development of TEZs toward the primary objective of encouraging
investments therein. It shall ensure strict compliance of the TEZ operator with the approved
development plan. The TIEZA shall have the power to impose penalties for failure or refusal of
the tourism enterprises to comply with the approved development plan, which shall also be
considered a violation of the terms of accreditation.
37
Tourism Promotions Board (TPB)
The Tourism Promotions Board (TPB), formerly Philippine Convention and

Visitors corporation (PCVC), is a corporate body created under RA. No. 9593, which shall
have an authorized capital of ₽250 million fully
subscribed by the National Government. It is under the
supervision of the Department of Tourism (DOT)
Secretary and attached to the DOT for purposes of
program and policy coordination. The TPB shall
formulate and implement an integrated domestic and
international promotions and marketing program for the
DOT.
Source:
https://raphaelibon.files.wordpress.com The TPB shall be responsible for marketing and
promoting the Philippines domestically and internationally as a major global tourism
destination, highlighting the uniqueness and-assisting the development of its tourism
products and services, with the end in view of increasing tourist arrivals and tourism
investment. Specifically, it shall market the Philippines as a major convention
destination in Asia. To this end, it shall take charge of attracting, promoting, facilitating,
and servicing large-scale events, international fairs and conventions, congresses, sports
competitions, expositions, and the like. it shall likewise ensure the regular advertisement
abroad of the country’s major tourism destinations and other tourism products, not
limited to Tourism Enterprise Zones (TEZs).
Intramuros Administration (IA)
The Intramuros Administration was established in 1979 by virtue of Presidential Decree

(PD) No. 1616 signed by President Ferdinand Marcos on April 10, 1979. It is vested with the
following powers and functions by virtue of PD. No. 1616 as amended by PD. No. 1748:
1. formulate, coordinate, and execute policies on the implementation of all

programs, projects, and activities of the government relating to Intramuros;
2. enter into contracts with any private person or entity or any government
agency, either domestic or foreign, for the effective discharge of its functions
and responsibilities;
38
3. acquire through sale, expropriation, or other means and hold real and
personal property as it may deem necessary or convenient in the successful
prosecution of its work; lease, mortgage, sell, or dispose of such personal and
real property;
4. receive, take, and hold by request, donation, gift, purchase, or lease from
foreign or domestic sources any asset, grant or property, real or personal,
subject to such limitations as are provided in existing laws and regulations;
5. initiate, plan, undertake, and supervise the restoration, upkeep, and

maintenance of the Intramuros Walls including the ravelins, moat, Sunken
Garden and public places, plazas, streets, and other government property
situated within Intramuros;
6. prepare, adopt, revise, and enforce such rules and regulations, implementing
guidelines, and standards necessary for the effective regulation of the land use
and development activities .in Intramuros;
7. expropriate property within the bounds of Intramuros;
8. sponsor, conduct, or support festivals and cultural activities in Intramuros;

charge and collect admission fees to the restored Gates and other attractions
operated by the Administration;
9. give grants, contributions, and donations for the restoration, repair, an

maintenance of historic structures outside of Intramuros; and
10. collect reasonable amounts to be charged as filing fees, inspection fees permit
fees, service fees necessary for the effective enforcement of its kw; and
regulatory measures.
Mandate
The IA is “responsible for the orderly restoration and development of Intramuros

as a monument to the Hispanic period of our history. As such, it shall ensure that the
general appearance of Intramuros shall conform to Philippine-Spanish architecture bf
the 16th to the 19th century.”
39
Vision
An iconic tourism site that honors the Philippines’ glorious past-a thriving and
vibrant future-proof livable city, built on a foundation of shared values and a genuine
Filipino sense of community.
Mission
Implement and realize a restoration and redevelopment plan for the present and
future development, management, and promotion of Intramuros as a national heritage
site, by forging strategic partnerships that ensure its orderly, timely, inclusive, and
sustainable development.
National Parks Development Committee (NPDC)
The National Parks Development Committee (NPDC) is a government agency that

is tasked to oversee national parks in the Philippines. It
was established primarily for the purpose of developing
and maintaining national parks specifically the Rizal Park
or Luneta, Paco Park, the Pook ni Maria Makiling, and
Burnham Park.
The NPDC was established on January 14, 1963 by

