Power Plant

Engineering
Prepared by: Engr. Daniel T. Patosa
Outline
• Energy and Power
• Electrical Power System
• Powerplant Terms and Factor
• Load Profiling
• Thermal Power Plant
• Hydroelectric Power Plant
Energy and Power
Energy and Power
ENERGY
 It appears in many forms but
has one thing in
common―energy is
possessed of the ability to
produce a dynamic, vital
effect.
 It is associated with physical
substance but is not a
substance itself. It shows
itself by the excited, animated
state assumed by material
which receives energy.
Energy and Power
ENERGY
 In Physics, is the capacity to do
work and may exist in various
forms. (Potential, Kinetic,
Thermal, Electrical, Chemical,
Nuclear, etc.)
 In the First Law of
Thermodynamics, it states that
Energy can be neither created
nor destroyed. (Law of
Conservation of Energy)
 Energy can be converted from
one form to another.
World’s Energy Resources
Energy and Power
POWER
 Is the rate of which energy is
produced and consumed.
 Any physical unit of energy
when divided by a unit of
time automatically becomes
a unit of power.
 However, it is in connection
with the mechanical and
electrical forms of energy
that the term “power” is
generally used…
Powerplant
• Therefore we state that a “Powerplant” a machine or assemblage
of equipment built to produce and deliver a flow of Mechanical or
Electrical energy. (e.g.: internal combustion engine, water wheel,
car alternator, etc.)
• However, “assemblage of equipment” means that it is permanently
located on some chosen site, which receives raw energy in the form
of a substance capable of being operated on in such a way as to
produce ELECTRICAL energy for delivery from the power plant.
Units and Conversions
Units of Energy: Units of Power:
1J = 1 N-m 1hp = 0.746kW (kJ/sec)
= 0.102 kgf-m
= 33,000 lbf-ft/min
1 Btu = 778 lbf-ft
= 1.055kJ = 550 lbf-ft/sec
1 kcal = 4.187 kJ = 2,545 Btu/hr
= 3.966 Btu
= 42.42 Btu/min
1 ev = 1.602*10 -19
J
1 erg = 1*107 J
= 1 dyne-cm
1 Therm = 1*105 Btu
1 Quad = 1*1015 Btu
The Electrical Power
System
Electrical Power System
 Electrical Power System
Distribution
Power Transmission Bulk Substation Sub-Transmission
Substation
Generation Lines (Grid) Lines
(Electric Coop.)

Consumer Service Service Transformer Distribution Distribution

(End User) Entrance (Pole/Pad Mounted) Lines Feeder
Electrical Power System
Two Major Functions of an Electrical Power System:
A) Generation of Electricity
B) Transportation of Electricity

Two Systems of Transportation of Electricity:

C) Transmission
D) Distribution

Three Component of Distribution System:

E) Substation
F) Feeder
G) Service Transformers
Powerplant Terms and
Factors
Powerplant Terms and Factors
1) Connected Load (C)
 Is the sum of the continuous rating of the load consuming
apparatus connected to the system, or part of the system under
consideration.
 Different types of consumer: Residential, Commercial, Industrial
and General Power Service

2) Peak Load/Max Demand/Max Load, (Pe)

 Is the maximum load consumed or produced by a unit or
group of units in a stated period of time.

3) Demand Factor (DF)

 Is the ratio of the maximum demand of a system or part of a
system to the connected load of the system under in
consideration
Powerplant Terms and Factors
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟=
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Typical Demand Factor Factor
¼ kW 100%
Residential Lighting ½ kW 60%
Over 1 kW 50%
Restaurants 70%
Stores and Offices 70%
Theaters 60%
Commercial Lighting Small Industry 60%
Schools and Churches 55%
Hotels 50%
Hospitals 40%
Powerplant Terms and Factors
Typical Demand Factor Factor
Less than 7.5kVA 75%

Industrial and General 7.5 – 15kVA 65%

Power Service 15 – 75kVA 55%
Over 75kVA 50%

4) Diversity Factor, (Div)

 Is the ratio of individual maximum demands of various
subdivision of a system or part of the system to the
maximum demand of the whole system or part under
consideration
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 , 𝐷𝑖𝑣=
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
Powerplant Terms and Factors
Typical Diversity Factor
Industrial and
Residence Commercial
Location General Power
Lighting Lighting
Service
Between Consumers 3–4 1.5 1.5
Between Transformers 1.3
Between Feeders 1.2
Between Substations 1.1
Example
1. Compute the max demand of a service transformer
supplying three residential blocks with connected lighting
loads of 5kW, 10kW and 15kW respectively.

