SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE

(FORMERLY JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)

Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-9536
“Excellence in truth in the service of God and Country”

Module

in

Teaching Science in Elementary Grades

(Physics, Earth and Space Science)
Midterm’s Module

1st Semester A/Y: 2023-2024

Prepared by:

JASON V. COMPETENTE
Instructor

COMPETENCY # 8: Different Landforms and Forces that Affect Changes in the Earth’s Surface
a. Landforms (mountains, plains, plateaus, hills, and valley)
 b. Earth’s Major Plates and Types of Plate Boundaries
c. Diastrophism/Earthquakes
d. Kinds of Earthquake
e. Different Types of Seismic Waves
f. Magnitude and Intensity of an Earthquake
g. Safety Precautions Before, During and After an Earthquake

Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

 Identify and describe the different types of plate boundaries

 Illustrate how landforms change as earth's plates move
 Investigate how earth is covered with plates
 Enumerate the earth's major plates
 Give importance in the different between internal and external process
 Identify and compare the characteristics of different earthquake and volcanic activities
 Awareness for safety precaution before, during, and after earthquake

MOTIVATION

Watch the short video clip in this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_r_nFT2m-Vg

Then answer the following questions:

1. What are the agents of change on earth?

2. What changes do earthquakes bring on the surface of the earth?
3. What causes earthquakes?
4. Where do you think is the damage caused by an earthquake greater? Is it near or far from the
epicenter? Why?

INTRODUCTION

Look out of your window and you will see buildings, trees, telephone poles and people. People have
shaped the world we live in today. We have constructed buildings, telephone poles, planted trees etc. But we
aren’t the only ones moving things around. In fact, temperature, wind and rain do this all the time. As a result,
these created landforms. Landforms are shapes out of the Earth.

CONTEXT

Landforms
Landforms are the physical features on the Earth’s surface. Mountains, Plateaus and Plains are some
major landforms of the Earth. Natural processes such as weathering, water, elevation, sinking, and erosion of
the soil are constantly shaping the Earth’s surface. It doesn’t really happen overnight. In fact, it takes hundreds
and thousands of years for us to notice these changes. These processes lead to the formation of various
landforms. In other words, landforms originate from these geological processes. Let’s understand the
processes that shape the landforms.

2 Types of Processes

1. Internal Process- a process that shapes the earth with forces from the interior of the earth. Internal
processes are known as endogenetic process. The three forces are compressional force, tensional force
and shear/lateral force leads to the upliftment and sinking of the earth's surface at several places.

2. External process- is the continuous wearing down and rebuilding of the land surface. The wearing away
of the earth's surface is called erosion. The surface is being lowered by the process of erosion and
rebuilt by the process of deposition.

These two processes are carried out by running water, ice and wind. Broadly we can group different
landforms depending on elevation and slopes as mountains, plateaus and plains.

Major Landforms of the Earth

1. Mountains

A Mountain is any landmass that is higher and steeper than a hill. A hill is a landform that extends
above the surrounding terrain. In general, the mountains are higher than 2000 ft. Like in any other natural
elevation such as atmosphere, as you go higher, the temperature drops and the climate becomes colder. Thus,
habitation becomes harsher. And that’s why there is less habitation in the mountainous areas.

Furthermore, because of the temperature drop, it is not uncommon for high mountains to develop ice
on them. In fact, some of them have glaciers. Glaciers are permanently frozen rivers of ice. Also, because of
the steep slopes of the mountains, there is less land available for proper farming.

Considering the sea base as the scale, if we calculate the height of the surface, then there are
mountains even under the ocean. For example, Mauna Kea (Hawaii) in the Pacific Ocean. In fact, it is elevated
higher than Mt. Everest.

A mountain range is a line of mountains. The Himalayas in Asia, the Alps in Europe and the Andes in
South America are some examples of mountain ranges. These ranges are the storehouses of water. Many
rivers have their origins in these mountains. In fact, the glaciers of this landform are the source of these rivers.
Mountains are generally untouched by civilizations and thus have the endangered species of plants and
animals. They also inhibit a rich variety of flora and fauna.