Executive Order No. 30'for the development of the Source: https://en.wikipedia.org
Quezon Memorial Circle, Luneta, and other National Parks. In 1964, the committee was
then designated as the “National Parks Development Committee.”
It was attached to the Department of Tourism in 1987 through E.O. No. 120. The NPDC
has the following functions:
1.undertake development of new parks;
2.upgrade and maintain park facilities;
3.develop and operate cultural and educational programs; and
4.facilitate private sector participation in appropriate aspects of parks
development and maintenance.
40
Mission
To provide fully developed and well-maintained parks for the Filipinos’ wholesome
recreation and sociocultural education which will contribute toward the enrichment of
the national identity and heritage, in partnership with concerned communities and
nongovernment organizations (NGOs).
Areas of Responsibility
Figure 1 Rizal Park Figure 2 Paco Park

Source: https://www.almosafer.com Source: https://en.wikipedia.org
Figure 3 Pook Olivia De Salamanca Figure 4 Mabini Shrine

Source: https://www.wikidata.org Source: https://www.tripadvisor.com.ph
Figure 5 Pook ni Maria Makiling Park Figure 6 Burnham Park

Source: http://www.tripkoto.com Source: https://northluzon.politics.com.ph
41
Arts and Culture
1. Cinema in the Open Air is a seasonal public service of the NPDC in the Rizal ' Park
Open-Air Auditorium in Ermita, Manila;
2. Concert at the Park is a weekly free concert staged every Sunday in the Rizal Park
Open-Air Auditorium in Ermita, Manila, from 6 PM to 7 PM. This, event has won the
Catholic Mass Media Hall of Fame Award for Best Cultural Program; V
3. Labs Kita Sabado is another weekly free event staged every Saturday in the Rizal Park
Open-Air Auditorium in Ermita, Manila, from 6 PM to 7 PM. Modem performances such
as ballet, pop concerts, theater performances, acrobatics, and acoustic nights are
featured in Labs Kita Sabado;
4. Paco Park Presents is a musical presentation every Friday at 6 PM in Paco Park,

Manila. The musical is aired nationwide in front of a” live” audience at PTV Channel 4.
Nayong Pilipino Foundation (NPF)
Nayong Pilipino is the only tourist complex showcasing the many primary
attractions and scenic places in the Philippines. It is a major administrative and
operational concern of the agency to keep its facilities and surroundings in the best
condition. Rehabilitation, restoration, and construction programs are necessary to
ensure a tine collection of miniature Philippine attractions
which reflect Filipino history and culture. The Nayong
Pilipino Foundation (NPF) aims to promote, encourage
and initiate research and development projects and
activities in social sciences, humanities, social and
amelioration, and allied fields.
Source: http://nayongpilipino.gov.ph
42
Duty Free Philippines Corporation (DFPC)
The DFPC shall be a body corporate to operate the duty and tax-free
merchandising /stem in the Philippines to augment the service facilities for tourists and
to generate reign exchange and revenue for the government, as established by the
Department under Executive Order No. 46.
In the performance of its functions, the DFPC shall have all the general powers of
a corporation established under the Corporation Code, in furtherance of its charter.
The DFPC shall have the exclusive authority to operate or franchise out stores and
shops that would sell, among others, duty and tax-free merchandise, goods, and articles,
in international airports and seaports, and in TEZs and ports of entry throughout the
country in a manner that:
1. is competitive with international standards;

2. effectively showcases Philippine culture, craftsmanship, and industry; and
3. efficiently and effectively generates foreign exchange.
The Balikbayan Law
In recognition of their contribution to the economy of the country through the

foreign exchange inflow and revenues that they generate, the Balikbayan Law provides
balikbayans with special tax-free shopping privileges in government owned and
controlled-operated duty-free shops.
The law which is under the administration of the Department of Tourism includes
a Kabuhayan Shopping privilege allowing tax-exempt purchase of livelihood tools and
the opportunity of availing the necessary training to enable the balikbayans to become
economically self-reliant members of the society upon their return to the country.
43
Professional Tourism and Hospitality Organizations
Several professional tourism organizations have been established to bridge the