• If the 15kW load is a commercial establishment (Offices),

what is the max demand of a service transformer?
Solution
1. Given:
Connected Loads: (Residential)
Res 1 = 5kW, Res 2 = 10kW, Res 3 = 15kW
Find:
Maximum Demand of Transformer
Solution:

Res 1:
Res 2:
Res 3:
 Example
2. At the end of a power distribution system, a certain feeder
supplies four distribution transformers each one supplying a
group of customers whose connected loads are listed below.
Using typical demand and diversity factors, find the
maximum demand of the feeder.
Transformer 1 Transformer 2 Transformer 3 Transformer 4
(General Power (Residential Lighting) (Store Lighting, (Residential Lighting)
service, Commercial Power)
Lighting)

a: 7.5kW, 5kW e: 5kW j: 10kW, 3.7kW m: 15kW

b: 5.5kW, 4kW f: 4kW k: 8kW, 18.5kW n: 5kW
c: 11kW g: 8kW l: 4kW o: 2kW
d: 3.7kW, 2kW h: 15kW p: 5kW
i: 20kW

NOTE: Motor efficiency assumed uniformly 72% for simplification

2. Given:
See Table
Find:
Maximum Demand of Feeder
Solution:
FOR TRANSFORMER 1: (General Power Service and
Commercial Lighting)
General Power: (Use 72% motor efficiency)

a:
b:
c:
d:
Commercial Lighting:
FOR TRANSFORMER 2: (Residential Lighting)
Residential Lighting:
FOR TRANSFORMER 3: (Store Lighting and Power)
Store Lighting:
FOR TRANSFORMER 4: (Residential Lighting)
Residential Lighting:
 Powerplant Terms and Factors
5) Load Factor, (LF)
 Is the ratio of the average load over a designated period of time
to the peak load occurring in that period.

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐴
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 , 𝐿𝐹=
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ,𝑃𝑒

𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 , 𝐴=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Example
3. Solve for the load factor given the daily load curve:
a)Power, kW b) Power, kW

10 10

Time Time
12 MN 12 NN 12 MN 12 MN 12 NN 12 MN
Example
3. Solve for the load factor given the daily load curve:

c)Power, kW d) Power, kW

10 10

Time Time
12 MN 12 NN 12 MN 12 MN 12 NN 12 MN
Solution
a)

b)
Solution
c)

d)
Powerplant Terms and Factors
6) Capacity Factor, (CF)
 Is the ratio of the actual energy produced to the maximum
possible energy that might have been produced during the
same period
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ,𝐶𝐹=
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
• Total number of hours per Day: 24 hours
• Total number of hours per Year: 365*24 = 8760 hours
• Total number of hours per Month: 8760/12 = 730 hours

𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ,𝐶𝐹 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∗24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ,𝐶𝐹=
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∗8760 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
Example
4. As of 2017, the Three Gorges Dam in China with its
nameplate capacity of 22,250 MW is the largest power
station in the world by installed capacity. In 2015, it
generated 87 TW-hr. Determine its Capacity Factor.
Example
5. A 50,000-kW steam power plant delivers an annual output
of 238,000,000 kW-hr with a peak load of 42,860-kW. Find
the a) annual load factor and the b) annual capacity factor of
the plant.
Solution
4.
Solution
5. a)
Solution
5. b)
Powerplant Terms and Factors
7) Use/Output Factor, (UF)
 if Capacity Factor = Use Factor; No. of hours in operation is
EQUAL to the maximum hours of the period.
 if Capacity Factor < Use Factor; No. of hours in operation is LESS
THAN the maximum hours of the period.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ,𝑈𝐹 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ,𝐼𝐶 ∗ 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 , 𝐴
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ,𝑈𝐹 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 , 𝐼𝐶
Powerplant Terms and Factors
8) Utilization Factor, (UzF)
 Is the ratio of the maximum demand of a system, or part of the
system to the rated capacity of the system or part of the system
under in consideration
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 ,𝑃𝑒
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ,𝑈 𝑧 𝐹=
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 , 𝐼𝐶

