POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS-I

(ENEL3108)
Dr Parmal Singh Solanki
Chapter-1: Introduction of Power
System Components

ENEL3108 PSA1 2
Acknowledgements

• Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat,

McGraw Hill, 2e, 2004.
• Principles of Power System by V.K. Mehta,
S.Chand, 2005.
• Power System Analysis and Design by B.R.
Gupta, S.Chand, 2004.
• Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection
Authority, http://www.gccia.com.sa/
• Websites of AR of APSR, MZEC, OPWP, MZEC
ENEL3108 PSA1 3
Outlines

• Why Power Systems

• Structure of Electric Power System
• Power Sector in Oman(more details in chp2)
• Types of Power Plants
• Loads on Power Station
• Load Curves
• Important Terms and Factors used in Power
System
• Intergrated Grid System
• Tutorial Problems

ENEL3108 PSA1 4
Why Power System?

• To produce, transmit and utilise bulk power

• To safeguard the electrical system
• To ensure continuity of supply
• To provide future flexibility
• To share power with other grids

ENEL3108 PSA1 5
Structure of Electric
Power System

Major components are:

• Generation (11 to 25 kV)
• Transmission (400, 220, 132,66 kV)
• Distribution (33,11,0.4,0.23 kV)
• Utilization (6.6, 3.3, 0.4, 0.23 kV)

ENEL3108 PSA1 6
Power System in Oman
(more detail in chp-2)

AERO is now ASPR https://apsr.om/en/home

ENEL3108 PSA1 7
 Power Distribution Companies

Nama is owned by the Oman

Investment Authority. Nama
Holding holds share in ten
companies involved in the
procurement, generation,
transmission, supply and
distribution of electricity and
water related services.

ENEL3108 PSA1 8
 Power Sector in Oman
(more detail in chp-2)

Regulatory Body of Electricity

• APSR (Authority for Public Services Regulation) is responsible for regulating the electricity sector
and some aspects of the water sector. It was established by Article (19) of The Law for the
Regulation and Privatization of the Electricity and Related Water Sector promulgated by Royal
Decree 78/2004 on 1 August 2004 and amended by Royal Decree 59/2009 and 47/2013.
Transmission
• OETC(Oman Electricity Transmission Company SAOC) is the monopoly provider of transmission
services in the MIS and Dhofar Systems. OETC owns and operates the 220 kV, 132 kV and 400 kV
interconnected transmission systems, and as system operator is responsible for the central
dispatch of generating and desalination facilities connected to the MIS and Dhofar Systems.
Power and Water Procurement
• OPWP (Oman Power and Water Procurement Company) is the single Buyer of power and water for
all projects in Oman. It is responsible for ensuring that there is sufficient electricity and water production capacity
available at the lowest cost to meet the growing demands in the Sultanate of Oman.
Electricity Distribution Companies
• 1. Muscat Electricity Distribution Company SAOC
• 2. Majan Electricity Company SAOC
• 3. Mazoon Electricity Company SAOC
• 4. Dhofar Energy Company

ENEL3108 PSA1 9
Model of Electric Power
System

10
ENEL3108 PSA1
Types of Power Plants

Types of Plants:
• Diesel Power Station
• Steam Power Station
• Hydrolic Power Station
• Nuclear Power Station
Calorific Value: The amount of heat produced by the
combustion of a unit weight of fuel is known as its
calorific value. Calorific value indicates the amount of
heat available from the fuel.
Thermal Efficiency: The ratio of heat equivalent of
mechanical energy transmitted to the turbine shaft to
the heat of combustion of coal is known as thermal
efficiency of steam power station.
ENEL3108 PSA1 11
Types of Power Plants
Overall Efficiency: The ratio of heat equivalent of
electrical output to the heat of combustion of coal is
known as overall efficiency.
Calorific Values of Various Fuel:
Fuel Type Calorific value
Bituminous coal 7600 kcal/kg
Anthracite coal 8500 kcal/kg
Diesel 11000 kcal/kg
Petrol 11110 kcal/kg
Natural gas 520 kcal/m3
Coal gas 7600 kcal/m3
ENEL3108 PSA1 12
Loads on the Power Station
Base Load: The unvarying load which occurs almost the
whole day on the station is known as base load.
Peak Load: The various peak demands of load over and
above the base load of the station are known as peak
load

Base load is the minimum level of

electricity demand required over a
period of 24 hours.
ENEL3108 PSA1 13
Load Curves
Definition:The curve showing the variation of load on
the power station with respect to time is known as load
curve.