They have steep slopes and a summit, which is the highest point of elevation. Mountains are formed
when tectonic plates collide and push land upwards over millions of years, and shaped by wind and water
erosion. Other mountains are actually dormant volcanoes that have not erupted in a very long time.
There are three categories of mountains.

A. Fold Mountains
When two tectonic plates collide and the edges of these plates ‘fold’ because of the enormous push
force between them it results in the creation of fold mountains. Scientists classify the fold mountains into
‘young fold’ and the ‘old fold’ mountains according to its age.
The young fold ones are between 10 and 25 million years old. For example, the Himalayas in Nepal, the
Alps in Europe and the Andes in South America.
The old fold ones are older than 200 million years. For example, the Aravalli mountains in India
(Rajasthan) and the Ural mountain in Russia.

B. Block Mountains
Block mountains occur when large areas are broken and displaced vertically. These large areas of rock,
sometimes stretching across hundreds of kilometres, are created by tectonic and localized stresses in the
Earth’s crust. The uplifted blocks are termed as horsts and the lowered blocks are termed as grabens. They
resemble piano keys. The examples of block mountains are the Rhine valley and the Vosges mountain in
Europe.

C. Volcanic Mountains
Magna rising up from the mantle to the crust of the earth forms Volcanic mountains. Examples are
Kilimanjaro and Mount Fuji.

2. Plateaus

Plateaus are elevated flatlands. In other words, it is flat land which is standing high above the
surrounding area. Furthermore, they may have one or more sides with steep slopes. Also, depending upon the
plateau, their height varies from a few hundred meters to several thousand meters. Plateaus come in lots of
sizes. If they're medium-sized for example, they're called "Mesas" , which is the Spanish word for "table" that
which is highly appropriate ,since Plateaus kind of look flat and long-- like tables. And if they're smallish,
they're called Buttes. Other plateaus are made by magma, which is really hot melted liquid Earth below the
surface. When magma swells up below the surface but can't break through it can push up a flat chunk of land,
leaving that table like formation behind. The most familiar plateau in India is the Deccan Plateau. They are
mainly formed by lava, meaning they are volcanic in origin. The extension of Deccan Plateau is the
Chhotanagpur plateau in India. It’s a reserve for minerals such as iron ore, manganese and coal. Other
examples include the African plateau and the Tibetian plateau. The African plateau is most famous for gold
and diamond mining.

The landscapes of our national parks, as well as geologic hazards such as earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions, are due to the movement of the large plates of Earth’s outer shell, famous for gold and diamond
mining. And the Tibetan plateau is the highest plateau in the world. Plateau regions give birth to the waterfall.
For example, Hundru falls in the Chhotanagpur plateau and the Jog falls in Karnataka. Moreover, these
landforms are also centres for tourism and scenic activities.
3. Plains
Plains are the most fertile regions. They are stretches of largely flat land. These stretches of land are
the most suitable for human habitation and agriculture activities like farming and poultry. Rivers and their
tributaries form plains. The rivers flow down the mountains and erode them. They deposit sediments along
their courses and in valleys. These deposits form plains. In India, the Indo-Gangetic plains are the most densely
populated regions of the country. As can be seen, where there is water, there is life.

4. Hills
Hills are smaller landforms than mountains, but they share many of the same characteristics. Like
mountains, hills have a higher elevation than the land around them, and are often formed by tectonic activity
and erosion. But hills are generally smaller (elevation is typically under 3,000 ft.) and not as steep as
mountains. Foothills, for example, rest at the base of mountain ranges before the terrain increases its
elevation.
Examples of hills around the world and their elevations include:
 Britton Hill (Florida, United States) - 345 ft.
 Cavanal Hill (Oklahoma, United States) - 2,385 ft.
 Pen Hill (Somerset, England) - 1,001 ft.