9) Operation Factor (OF)

 Is the ratio of the duration of the actual service of a machine or
equipment to the total duration of the period of time
considered
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
Load Profiling and Power
Curve
Load Profiling and Power Curve
Load or Power Curve
 Is a curve of power vs. time showing the value of
specific loads for each unit of period covered.
Load Profiling and Power Curve

Reserve Over
Peak

PEAK LOAD PLANT Installed

Capacity
INTERMEDIATE LOAD PLANT
Peak Load
Average Load

BASE LOAD PLANT

𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦=𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑+𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘

Load Profiling and Power Curve
Base Load, Intermediate Load and Peak Load
Power Plant
I. Base Load Power Plant
 Plants that are capable of running continuously over extended
periods of time.

 As much as possible, their fuels and operating cost must be cheap

so that the cost of electricity would be minimal.

 Takes long time to start-up and shut down.

 Examples of Base Load Power Plants are: Nuclear, Hydroelectric,

Geothermal, Biogas, Biomass and Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion (OTEC)
Load Profiling and Power Curve
II. Peak Load Power Plant
 Plants that generally run when there is only a high demand of
electricity.

 The power they provide comes at a much higher cost.

 Able to start and deliver power quickly when tapped to operate.

 Examples of Peak Load Power Plants are: Natural Gas Power

plant, Diesel Fired Power plant, Combined-Cycle Power plant,
Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric Power plant and Batteries
Load Profiling and Power Curve
III. Intermediate Load Power Plant
 Plants that are use during the transition between base load and
peak load demand.

 Not as difficult to ramp up as base load power plants and not as

expensive to operate as peak load plants.

 Operates between the average and base load portion of the load
curve.

 Examples of Intermediate Load Power Plants are: Coal Fired

Power plant, Gas Fired Power plant, Wind and Solar
Load Profiling and Power Curve
Two Representations of Load Curve
Load Profiling and Power Curve
Two Representations of Load Curve
Load Profiling and Power Curve
Two Representations of Load Curve
Seatwork
1. A power plant is said to have had a use factor of 48.5% and a
capacity factor of 42.4%. How many hours does it operate
during the year?

2. A daily load curve which exhibited a 15 minutes peak of

150,000 kW is drawn to scale of 1cm=3hours and 1cm=10,000
kW the area under the curve is measured by a planimeter and
found out to be 60cm2. Determine the a) daily energy
produced in kW-hr, b) estimated daily average load in kW and
c) the load factor
Seatwork
3. A 12,000-kW power station is supplying energy to a community
through two substations. Substation A, having a maximum
demand of 6,000-kW feeds four distributing circuits and
Substation B with a maximum demand of 9,000-kW feeds six.
The maximum daily recorded demands are:
Substation A Substation B
Feeder Capacity Feeder Capacity
1 1,700 kW 1 620 kW
2 1,800 kW 2 1,500 kW
3 2,800 kW 3 1,000 kW
4 600 kW 4 2,900 kW
5 2,200 kW
6 3,000 kW

Calculate the diversity factor between a) substations, b) feeders

on Substation ‘A’ and c) feeders on Substation ‘B’
Example
Five 20-MW turbo-generator units carry the load of the power
plant with loadings as shown below. (a) Plot the daily load curve,
(b) determine the load factor, capacity factor and use factor of the
plant, (c) if unit no. 3 carries load in excess of 40MW but not
exceeding 60MW; determine the operation factor, load factor,
utilization factor, capacity factor and use factor of this unit.
TIME LOAD TIME LOAD
12 – 3am 10MW 1pm 40MW
4am 15MW 3pm 50MW
6am 25MW 5pm 65MW
8am 30MW 6pm 85MW
10am 40MW 9pm 70MW
12pm 50MW 12am 25MW
12 – 12:30pm 50MW
Thermal Power Plant
Thermal Power Plant
 A thermal power plant is a power station in
which heat energy is converted to electric
power.

 The heat energy is obtained from the

combustion of fuel and is used to convert
water into high pressure, high temperature
steam or to produce high temperature
exhaust gas (flue gas).

 This steam or gas are used to rotate the

turbine blade which is attached to the turbine
shaft that is coupled with the electric
generator shaft.