ENEL3108 PSA1 14
Load Curves
Importance of load curves:
• Daily load curve shows the variations of load on the power
station during different hours of the day.
• The area under the daily load curve gives the number of
units generated in the day.
• Units generated/day = Area (in kWh) under daily load curve.
• The highest point on the daily load curve represents the
maximum demand on the station on that day.
• The area under the daily load curve divided by the total
number of hours gives the average load on the station in
the day.
• The ratio of the area under the load curve to the total area
of rectangle in which it is contained gives the load factor
• Load Factor can be determine from load curve

ENEL3108 PSA1 15
 Important Terms and Factor in PS

Connected Load: It is the sum of continuous ratings of all

the equipment connected to the supply system.
Maximum Demand: It is the greatest demand of load on the
power station during a given period.
Demand Factor: It is the ratio of maximum demand on the
power station to its connected load. (˂1)
Average Load: The average of loads occurring on the power
station in a given period (day or month or year) is known as
average load or average demand.
Load Factor: The ratio of average load to the maximum
demand during a given period is known as load factor (˂1).
ENEL3108 PSA1 16
Important Terms and Factor in PS

Diversity Factor: The ratio of the sum of individual

maximum demands to the maximum demand on power
station is known as diversity factor (˃1) .
Plant Capacity Factor: It is the ratio of actual energy
produced to the maximum possible energy that could
have been produced during a given period (RC=PC-MD).
Plant Use Factor: It is ratio of kWh generated to the
product of plant capacity and the number of hours for
which the plant was in operation .

ENEL3108 PSA1 17
Integrated Grid System & GCC
Power Grid
Definition: The connection of several generating stations in
parallel is known as interconnected grid system. For example in
Oman the northern part is interconnected by Main Interconnected
System also known as national grid. The GCC countries power
system networks are connected by GCC grid.

ENEL3108 PSA1 18
GCC Power Grid

ENEL3108 PSA1 19
Advantages of Integrated Grid
System
• Exchange of peak loads
• Use of older Plants
• Ensures Economical Operation
• Increases Diversity Factor
• Reduces Plant Reserve Capacity

ENEL3108 PSA1 20
Per unit System

Advantage of PU

ENEL3108 PSA1 21
Tutorial Problems

Q1.1: A 100 MW power station delivers 100 MW

for 2 hours, 50 MW for 6 hours and is shut down
for the rest of the each day. It is also shut down
for maintenance for 45 days each year. Calculate
its annual load factor.

ENEL3108 PSA1 22
 Solution- Q1.1
Energy supplied for each working day is given as
= 100 × 2 + 50 × 6 = 500 𝑀𝑊ℎ
Station operates for = 365-45 = 320 days in a year
Therefore Energy supplied per year = 500 × 320 = 160000 𝑀𝑊ℎ
Annual Load Factor

𝑀𝑊ℎ 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚

= × 100
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑊 × 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

160000
= × 100 = 20.8%
(100) × (320 × 24)

ENEL3108 PSA1 23
Tutorial Problems

Q1.2: A generating station has maximum demand

of 25 MW, a load factor of 60%, a plant capacity
factor of 50% and a plant use factor of 72%. Find
(i) The reserve capacity of the plant
(ii) The daily energy produced and
(iii) Maximum energy that could be produced daily
if the plant while running as per schedule, were
fully loaded
Answer: (i) 5 MW (ii) 360 MWh (iii) 500 MWh/day

ENEL3108 PSA1 24
 Solution
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
Load Factor = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
0.60 = 25
Therefore Average Demand = 25 × 0.60 = 𝟏𝟓 𝑴𝑾

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
Plant Capacity Factor = 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 15
Therefore Plant Capacity= 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 30 𝑀𝑊
0.5

The reserve capacity of plant = Plant Capacity – Maximum Demand

= 30-25 = 5 MW
Daily energy produced = Average Demand × 24 = 15× 24 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝑴𝑾𝒉

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Max. energy that could be produced is =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
360
= = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑾𝒉/𝒅𝒂𝒚
0.72

ENEL3108 PSA1 25
Tutorial Problems
Q1.3: A diesel station at Musandam supplies the
following loads to various consumers
Residential Consumers = 450 kW
Commercial Establishment = 750 kW
Tourism Sector = 1500 kW
If the maximum demand on the power station is
2500 kW and the number of kWh generated per year
is 45× 105 , Determine the following:
(i) Diversity Factor
(ii) Annual Load Factor
Answer: (i) 1.12(ii) 20.5%
ENEL3108 PSA1 26
 Solution
450+750+1500
Diversity Factor = = 1.12
2500

𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚

Average Demand =
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
45×105
=
8760
= 513.7 kW

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑)

Therefore load factor =
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

513.7
=
2500
= 0.205
= 20.5%
ENEL3108 PSA1 27
Tutorial Problems

Q1.4: A power station has a maximum demand of

15000 kW. The annual load factor is 50% and
plant capacity factor is 40%. Determine the
reserve capacity of the plant
Answer: 3750 kW

Important Note: Please solve all the problems

given in notes

ENEL3108 PSA1 28
Tutorial Problems
Q1.8:An auxiliary diesel power station at Rusel Industrial
area in Oman has a daily load cycle as follows:
260 MW for 6 hours; 200 MW for 8 hours; 160 MW for 4
hours and 100 MW for 6 hours. If the power station is
equipped with 4 sets of 75 MW each, calculate
(i) Daily load factor
(ii) Plant capacity factor
(iii) Daily requirement if the calorific value of diesel used
were 10000 kcal/kg and the average heat rate of power
station were 2860 kcal/kWh
Answer: (i) DLF= 70.5% (ii) PCF = 61.1% (iii) Fuel Required
per day = 1258.4 tons
ENEL3108 PSA1 29
Thank You

ENEL3108 PSA1 30