SAQ #1: How do these landforms develop? How do they change over time? (5 points)

Earth's Major Plates and Types of Plate Boundaries

The earth is composed of an outside skin that is called crust, but this crust is not a complete crust that
does not have any cracks or breakages but actually this crust is broken down into several smaller pieces and
this pieces are called plates or the plates that are compose the earth. The crust of the earth is divided into
plates or parts. Earth have about twelve - thirteen plates that compose the crust of the earth, seven of these
plates compose the major part of the surface of the earth, these are; North American plate, South American
plate, Pacific plate, African plate, Eurasian plate, Australian- Indian plate, and Antarctica plate.

Major Plates

1. North American plate - It covers most of North America. Also it includes Greenland, Cuba, the
Bahamas, extreme northeastern Asia, and parts of Iceland and the Azores.

2. South American plate is a major tectonic plate which includes the continent of South America. It also
includes part of the Atlantic Ocean seabed. This extends east to the African plate. They meet at the
southern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

3. Pacific plate is a tectonic plate beneath parts of the Pacific Ocean. It is the largest tectonic plate (103
million square kilometers). It includes the hot spot which formed the Hawaiian Islands
 4. African Plate - It includes much of the continent of Africa, as well as oceanic crust which lies between
the continent and various surrounding ocean ridges. Since the continent of Africa includes both the
African and the Somali plates, some literature refers to the African Plate as the Nubian Plate to
distinguish it from the continent as a whole.

5. Eurasian plate - It includes most of the continent of Eurasia. This is a huge landmass with the traditional
continents of Europe and northern Asia.It does not include the Indian subcontinent, Arabia, and the
area east of the Chersky Range in East Siberia. It does include oceanic crust west to the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge and north to the Gakkel Ridge.

6. Indo-Australian plate - It includes the continent of Australia and surrounding ocean. To the northwest it
includes the Indian subcontinent and adjacent waters. It was formed by the fusion of Indian and
Australian plates about 43 million years ago.

7. Antarctic plate - is tectonic region that located in Antarctica, southpole. The Antarctic plate surrounded
spreading centers at the oceanic edges of large neighboring plates. These include the Pacific, Nazca,
South American, African, and Australian plates. The smaller scotia, South Sandwich, and Shetland
Plates are considered to be part of Antarctic region and one of the Earth's seven major tectonics
plate.It is moving at speeds varying from 4 to 20 mm/year. The Antartic plate includes continental crust
making up Antarctica and its continental shelf, along with oceanic crust beneath the seas surrounding
of Antarctica.

SAQ #2: Explain why most earthquakes and volcanoes happen along plate boundaries. And explain how the
outward transfer of energy as heat come inside Earth drives the movement of tectonic plates. (5 points)

Tectonic Plates and Plate Boundaries

The Earth’s outer shell, the lithosphere, consisting of the crust and uppermost mantle, is divided into a
patchwork of large tectonic plates that move slowly relatively to each other. There are 7-8 major plates and
many minor plates. Varying between 0 to 100mm per year, the movement of a plate is driven by convection in
the underlying hot and viscous mantle. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench
formation occur along plate boundaries in zones that may be anything from a few kilometres to a few hundred
kilometres wide. To watch a simulated fly-by along New Zealand's plate boundary check out this video.

TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

The study of plate boundaries and their motion is like figuring out a constantly moving jigsaw puzzle.
Understanding the types of plate boundaries is vital to understanding the Earth’s history. Subduction zones, or
convergent margins, are one of the three types of plate boundaries. The others are divergent and transform
margins. The plates do not slide smoothly, but build tension and release it in the form of an earthquake.

Subduction Zone
 At subduction zones, a convergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates push together. When an
ocean plate and a continental plate collide, the ocean plate slides under the continental plate, and bends
downward.

Divergent Margin
A divergent margin occurs when two plates are spreading apart, as at seafloor ridges or continental rift
zones such as the East Africa Rift. Molten rock rises from the Earth’s center to fill the gap.