 The electric generator converts the rotational

mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Terminologies
• Steam – an invisible substance formed when water boils
or evaporates.
• Saturated Vapor – steam with no moisture content.
• Superheated Vapor – obtained by further increasing the
temperature of a saturated vapor.
• Saturated Liquid – liquid water with no vapor content.
• Subcooled Liquid – obtained by further decreasing the
temperature of a saturated liquid.
• Entropy, (s) – is the measure of the unavailability of a
systems energy to do work.
• Enthalpy, (h) – is a measure of energy contained in a
specific mass of a material.
Temp-Entropy (T-S) Diagram of Steam
Simple Thermal Power Plant
Different Types of Thermal
Power Plant
I. Steam Power Generation
 Fuels such as heavy oil, LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)
or Coal are burned inside a boiler to generate steam
at high temperature and high pressure.

 This high pressure, high temperature steam is used to

rotate the impeller of the steam turbine that drives
the power generators connected to the it to generate
electricity.

 This system has a thermal efficiency of around 42% to

46% and functions as a base-to-middle-load supply.
Different Types of Thermal
Power Plant
I. Steam Power Generation
Working of a Steam Power
Plant
• (Watch Video)
Different Types of Thermal
Power Plant
II. Gas turbine Power Generation
 This electricity generating system makes electricity by
burning fuels such as LNG (liquefied natural gas) or
kerosene to produce high-temperature combustion
gases with sufficient energy to rotate a gas turbine.
Gas Turbine – Is a combustion engine that can convert
natural gas or other liquid fuels to mechanical energy.
Different Types of Thermal
Power Plant
How Gas Turbine generate Electricity?
• To generate electricity, the gas turbine heats a mixture of
air and fuel at very high temperatures, causing the
turbine blades to spin. The spinning turbine drives a
generator that converts the energy into electricity.
• The gas turbine can be used in combination with a steam
turbine—in a combined-cycle power plant—to create
power extremely efficiently.
Different Types of Thermal
Power Plant
How Gas Turbine generate Electricity?
1. Air-fuel mixture ignites
 The gas turbine compresses air and mixes it with fuel that
is then burned at extremely high temperatures, creating a
hot gas.

2. Hot gas spins turbine blades.

 The hot air-and-fuel mixture moves through blades in the
turbine, causing them to spin quickly.

3. Spinning blades turn the drive shaft.

 The fast-spinning turbine blades rotate the turbine drive
shaft.
Different Types of Thermal
Power Plant
II. Gas turbine Power Generation
Working of a Gas-Turbine
Power Plant
• (Watch Video –
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcWkEKNvqCA)
Different Types of Thermal
Power Plant
III. Combined Cycle Power Generation
 This method of generating electric power incorporates a gas
turbine whose waste heat is reused to drive a steam turbine.

 The gas turbine is powered by high-temperature combustion

gas that, after being discharged from the gas turbine, is
efficiently recovered by means of a heat recovery boiler.

 This produces steam of sufficient temperature and pressure

to drive the steam turbine and generate electricity.

 It is used to provide the base-to-middle-load supply.

Different Types of Thermal
Power Plant
III. Combined Cycle Power Generation
Working of a Combined-Cycle
Power Plant
• (Watch Video –
https://www.facebook.com/102034231236673/videos/23746
17199517987/
)
 Schematic Diagram and Energy
flow of a Thermal Power Plant
Turbine
Generator
Work, WT
Work, Wk

Heat
Added, Pump Heat Rejected, Qr
Qa Work, WP
Important Formulas
I. Thermal Efficiency (e)
𝑾 𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝒆=
𝑸𝒂

II. Net Work (Wnet)

𝑾 𝒏𝒆𝒕 =𝑾 𝒕 −𝑾 𝒑 𝑾 𝒏𝒆𝒕 =𝑸 𝒂 −𝑸 𝒓

Where: Qa – Heat Added (kJ/s)

Qr – Heat Rejected (kJ/s)
Wt – Turbine Work (kW)
Wp – Pump Work (kW)
Important Formulas
III. Heat Rate (HR) – the amount of heat energy needed
to perform a unit of power or
work.
𝑸𝒂 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑯𝑹= 𝑯𝑹= 𝑯𝑹=(𝑺𝑭𝑪)(𝑯𝑽 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 )
𝑾𝒌 𝒆