gap between government and industry. By working together, they promote a very
favorable tourism climate. Some of these organizations are described below:
The United States Travel Data Center (USTDC)
The United States Travel Data Center is an independent, nonprofit research and
educational organization which aims to improve the quality and range of statistical data
describing travel and tourism. It is financed by grants and membership fees. The
members come from institutions, corporations. the private sector, as well as government
agencies. The Data Center is located in Washington, DC. It has published, several studies
which provide information pertaining to the travel industry in the United States.
Examples of these studies are:” A National Travel Survey, Impact of Travel on State
Economies,” and “Travel Outlook Forum.”
Travel Industry Association of America (TIAA)
The Travel Industry Association of America is a nonprofit association of

companies and government organizations which Was formed to promote travel to and
within the United States. It is based in Washington, DC. It has a membership of more
than 1,000 organizations, firms, and other agencies. Members from the private sector
include domestic and international businesses and corporations, accommodation, tour
operators, travel agents, and transportation. Members from the public sector include
city, state, and federal government agencies, such as visitor centers, convention
Organizations, state government travel offices, and area and regional tourism
organizations. The organization obtains its funds from its members.
Its main objective is to develop and implement programs that benefit the travel
supplier and consumer. It concentrates its activities on those programs-that represent a
national industry need but which no single component in the tourism industry could be
expected to carry out.
44
Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA)
The Travel and Tourism Research Association is concerned with travel research,
specifically in improving the quality and effectiveness of research in the travel industry.
Through a series of conferences, reports, and a journal, the association aims to maintain
current communications in travel research developments and methodology occurring in
the field. It is concerned with the teaching of tourism and has established
communication procedures to support education.
American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA)
The American Society of Travel Agents is one of the largest travel associations in
the United States. It includes travel agencies and tour operators from the United States
and Canada. Allied memberships are available to other sectors of the travel industry such
as airlines, railroads, bus lines, car rental firms, hotels, as well as government and
educational institutions. ASTA is subdivided into eleven areas or chapters. Among its
publications are: ASTA Travel News, ASTA Notes, Convention Daily Newspapers, ASTA
Roster, and ASTA Travel Correspondence Course.
Universal Federation of Travel Agents Association (UFTAA)
The objectives of the Universal Federation of

Travel Agents Association are: to act as a negotiating
body for the various branches of the tourism and travel
industries on behalf of travel agents; to give professional
and technical advice and assistance to travel agencies on
the world economy and tourism; and to improve the
prestige and public recognition of travel agents.
Source: http://www.kairosinstitute.in
World Association for Professional Training in Tourism (WAPTT)
The World Association for Professional Training in Tourism is concerned with

Vocational training.
45
Council on Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Education (CHRIE)
The Council on Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Education was founded in 1946 as a
nonprofit association for schools, colleges, and universities offering programs in hotel and
restaurant management, food service management, and culinary arts, in recent years, its focus
has expanded to include the enhancement of professionalism at all levels of the hospitality and
tourism industry, such as food, lodging, recreation, and travel services. CHRIE works to foster
the international advancement of teaching, training, learning, research, and practice in the field
of hospitality and tourism. It provides access to Information, research, shared resources,
talented people, and progressive ideas.
Association of Travel Marketing Executives (ATME)
The association of Travel Marketing Executives is a nonprofit research and

educational organization of individual travel marketing executives. The scope of the
ATME is international and covers all travel industry segments. Its office is in
Washington, D.C.
ATME aims to assist travel marketing executives toward

greater personal achievement, success, and satisfaction. Benefits
derived from membership in the ATME are passed along to its
affiliate firms, consumers, and to the whole travel industry.
Source: https://www.facebook.com
Tourism and Hospitality Organizations in the Philippines
Philippine Travel Agencies Association