Transform Margin
Transform margins mark slip-sliding plates, such as California's San Andreas fault. The San Andreas
fault marks the location where the North America and Pacific plates grind past each other in a horizontal
motion.

There are three main types of plate boundaries:

1. Convergent boundaries: where two plates are colliding.

Subduction zones occur when one or both of the tectonic plates are composed of oceanic crust. The
denser plate is subducted underneath the less dense plate. The plate being forced under is eventually melted
and destroyed.

i. Where oceanic crust meets ocean crust

Island arcs and oceanic trenches occur when both of the plates are made of oceanic crust. Zones of active
seafloor spreading can also occur behind the island arc, known as back-arc basins. These are often associated
with submarine volcanoes.

ii. Where oceanic crust meets continental crust

The denser oceanic plate is subducted, often forming a mountain range on the continent. The Andes is an
example of this type of collision.

iii. Where continental crust meets continental crust

Both continental crusts are too light to subduct so a continent-continent collision occurs, creating especially
large mountain ranges. The most spectacular example of this is the Himalayas.

2. Divergent boundaries – where two plates are moving apart. The space created can also fill with new crustal
material sourced from molten magma that forms below. Divergent boundaries can form within continents but
will eventually open up and become ocean basins.

i. On land
Divergent boundaries within continents initially produce rifts, which produce rift valleys.

ii. Under the sea

 The most active divergent plate boundaries are between oceanic plates and are often called mid-oceanic
ridges.

3. Transform boundaries – where plates slide passed each other. The relative motion of the plates is
horizontal. They can occur underwater or on land, and crust is neither destroyed nor created. Because of
friction, the plates cannot simply glide past each other. Rather, stress builds up in both plates and when it
exceeds the threshold of the rocks, the energy is released – causing earthquakes.

TECTONIC PLATES
Tectonic plates are gigantic pieces of the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle. They are made up of
oceanic crust and continental crust. Earthquakes occur around mid-ocean ridges and the large faults which
mark the edges of the plates. Plate tectonics has become the unifying theory of geology. It explains the earth’s
surface movement, current and past, which has created the tallest mountain ranges and the deepest oceans.
Some scientists think that the shifting plates, which have the ability to help adjust our planet’s temperature
over billions of years, are a vital element for life. The World Atlas names seven major plates: African, Antarctic,
Eurasian, Indo-Australian, North American, Pacific and South American. California is located at the seam of the
Pacific Plate, which is the world’s largest plate at 39,768,522 square miles, and the Northern American plate.

TECTONIC PLATES MAP SHOWING THE RING OF FIRE

The tectonic plates map of the Earth shows where mountain building, volcanoes, and earthquakes
have occurred. The Earth is always on the move due to the motion of the tectonic plates. Seven of the major
plates make up most of the seven continents and the Pacific Ocean. They are named after nearby landmasses,
oceans, or regions. The Ring of Fire is in the Pacific Ocean. It is made up of a string of volcanoes, deep ocean
trenches, and high mountain ranges. It is the site of earthquakes around the edges of the Pacific Ocean. The
Hawaiian Islands were created by the Pacific Plate, which is the world’s largest plate at 39,768,522 square
miles.

TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARY

A tectonic plate boundary is the border between two plates. The tectonic plates slowly and
constantly move but in many different directions. Some are moving toward each other, some are moving
apart, and some are grinding past each other. Tectonic plate boundaries are grouped into three main types
based on the different movements.

TECTONIC PLATES CREATE EARTHQUAKES, VOLCANOES & MOUNTAINS

The Earth’s surface is active according to tectonic theory, moving as much as 1-2 inches a year. The
many tectonic plates shift and interact all the time. This motion reshapes the Earth’s outer layer. Earthquakes,
volcanoes and mountains are the result of this process

SAQ #3: Compare the changes on earth’s surface that happen in a convergent boundaries with those that
happen in a divergent boundary. And why does the Philippines experience both tectonic and volcanic
earthquakes? (5 points)
EARTHQUAKE
 An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in
the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the
earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The
location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location
directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.
Sometimes an earthquake has foreshocks. These are smaller earthquakes that happen in the same
place as the larger earthquake that follows. Scientists can’t tell that an earthquake is a foreshock until the
larger earthquake happens. The largest, main earthquake is called the mainshock. Mainshocks always
have aftershocks that follow. These are smaller earthquakes that occur afterwards in the same place as the
mainshock. Depending on the size of the mainshock, aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, and even
years after the mainshock!