Where: SFC – Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/kW-hr)

HVfuel – Heating Value of fuel (kJ/kg)
Qa – Heat Added (kJ/hr)
Wk – Combined Work (kW)
HR – Heat Rate (kJ/kW-hr) (should actually be
unitless)
Important Formulas
IV. Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)
 amount of fuel consumed per unit of power
developed.
 also known as “Fuel Rate”
𝒎
˙ 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍
𝑺𝑭𝑪=
𝑾𝒌
𝒎
˙ 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 ∗ 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑺𝑭𝑪=
𝑾𝒌
where: mfuel – mass flow rate of fuel (kg/s)
Wk – Combined Work (kW)
SFC – Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/kW-hr)
Important Formulas
V. Heat Added (Qa)

˙ 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍)(𝑯𝑽 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 )¿
𝑸 𝒂 =(𝒎¿¿
˙ 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍)(𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 )¿
𝑸 𝒂 =(𝒎¿¿
where: m – mass flow rate of fuel (kg/s)
HV – heating value of fuel (kJ/kg)
h2 – enthalpy of steam leaving the boiler (kJ/kg)
h1 – enthalpy of feedwater entering the boiler (kJ/kg)
Important Formulas
VI. Turbine Work, Wt
𝑾 𝒕 =𝟐 𝝅 𝒏𝑻
Where: n – Speed of rotation (rev/sec)
T – Torque developed (kN-m)
Wt – Turbine Work (kW)

VII. Heat Rejected, Qr

𝑸 𝒓 =(𝒎¿¿ 𝒄𝒘)(𝒄𝒑 )(∆ 𝒕)¿ 𝒄𝒘

Where: mcw – mass or mass flow rate of cooling water (kg or kg/s)
cpcw – specific heat of cooling water (4.187 kJ/kg-K)
– change in temperature
Turbine and Generator
Efficiency
𝑾𝑩 𝑾𝒈
Generator
𝜼𝒕 = 𝜼𝒈 = Output, Wg 𝜼 𝑾𝒌
Turbine 𝑾𝒕 Brake 𝑾𝑩 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔 =
Work, Wt Work, WB 𝑾𝒈

Combined
Work, Wk

Shaft, Vibration Generator and

and other Transmission
other Electrical
Mechanical Losses
Losses
Losses
**
Turbine and Generator
Efficiency
Turbine Efficiency, ɳt Generator Efficiency, ɳg
𝑾𝑩 𝑾𝒈
𝜼𝒕 = 𝜼𝒈 =
𝑾𝒕 𝑾𝑩

Transmission Efficiency, ɳtrans

𝑾𝒌
𝜼𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔 =
𝑾𝒈

Overall Plant Efficiency, ɳovl Overall System Efficiency, ɳsys

𝑾𝒈 𝑾𝒌
𝜼𝒐𝒗𝒍 = 𝜼𝒔𝒚𝒔 =
𝑾𝒕 𝑾𝒕
Example
1. A 100-MW power plant consumes 100,000-lbs of coal per
hour. The heating value of coal is 12,000 Btu/lb. The plant’s
thermal efficiency is 30%. What is the net work of the plant in
kW? Solve for the overall efficiency assuming that pump work
is negligible. (Answer: 105,524.56-kW, 94.76%)

2. A thermal power plant consumes 3,600-tons of coal per day. If

coal has an average energy content of 10,000 Btu/lb, what is
the plant’s power output (in MW) assuming it has an overall
thermal efficiency of 24%? (Answer: 232.5761-MW)

3. A 100-MW power plant has a heat rate of 2.88*106 Calories

per kW-hr. It is a base load power plant and runs for 24 hours a
day. How many tons of coal does it need per day? The energy
value of coal is 30,284 kJ/kg. (Answer: 955.64 tons/day)
Hydroelectric Power
Plant
Hydro Power
 Hydro-power is considered a renewable energy
resource because it uses the Earth's water cycle to
generate electricity.

 Water evaporates from the Earth's surface, forms

clouds, precipitates back to earth, and flows towards
the ocean.

 The movement of water that falls in highly elevated

areas creates kinetic energy as it travels downstream.

 This kinetic energy is harvested and is converted to

Electrical Energy.
Hydroelectric Power Plant
 Hydroelectric power plants use the potential energy of
water stored in a reservoir to operate water turbines.