(PTAA)
The Philippine Travel Agencies Association

was established in 1979. It was born out of a union of
the national associations of the outbound travel
agencies and inbound tour operators. It aims to foster Source: https://www.pna.gov.ph
unity in the travel industry and to promote the welfare of its members and the traveling
public.
46
The objectives of the PTAA are:
1. to unite the members in a common purpose, working in a close bond of
cooperation, fellowship, and assistance in furthering and protecting the
interest of its members;
2. to strive toward the attainment of the highest standards of services and

facilities for travelers and tourists;
3. to uphold the dignity and the ethics of the travel and tour business and to
strive toward its-professionalization;
4. to work for the general welfare of the members by acting as the true
representatives of the travel and tour agency sector of the industry;
5. to cultivate friendly relations between the Philippines and other countries and
among their peoples;
6. to act as an effective liaison with government agencies and other trade

organizations involved in local, regional, or international tourism and travel" for
the benefit of its members; and
7. to encourage, support, and help develop Philippine tourism.
The Hotel and Restaurant Association of the Philippines (HRAP)
The Hotel and Restaurant Association of the Philippines was founded on September 12,
1952 by executives from the leading hotels and restaurants in Manila. Its main objective is to
upgrade the management skills and personnel services to maintain proper standards at home as
well as keep abreast with progressive trends abroad.
To realize its objectives, countless seminars, workshops,

and conventions were held through the years both on regional
and national levels. It also conducted in service training in top
hotels and restaurants in the Philippines as well as food and table
service demonstrations. Observation teams went to many parts
of the country to assess the situation of establishments in the area
and determine the areas where training was needed most.
Source: https://www.linkedin.com
47
Union of Filipino Tourism Educators (UFTE)
The Union of Filipino Tourism Educators, formerly Tourism

Educators of Schools, Colleges and Universities or TESCU, is a
Bonafede organization of Tourism Educators found by Dr.
Zenaida Lansangan-Cruz and duly registered with the
Securities and exchange Commission on January 9, 1993,
Source: https://www1.hrimanila.com
UFTE has the following objectives:
1. to unite all colleges, universities, and schools with tourism programs with the
end in view of training and developing their students for a productive and
meaningful career in tourism;
2. to promote a closer working relationship between educators and industry;
3. to put out a journal which will publish research studies, articles, and up7t0v
date information with regard to the tourism industry;
4. to encourage members to undertake research on the latest aspects of tourism

to produce information, data, and new findings in order to bolster the country’s
tourism industry;
1. to sponsor lectures, seminars, workshops, conferences, and symposia on the

various fields of tourism; and
2. to work with colleagues to advance the image and understanding of travel and
tourism education within the larger arenas of the industry and the academic
world.
48
Council of Hotel and Restaurant Educators of the Philippines (COHREP)
The Council of Hotel and Restaurant Educators of the

Philippines is a Bonafede organization of hotel and restaurant
educators of the Philippines founded by Dr. Ignacio Pablo and
duly registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Source: https://dct.edu.ph/chm-
The Council has the following objectives:
1. to generate a wide acquaintance and closer cooperation among those interested

in hotel and restaurant education;
2. to provide educational opportunities for Hotel and Restaurant Management

(HRM) educators who are interested chiefly in particular areas within the general
field of HRM to pursue their specialties;
3. to provide a forum for the dissemination and exchange of information about such
topics as course content and structure, teaching methods, materials,
4. services, facilities and techniques, continuing adult education, and other such
topics as may be of material interest to the members;
5. to provide opportunities for HRM educators to publish scholarly papers based

upon their conceptual as well as experimental findings;
6. to act as liaison between the schools and universities which the Council members
represent and the agencies in the hospitality industry;
7. to foster better understanding, communication, and cooperation among

educational institutions concerned with HRM and the hospitality industry; and
8. to support a culture of hospitality that embodies the value system, ethics, and
morals of a hospitality educator.
49
The Association of Administrators in Hospitality, Hotel and Restaurant
Management Educational Institutions Incorporated (AAHRMEI)
The association of administrators in Hospitality, Hotel and Restaurant

Management Educational Institutions Incorporated, founded by Dr. Gloria Baken Sy, is
envisioned to be an outstanding organization serving
as a vehicle for all schools offering Hotel and
Restaurant Management, Tourism, Food Technology,
Home Economics, Nutrition, and other related
programs in the quest for leadership excellence
among academicians and practitioners toward
quality education for all stakeholders.
Source: http://www.aahrmei.com
The organization aims to achieve the following objectives:
1. establish linkages among different schools nationwide for the advancement of

quality and relevant education;
2. initiate programs and activities that are necessary for the total development of
administrators, faculty members, practitioners, and students;
3. prepare faculty members and prospective practitioners for leadership skills and
competencies;
4. assist government agencies, particularly the Commission on Higher Education