Kind of Earthquake
A tectonic earthquake is one that occurs when the earth's crust breaks due to geological forces on rocks and
adjoining plates that cause physical and chemical changes.
A volcano tectonic earthquake is an earthquake caused by the movement of magma beneath the surface of
the Earth. The movement results in pressure changes where the rock around the magma has experienced
stress.
A collapse earthquake are small earthquakes in underground caverns and mines that are caused by seismic
waves produced from the explosion of rock on the surface.
An explosion earthquake is an earthquake that is the result of the detonation of a nuclear and/or chemical
device.
Aftershock - An aftershock is a smaller earthquake that follows a larger earthquake, in the same area of the
main shock, caused as the displaced crust adjusts to the effects of the main shock.

Different type of seismic waves

1. P-waves, also known as primary waves or pressure waves, travel at the greatest velocity through the
Earth. When they travel through air, they take the form of sound waves – they travel at the speed of
sound (330 ms-1) through air but may travel at 5000 ms-1 in granite. Because of their speed, they are
the first waves to be recorded by a seismograph during an earthquake.

They differ from S-waves in that they propagate through a material by alternately compressing and
expanding the medium, where particle motion is parallel to the direction of wave propagation – this is rather
like a slinky that is partially stretched and laid flat and its coils are compressed at one end and then released.

2. S-waves, also known as secondary waves, shear waves or shaking waves, are transverse waves that
travel slower than P-waves. In this case, particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave
propagation. Again, imagine a slinky partially stretched, except this time, lift a section and then release
it, a transverse wave will travel along the length of the slinky.
S-waves cannot travel through air or water but are more destructive than P-waves because of their
larger amplitudes
 3. Surface waves are similar in nature to water waves and travel just under the Earth’s surface. They are
typically generated when the source of the earthquake is close to the Earth’s surface. Although surface
waves travel more slowly than S-waves, they can be much larger in amplitude and can be the most
destructive type of seismic wave.

Magnitude and intensity of an earthquake

Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Magnitude is determined
from measurements on seismographs.
Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain location. Intensity
is determined from effects on people, human structures, and the natural environment.

Why does the earth shake when there is an earthquake?

While the edges of faults are stuck together, and the rest of the block is moving, the energy that would
normally cause the blocks to slide past one another is being stored up. When the force of the moving blocks
finally overcomes the friction of the jagged edges of the fault and it unsticks, all that stored up energy is
released. The energy radiates outward from the fault in all directions in the form of seismic waves like ripples
on a pond. The seismic waves shake the earth as they move through it, and when the waves reach the earth’s
surface, they shake the ground and anything on it, like our houses and us!

SAQ #4: Can earthquakes be predicted? Why? What causes damage during an earthquake? Where do you
think is the damage caused by an earthquake greater? Is it near or far from the epicenter? Why? (5 points)

How are earthquakes recorded?

Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called seismographs. The recording they make is called
a seismogram. The seismograph has a base that sets firmly in the ground, and a heavy weight that hangs free.
When an earthquake causes the ground to shake, the base of the seismograph shakes too, but the hanging
weight does not. Instead the spring or string that it is hanging from absorbs all the movement. The difference
in position between the shaking part of the seismograph and the motionless part is what is recorded

Safety Precaution Before, During and After Earthquake

Before earthquake
Secure heavy furniture, hanging plants, heavy pictures or mirrors. Keep flammable or hazardous liquids in
cabinets or on lower shelves. Maintain emergency food, water and other supplies, including a flashlight, a
portable battery-operated radio, extra batteries, medicines, first aid kit and clothing.