 The turbines are connected to large generators, and can

operate on varying volumes of water to adapt to
changing demand for electricity.

 Hydroelectric power plant’s capacity is related to the

elevation and volume of a reservoir that certain
conditions in local geography provide in addition to a
water sources.
Types of Hydro Power
1. Dam or Reservoir-Based Hydro Power
2. Weir or Run-of-River Hydro Power
3. Pumped Storage Hydro Power
4. Tidal
5. Ocean Waves
Parts of Hydroelectric Power
Plant
Water Turbines
 Hydraulic turbines extract kinetic energy from flowing water
and converts it to rotary mechanical motion.

 There are basically two types of water turbine namely: (1)

Reaction Turbine and (2) Impulse Turbine. The difference
being in the manner of head conversion.

 Reaction Turbines develops torque by reacting to the

pressure or weight of the fluid. They can be radial, axial or
mixed flow types. Used in low head and high flow rate
application.

 Impulse Turbine develops torque by spraying jets of high

velocity water from a nozzle on to vanes or buckets attached
to a wheel. Used in high head and low flow rate application.
Kaplan Turbine (Reaction)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0p03UTgpnDU
Pelton Turbine (Impulse)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rf9meqw2SQA
Francis Turbine (Combination)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BCiFeykRzo
Comparison of Different Water
Turbines
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0BLOKEZ3KU
Important Formulas
Water or Hydraulic Power
𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 =𝑸 ∗𝜸 ∗ 𝑯 𝒆
𝝆𝒈
𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 =𝑸 ∗ ∗ 𝑯𝒆
𝒌
Where: Q – Rate of Discharge (m3/s, ft3/s, gpm)
ϒ – Specific weight = 9.81kN/m3, 62.4lbf/ft3
He – Effective or net head (m, ft)
ρ – Density = 1kg/L, 1000kg/m3, 62.4lbm/ft3
k – Proportionality constant
Head of Hydroelectric Power
Plant

Gross head, Hg
Head of Hydroelectric Power
Plant
Gross Head, Hg
𝑯 𝒈= 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 −𝑻𝒂𝒊𝒍 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Effective or Net Head, He

𝑯 𝒆 =𝑯 𝒈 − 𝑯 𝒍

Head Loss, Hl – due to pipe friction and fittings. Is

usually expressed as a percentage
of the gross head.
Volume Flow rate

𝑸= 𝑨∗ 𝓥 ∗ 𝒄𝒅
Rate of Discharge, Q

Where: Q – Rate of Discharge (m3/s, ft3/s, gpm)

A – Cross-sectional Area of Penstock (m2, ft2)
– Discharge Velocity (m/s, ft/s)
cd – Coefficient of discharge

Volumetric Efficiency, ɳV
𝑸 − 𝑸𝑳
𝜼𝑽 =
𝑸
Where: QL – Leakage Loss (m3/s, ft3/s, gpm)
Efficiency of Hydroelectric
Power Plant
Hydraulic Efficiency, ɳH
𝑯 𝒖 𝑯𝒆 − 𝑯𝒉
𝜼 𝑯= =
𝑯𝒆 𝑯𝒆
Where: Hu – Utilized Head or head on the turbine (m, ft)
Hh – Hydraulic loss including loss at exit (m, ft)

Mechanical Efficiency Efficiency, ɳm

𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝜼𝒎=
𝑩𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑩𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 =(𝑸 − 𝑸 𝒍)∗𝜸 ∗ 𝑯 𝒖
𝑩𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓= 𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓+ 𝑭𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
Efficiency of Hydroelectric
Power Plant
Overall Turbine Efficiency, ɳturb
𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝜼𝒕 𝒖𝒓𝒃=
𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 Note: Brake power is the
power output of the
𝜼𝒕 𝒖𝒓𝒃=𝜼𝑽 ∗𝜼 𝑯 ∗ 𝜼𝒎 water turbine.