(CHED), Department of Tourism (DOT), and the Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA) in the implementation of programs and
guidelines affecting the h05pita|ity education and industry; and
5. develop camaraderie among administrators, faculty members, and industry

practitioners for a healthy learning-sharing relationship.
50
The Women in Travel, Philippine Chapter
The Women in Travel, Philippine Chapter was organized in 1980. It is an affiliate

member of the International Federation of Women in Travel Organization (IFWTO)
which has a worldwide membership of 5,000. The members are the top female
executives of airlines, hotels, travel agencies, tour operators, and other companies
involved in the travel business.
The notable achievements of the Women in Travel, Philippine Chapter are:
1983 Women in Travel Philippines hosted the Pacific Regional Conference attended by
delegates from Asia, Australia, California, and New Zealand;
1988-The Worldwide Convention of the International Federation of Women in Travel

Organization (IFWTO) was held at the Manila Hotel with the President Corazon Aquino
as the Guest of Honor; '
1989 The” Save the Environment” project was launched by the Women in. Travel in
Boracay; '
1990 The' first Women in Travel Tourism Services Training was held in Boracay in
cooperation with the Department of Tourism;
1991 The second Tourism Services Training was held in Boracay;
1992-1994 The third and fourth Tourism Services Workshop was held in Boracay;
1995 The Women in Travel Philippines, together with the Department of Tourism, was
awarded the PATA Grand Gold Award (Education Category);
1996 The sixth Tourism Workshop was held in Kalibo, Aklan;
1997 The co-sponsored Training Program was held in Palawan; 1997 Participated in”
Rediscover Boracay” project; and
1998 Sponsored an Executive Tourism Workshop for reassort owners in Boracay.
51
Philippine Association of Conventions/Exhibitions, Organizations and
Suppliers, Inc. (PACEOS)
The Philippine Association of

Conventions/Exhibitions, Organizations and suppliers,
inc. is the voice of the convention and exhibition
industry. It plays a significant role in the economic
development of the country through conventions, trade
fairs, and special events.
Source: http://paceos.blogspot.com
The objectives of PACEOS are:
1. to bring mere events into the country by working more closely with professional
associations, as well as encouraging members to create their own events;
2. to upgrade the skills of those involved in the industry through educational

seminars;
3, to professionalize the association’s ranks and achieve a better working

relationship through open communication and networking; and
4, to represent the industry’s concerns with venues, suppliers, and concerned

government agencies.
Movement of Incentive Travel Executives (MITE)
The Movement of Incentive Travel Executives was organized on August 29-30,

1991 by the Tourism Promotions Board (TPB), formerly Philippine Convention and
Visitors Corporation (PCVC), in cooperation with the New York-based Society of '
Incentive Travel Executives (SITE).
52
The objectives of MITE are:
1. to use incentive travel as a business tool in the application of MITE’s collective
resources;
2. to develop educational programs and other business activities that offer value
to its members; and
3. to sell the Philippines as a quality incentive destination.
Meaning of Incentive Travel

As defined by the Society of Incentive Travel
Executives (SITE),” Incentive travel is a modern
management tool used to accomplish uncommon
business goals by awarding participants an
extraordinary travel experience upon their attainment of
their share of uncommon goals.”
Source: http://www.hotel-
accommodation-prague.com/
Incentive can be used to accomplish several business objectives, namely:
increased sales, increased production, higher quality level, improved customer service,
and increased safety. Practically any business objective that can be measured can be
accomplished through the use of incentives. The choice of reward will vary based on the
objectives.
Why Incentive Travel?