During earthquake
- If indoors, stay there and take cover under a table, desk, or other sturdy furniture.
- Face away from windows and glass doors.
- A doorway without a door is an acceptable location in which to stand.
- Lie, kneel or sit near a structurally sound interior wall or corner away from windows, brick fireplaces, glass
walls,
After earthquake
Check for injuries. Render first aid. Do not move seriously injured victims unless they are in immediate danger.
Do not use the telephone immediately unless there is a serious injury, fire or other emergency. Hunt for
hazards.
Check for other hazards and control them (fire, chemical spills, toxic fumes and possible collapse).
Check utilities (water, gas, electric). If there is damage, turn the utility off at the source.Check for other
hazards and control them (fire, chemical spills, toxic fumes and possible collapse).

SUMMARY:

 A landform is a feature on the Earth's surface that is part of the terrain. Mountains, hills, plateaus, and
plains are the four major types of landforms. Minor landforms include buttes, canyons, valleys, and
basins. Tectonic plate movement under the Earth can create landforms by pushing up mountains and
hills.
 External processes include (1) weathering—the disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near the
surface, (2) mass wasting—the transfer of rock material downslope under the influence of gravity, and
(3) erosion—the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, usually water, wind,
or ice.
 Some of these works are caused by rivers, glaciers, winds and waves. Internal processes work on the
interior layers of the Earth. Forces gradually build up and the crust will undergo movements in the
Earth such as earthquakes, volcanic activity or mountain buildings.
 Plate tectonics is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of the plates making up the
Earth's lithosphere since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3.3 and 3.5 billion years ago. The
model builds on the concept of continental drift, an idea developed during the first decades of the 20th
century.
 Earthquake An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of
energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
 A tectonic earthquake is one that occurs when the earth's crust breaks due to geological forces on
rocks and adjoining plates that cause physical and chemical changes.
 A volcano tectonic earthquake is an earthquake caused by the movement of magma beneath the
surface of the Earth. The movement results in pressure changes where the rock around the magma has
experienced stress.
 A collapse earthquake are small earthquakes in underground caverns and mines that are caused by
seismic waves produced from the explosion of rock on the surface.
 An explosion earthquake is an earthquake that is the result of the detonation of a nuclear and/or
chemical device.
 Aftershock - An aftershock is a smaller earthquake that follows a larger earthquake, in the same area
of the main shock, caused as the displaced crust adjusts to the effects of the main shock.

REFERENCES:

 Evelyn T. Sarte, et al.,Science Beyond Borders 6

 Mapa, Amelia P. and Campos, Maria Rowena R. Science and Technology for Lifelong Learning
 https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-landforms.html
  https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/science/science-earthquakes?qt-
science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

ASSIGNMENT

Prepare a digital presentation about this topic incorporating visual effects, photos, videos, and music to
make it more engaging, interesting and comprehensive.

SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE
(FORMERLY JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)
 Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-9536
“Excellence in truth in the service of God and Country”

Name: ____________________________________________Course/Year/Sec: ________________ Date: ____________

Competency # 8 Answer Sheet

Different Landforms and Forces that Affect Changes in the Earth’s Surface

SAQ #1: How do these landforms develop? How do they change over time? (5 points)

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SAQ #2: Explain why most earthquakes and volcanoes happen along plate boundaries. And explain how the
outward transfer of energy as heat come inside Earth drives the movement of tectonic plates. (5 points)
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SAQ #3: Compare the changes on earth’s surface that happen in a convergent boundaries with those that
happen in a divergent boundary. And why does the Philippines experience both tectonic and volcanic
earthquakes? (5 points)
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SAQ #4: Can earthquakes be predicted? Why? What causes damage during an earthquake? Where do you
think is the damage caused by an earthquake greater? Is it near or far from the epicenter? Why? (5 points)
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ASSIGNMENT

Prepare a digital presentation about this topic incorporating visual effects, photos, videos, and music to
make it more engaging, interesting and comprehensive.