Electrical/Generator Efficiency, ɳelec

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝜼𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄 =
𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆 𝒓 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅=𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 ∗𝜼𝒕 𝒖𝒓𝒃 ∗𝜼𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄
Efficiency of Hydroelectric
Power Plant
Transmission Efficiency, ɳtrans
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝜼𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔 =
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅

Overall System Efficiency, ɳsys

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝜼𝒔𝒚𝒔 =
𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

𝜼𝒔𝒚𝒔 =𝜼𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃 ∗𝜼𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄 ∗𝜼 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔

Example
1. A river flows at a rate of 5m3/sec at a site where a 40-m head
can be developed between the reservoir and discharge water
level. Taking the discharge level as datum, determine the
potential power of the river in kW (Answer: P = 1,962kW)
2. A hydroelectric power plant produces 60,000,000 kW-hr per
year. What is the net head if the expected flow is 1,500m3/min
and overall efficiency of 63%? (Answer: He = 44.33m)
3. The mechanical, volumetric and overall efficiencies of a turbine
is 94%, 96% and 82% respectively. Calculate the utilized head if
the effective head is 50m. (Answer: Hu = 45.43m)
4. At a potential hydroelectric plant site, the average gross head is
73-m and the head loss is equal to 3% of the gross head used.
The head utilized by the turbine is 60-m. What is the hydraulic
efficiency of the turbine? (Answer: He = 84.73%)
Seatwork
1. A remote community in Mountain Province plans to
put up a small hydroelectric power plant to service six
closely located barangays estimated to consume
52,650,000 kW-hr annually. The expected flow rate of
water is 1,665m3/min. The most favorable location for
the plant fixes the tail water level at 480 meters with
respect to the sea level. The turbine manufacturer if
the turbine-generator set has indicated the following
performance data: Turbine efficiency = 87%; Generator
efficiency = 92%; loss in headwork will not exceed 3.8%
of the available head. At what head water elevation
with respect to the sea level in meters does it require?
Seatwork
2. The penstock of a 1-MW Hydroelectric station is
measured to be 5-ft in diameter and water flows at a
rate of 13.8ft/s. If the Generator and Turbine
efficiencies are 97% and 89% respectively, calculate the
effective head of this station in meters.
Seatwork
3. A factory is situated at a fall of 18 meters drop in a
river. The factory requires a source of energy with a
capacity of 225-kW all during the year. The river flow
on the average in any year is:
• 5.6 m3/s for 2 months
• 2.8 m3/s for 2 months
• 2.1 m3/s for 1 month
• 1.1 m3/s for 7 months
If the site is developed as a run of river plant without
storage, what capacity must be provided in a standby
plant? The efficiency of the hydroelectric power plant
will be 80% overall.
References
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power_station
• http://www.thermodyneboilers.com/components-working-th
ermal-power-plant/
• https://www.kepco.co.jp/english/corporate/energy/thermal_p
ower/shikumi/index.html
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Diagram-illustrating-the-
main-types-of-hydropower-schemes_fig3_269931471
• https://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&sa
=1&ei=7o0dXvSfF8GC-Qa0x4CgCg&q=heat&oq=heat&gs_l
=img.3..0l7j0i131j0j0i131.18094.18565..19255...0.0..0.219.10
61.0j6j1......0....1..gws-wiz-img.......0i67.tJfQ3OEuvJM&ved=0a
hUKEwj0zsq354LnAhVBQd4KHbQjAKQQ4dUDCAc&uact=5#im
grc=-
PqSMiaalvnbqM:
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• https://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&sa
=1&ei=A44dXqiuBI3bhwPLkLeABw&q=food&oq=food&gs_l
=img.3..0i131i67j0i67l8j0.128679.129047..129182...0.0..0.290
.1248.2-5......0....1..gws-wiz-img.yQKleTJQt4s&ved=0ahUKEwj
ou7nB54LnAhWN7WEKHUvIDXAQ4dUDCAc&uact=5#imgrc=iD
oTkAiktc8nwM:
• https://theconversation.com/getting-smarter-about-city-lights
-is-good-for-us-and-nature-too-69556
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internal_combustion_engin
e_pistons_of_partial_cross-sectional_view.jpg
• http://www.smcglobalpower.com.ph/article-sual.html
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324117057_Choosi
ng_the_Energy_Sources_Needed_for_Utilities_in_the_Design
_and_Refurbishment_of_Buildings/figures?lo=1
References
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268766013_Peak_
Load_Pricing_with_Heterogeneous_Technology_The_Off-Peak
ers_Too_Bear_the_Capacity_Cost
• https://www.scienceguru.co.in/subject.aspx?id=4&code=4EE4
A&unitid=11&topicid=51