There has been a growing recognition in recent years of the advantages of using
incentive travel vis-a-vis other traditional! rewards such as cash, merchandise, lifestyle,
and performance enhancers such as plaques, rings, trophies, and the like.
Other reasons are:

1. Travel incentive awards are permanent symbols of success;
2. Travel incentives are highly promotable;
3. Travel incentives overcome the comfort level of psychology. An incentive '

program breaks through this effort barrier;
53
4. Incentive travel has memory value. Cash is quickly spent and forgotten. Thus,
it has no identity; and
5. Travel incentives have the lowest ratio of cost to incremental sales.
People who win an incentive trip are the most motivated and the most successful}
people their company has. As such, they deserve to have their efforts rewarded with the
most memorable events imaginable.
Philippine Association of Accredited Tourist Guide Lecturers Inc.

(PAATGLI)
The Philippine Association of Accredited Tourist Guide Lecturers Inc., formerly
Guides inc. (Philippines), was organized on May 21, 1986 as a nonstock, nonprofit entity.
It aims to attain the following:
1. development among the officers and members the value of nationalism,
honesty, self-reliance, collectivism, and social concern;
2. effective promotion of the country’s natural and cultural attractions to domestic

and international tourists;
3. upgrading of the competencies of its members and provisions of opportunities

for professional growth and development;
4. Inculcation of discipline, love for work, and commitment among its members;
5. constant maintenance of efficient and highly qualified tour guides; and
6. establishment and maintenance of linkages with tourism business enterprises.
54
At present, the association has a membership of 320
tour guides. The Philippine Association of Accredited Tourist
Guide Lecturers Inc. is a member of the World Federation of
Tour Guides Association and a potent organizational arm of
the Department of Tourism (DOT). it conducts and sponsors
seminars and workshops to further educate and enlighten its
members on the various aspects of tour guiding.
Source: https://www.facebook.com
The Philippine Tour Operators Association (PHILTOA)
The Philippine Tour Operators Association (PHILTOA) Inc. is an organization of

tour operators and allied members actively involved in the advocacy of responsible:
tourism. Founded on June 12, 1986, it is registered with the Securities and Exchange
Commission as a nonstock and nonprofit organization.
Membership include travel agencies, airlines, hotels,
resorts, transportation companies, handicraft stores, and
other tourism-oriented establishments and associations.
Source: https://m.facebook.com/
Vision
To be the National Tour Operators’ Association of the Philippines.
Mission
1. To create/organize different chapters;
2. To enhance networking between the government sector and the private Sector
particularly in the tourism industry; and
3. to preserve natural tourist destinations through the promotion Of Environment

consciousness projects.
55
Tourism Educators and Movers Philippines, Inc. (TEAM PHILIPPINES)
Vision
TEAM PHILIPPINES, founded by Mr. Robert Lim Joseph, envisions to become a
leading and productive organization that fosters strong partnership between the
industry and the academe that will lead to the rapid growth of the domestic and global
tourism and hospitality industry.
Mission
TEAM PHILIPPINES commits itself to provide the necessary assistance, training
and service to higher education institutions offering tourism and hospitality
management programs for the growth and career development of the faculty and
students in order for them to become professionally competent, intellectually
competitive, and socially responsible persons.
Objectives
1. To assist higher education Institution members in the enhancement of their relevant
curricular offerings;
2. To enrich the knowledge and skills of the students and faculty members by providing
trainings, seminars, and other fora related to professional courses;
3. To assist higher education institution members in providing seminars pertaining to

value-oriented education and work ethics;
4. To recommend students of tourism and hospitality management to industry partners

for job trainings and future job placement;
5. To be the prime mover in the promotion of tourism and hospitality as well as the
positive traits and culture of the Filipinos; and
6. To serve as a professional consultant in career management and development of

students and graduates.
56
ACTIVITY/EXERCISE
Activity 4. Bubble Map
Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Make sure to cite example/s to
support your answers. The rubric will be used to check your work, and this will be
recorded as part of your written works (5 points each a total of 20 points).
1. How do you think international, regional and national tourism organizations work with
each other especially in the implementation of programs? You are encouraged to do
further reading/ research. Plot your answers in the bubble map
2. Discuss the role of national tourism office in the promotion of tourism and hospitality
industry?
57
ACTIVITY/EXERCISE
Activity 5. Case Analysis
Tourism Organizations vs COVID-19. Click on this link

https://www.unwto.org/covid-19-measures-to-support-travel-tourism to view statistics and
other information then read the caption below before answering the questions.
UNWTO COVID-19 dashboard on country measures to support travel and tourism

is a policy tracker with up-to-date policy responses by countries and international institutions to
mitigate the effects of COVID-19 crisis in the travel and tourism sector, restart tourism and
accelerate recovery.
Based on information from governments, international organizations and online

official public sources, UNWTO has launched an online interactive dashboard on country and
international policy responses to COVID-19 covering 220 countries and territories and more
than 30 international and regional institutions Based on information from governments,
international organizations and online official public sources, UNWTO has launched an online
interactive dashboard on country and international policy responses to COVID-19 covering 220
countries and territories and more than 30 international and regional institutions.
This UNWTO COVID 19 policy tracker covers 220 countries and territories and
more than 30 international and regional institutions. It monitors worldwide policy measures on
aid and relief packages adopted by governments and international and regional institutions to
address the impact the impact of COVID 19 and support businesses, jobs and households. The
interactive map allows to search measures by categories (fiscal and monetary measures, jobs and
skills, market intelligence and public-private partnerships, measures to restart tourism and
domestic tourism) and by countries and regions.
As the situation evolves countries start lifting borders restrictions and tourism takes
steps to reopen, with policy initiatives increasingly focusing on measures to restart tourism.
Among them, the COVID 19 tourism policy tracker includes examples of measures on health and
safety protocols to promote safe, seamless travel and to restore confidence as key priorities for
countries to support travel and tourism along with marketing and promotion campaigns to boost
international and domestic tourism demand.
58
Direction: Answer the following questions. Rubric will be the criteria to check your work.
These activities will be recorded as part of your performance task. (10 points each a
total of 30 points)
1. Why did UNWTO initiate an online interactive dashboard on country and international
policy?
2. Is the move instrumental in fostering collaboration with other tourism and international
organizations? Expound your answer.
3. In the Philippine setting, how is the Department of Tourism (DOT) coping with COVID-19
impacts to tourism? Cite one or two programs of DOT in response to COVID-19 and explain
briefly its rationale.
59

SCORE
Problem Identification
- Accurately identifies main issues; 4pts
- Shows good understanding of why different
approaches may be taken to this problem, and why
stakeholders may disagree/ agree.
Providing empirical information and use of

sources 3 pts
Accurately identifies sufficient and relevant

empirical information, and draws on support from
sufficient and reliable sources.
Structure
Writing is clear, concise, and well organized with 3 pts
excellent sentence/paragraph construction.
Thoughts are expressed in a coherent and logical
manner. *2pts deduction for each item not
observed
TOTAL 10 pts
60
ACTIVITY/EXERCISE
Activity 5 x
Direction: If you had been given a chance to replace the Philippine Tourism Slogan
with something else, considering the current situation, what would it be? You can also
create a logo or symbol for your slogan and explain why you came up with it. The rubric
will be used to check your work, and this will be recorded as part of your written work
(30 points).
61
POST-TEST
Instructions: This evaluation/post-test contains 10 questions. Encircle the letter of
your choice. Please read the statements carefully before you answer.
1. This organization is the chief international organization in the field of travel and
tourism.
A. United Nations World Tourism Organization
B. International Civil Aviation Organization
C. Pacific Asia Travel Association
2. The purpose of APEC is to establish coordination of national economies for the

benefit of countries in the Asia-Pacific region as a whole.
A. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
B. World Travel and Tourism Council
C. Pacific Asia Travel Association
3. It is responsible for the promotion of tourism in a particular country and for the
overall development of the tourist industry.
A. National Tourism Office
B. The Department of Tourism
C. Tourism Promotions Board
4. The primary government agency charged with the responsibility to encourage,

promote, and develop tourism as a major socioeconomic activity.
5. Responsible for marketing and promoting the Philippines domestically and

internationally as a major global tourism destination
62
6. A government agency that is tasked to oversee national parks in the Philippines.
A. Intramuros Administration
B. National Parks Development Committee
C. The Department of Tourism
7. It aims to foster unity in the travel industry and to promote the welfare of its
members and the traveling public.
A. International Air Transport Association
B. International Civil Aviation Organization
C. Philippine Travel Agencies Association
8. An organization of tour operators and allied members actively involved in the

advocacy of responsible tourism.
A. Universal Federation of Travel Agents Association
B. Philippine Association of Accredited Tourist Guide Lecturers Inc
C. The Philippine Tour Operators Association
9. Plays an important role in formulating policies to guide tourism development and

promotion in line with other national economic and social objectives.
A. Regional Organizations
B. National Organizations
C. Government
10. A modern management tool used to accomplish uncommon business goals by

awarding participants an extraordinary travel experience upon their attainment
of their share of uncommon goals.
A. Incentive Travel
B. Free Travel
C. Company Team Building
II. Enumerate the following;
11-15. List down five international tourism and hospitality organization.

16-20. Enumerate five tourism and hospitality organizations in the Philippines.
63
References:
Cruz, ZL PhD. (2018). Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality. The meaning
and importance of tourism and hospitality. Pp 19-36.
Lim, Romeo (2018), A Macro Perspective on Tourism and Hospitality, Mindshapers,

Co. Inc, Manila
Economic impacts of tourism. Open Textbooks for Hong Kong. (2016, January
19). http://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/37004.
WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION. Policy Measures.

https://www.unwto.org/covid-19-measures-to-support-travel-tourism.
64
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Development through relevant
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A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

Macro perspective of Tourism and

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT

THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY NETWORK AND

1st Semester AY 2021-2022

Table of Contents iii

Instructions to the User iv

This module would provide you an educational experience while

Reminders in using this module:

1. Keep this material neat and intact.

Hi! I’m Blue Bee, your WPU Mascot.

Welcome to Western Philippines University!

STAY SAFE AND HEALTHY!

Through the learner’s cooperation in this kind of flexible learning delivery,

At the end of this chapter, you can:

One essential part of our everyday life is to purchase necessities from

1. Did you enjoy and learn from the organization/s?

2. Why do think we are highly encouraged to engage ourselves with organizations?

At the end of the lesson, you can:

4. explain the tourism and hospitality supply components

Tourism and hospitality Component

Certainly, the industry cannot perfectly produce satisfying services to guests,

Figure 3. Direct Provider

Figure 4. Support Services

The third category, tourism developmental organizations, is different from the

Tourism and Hospitality Supply Components

3. Superstructure - is the above ground facility services such as airport buildings,

4. Transportation and transportation - equipment include items such as ships,

The natural resources of a

Figure 5 Pagsanjan Falls in the Philippines

Figure 6 Grand Canyon in the US

Figure 7 Niagara Falls in Ontario, Canada

Infrastructure consists of all the underground and surface developmental

1. Water: Sufficient quantity of pure water is essential. A typical resort requires

4. Sewage/drainage: Sewer demand is often placed at 90% of domestic water

5. Healthcare. The type of healthcare facilities provided will depend on the

A. Provide close-up range views of local scenes.

B. Air. Long walks are required in many terminals.

C. Rail. Parking is inconvenient and inadequate near larger terminals; use of

8. Security: while on vacation, tourists are in an unfamiliar environment.

Hospitality training aims to motivate service providers to be hospitable in dealing

To enable service providers to render hospitable services, it is necessary change

Attitude toward Self

If an individual’s self-esteem or attitude toward self is low, that individual will

The key to the development of positive attitudes toward visitors is to be able to

Attitude toward the Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Acceptance of tourism and hospitality cannot be built unless the benefits of

Transportation is of paramount importance in developing tourism and

1. Taxi and Limousine Service- Adequate taxi and limousine service is

Persons assigned to the buses should be selected for their appropriate

3. Rail Services -The majority of seasoned travelers prefer to travel by train

Appropriate accommodations should be available for all segments of the market.

In planning accommodations, the nature of the environment destination, the

1. Hotel- provide accommodation, meals, and refreshments for those who m

2. Condominium- is an apartment or individual dwelling unit owned by an

3. Motels or motor hotels -provide bedrooms, bath, and parking to motorists;

5. Apartments- are hotels (apartelles), buildings, or edifices containing several

6. Paradores- are old convents, monasteries, castles, or fortresses converted

8. Bed-and-breakfast accommodations -provide a room, bath, and a hearty

9. Hostels -provide minimal amenities such as a bunk bed and a commonly