DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

DEPARTEMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

ASSESSMENT ON POULTRY FEED RESOURCE AVAILABILITY AND

MARKETING SYSTEM IN DEBRE TABOR TOWN, ETHIOPIA

SENIOR RESEARCH PROPOSAL

BY:

GROUP 2 MEMBERS ID NO

1. BARKILGN KEFALE 1597

2. BEIDEMARIAM DANIEL 1441
3. CHANGA EIRGA 1392
4. MARKOS YOHANIS 1199
5. MEKURIA SHIFERAW 1259

A Senior Research Project proposal Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Bachelor degree in Animal Science

ADVISOR NAME:WELELAW EDMEW

JANUARY, 2023

DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY, ETHIOPIA

Table of Contents
ACKNOWLDGMENT............................................................................................................................................................iv

LIST OF TABLE......................................................................................................................................................................v

List of Figures..........................................................................................................................................................................vi

LISTS OF ABBREVATION..................................................................................................................................................vii

1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................................1

1.1. Background......................................................................................................................1

1.2. Statement of the Problem.................................................................................................2

1.3. Significant and beneficiaries of the study........................................................................2

1.4. Objective..........................................................................................................................2

1.4.1. General Objective......................................................................................................2

1.4.2 Specific Objective.......................................................................................................3

Specifically, this study will be intended to address the following specific objectives........3

1.5. Research Questions..........................................................................................................3

2. LITRATURE RIVEW..........................................................................................................................................................4

2.1. Chicken production in Ethiopia........................................................................................4

2.2. Chicken production systems.............................................................................................5

2.3. Poultry Feed Resource......................................................................................................5

2.3.1. Non conventional feed resource................................................................................6

2.3.2. Conventional feed resource.......................................................................................6

2.4. Chicken and chicken product marketing......................................................................7

2.5. Constraints of chicken production....................................................................................7

i
 2.6. Main Ingredients: Availability Issues...............................................................................9

2.6.1. Common Ingredients Used in Typical chicken Feed Formulations..........................9

2.7 Available Feed Resource for the Village Production System...........................................9

2.7.1. Scavenging Feed Resource Base (SFRB)..................................................................9

2.7.2. Improvement of Productivity of Scavenging Chicken through Improved Feeding.10

2.8. Advantages of Forage Consumption by chicken............................................................11

2.8.1 Feed Savings.............................................................................................................11

2 .8.2 Nutrition Source.......................................................................................................11

2.8.3. Vitamins...................................................................................................................12

2.8.4. Minerals...................................................................................................................12

2.8.5. Proteins....................................................................................................................13

2.8.6. Energy......................................................................................................................13

2.8.7. By- Products of Local Alcoholic Drinks.................................................................13

2.9. Marketing Systems of chickens..................................................................................13

2.9.1. Marketing systems of village chicken and eggs in Ethiopia....................................14

2.9.2. Feed related constraints chicken..............................................................................14

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS.......................................................................................................................................15

3.1 Descriptions of Study Area..........................................................................................15

3.2. Agro-ecology..................................................................................................................15

3.3. Livestock population in and around Debre Tabor town.................................................15

3. 4. Sampling methods and Sample size.............................................................................16

3.5. Data Collection Method.................................................................................................16

3.6. Data Analysis.................................................................................................................16

3.7. Expected Output.............................................................................................................16

4. WORK PLAN/SCHEDULE...............................................................................................................................................17

ii
5. LOGISTIC 5.1. Stationary Expense...................................................................................................................................18

5.2. Transportation Expense .................................................................................................19

5.3. Per Diem.................................................................................................................19

5.4. Budget Summery............................................................................................................19

6. REFERENCE......................................................................................................................................................................21

7. APPENDIX.........................................................................................................................................................................27

iii
ACKNOWLDGMENT
First of all, we would like to thank the almighty GOD for guidance, protection and giving us
full health and strength to carry on. We would like to thank our advisor Mr.Welelaw Edmew
for his valuable guidance, support, unreserved advice, suggestion and comments in the entire
work of our research proposal paper. Finally, we would like to thank those who have extended
helping hand in the development of this research project proposal.

iv
LIST OF TABLE

Table 1 Effect of season on crop contents of scavenging local hens’ physical

observations physical components (% fresh basis)...................................................11

Table 2 work plan............................................................................................................19

Table 3 Stationary expenses.............................................................................................20

Table 4 Transportation expense.......................................................................................21

Table 5 per Diem..........................................................................................................21

Table 6 Budget summery................................................................................................22

v
List of Figures
Figure 1: Debre Tabor Town, Ethiopia.............................................................................17

vi
LISTS OF ABBREVATION

CSA...………………………………....…Central statistical agency.

DZARC..………………….……..………Debrezeit Agricultural Research center

FAO...…………………………....…….... Food and agricultural organization.

ILRI……………………………International Livestock Research Institution

JATS...…………………………..….….. Jimma agricultural technical school.

NCFR…………………………….Non Conventional Feed Resources

SFRB .………………....................…. Scavenging feed resource base

vii
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Livestock in general and chicken in particular play a valuable economic role in developing
country like Ethiopia (Alemu and Tadelle,2001). The country has about 60% of the total
chicken population of east Africa. Rural stallholder farmers keep more than 95% of this
population and practice scavenging production system (DZARC,2005).

The livestock sector globally is highly dynamic. The total chicken population of Ethiopia is
about 57 million (CSA, 2015), and kept for both eggs and meat production purposes. Nearly
all (99.27 %) are raised under a traditional or extensive management system (Halima et al.,
2007).

In developing countries, poultry production is evolving in response to rapidly increasing

demand for livestock products (Permian and Pedersen, 2000; Gueye, 2005).in developed
countries, demand for livestock products is stagnating, while many production systems are
increasing their efficiency and environmental sustainability. Poultry production is an
important economic activity in Ethiopia and beside its social and cultural benefits it plays a
significant role in family nutrition (Alemu and Tadelle, 2001)

Semi-intensive system with small number of birds (from 50 to 500) as an urban and per-urban
house hold income source using exotic birds and relatively improved feeding, housing and
health care (Alemu and Tadelle, 2010).

Poultry production as an integral part of livestock production system plays an important

socio-economic role in developing countries (Alders, 2004; Kondombo, 2005). One of the
greatest advantages of raising poultry is that, once a management routine is established, time
and labor requirements can be flexible. A wide range of alternative feed stuffers are available
for feeding in different poultry production systems (Akililu, 2007).

1
In Ethiopia selling of chickens and eggs are the major the functions of keeping free range
chickens by small holder farmers. Local chicken and eggs were taken by producer farmers to
the local and urban markets and sold to traders (collectors) or directly to consumers depening
on the locations of the farm dwelling. Accordingly, market access was low with increased
distance to the market for poor households (Alemu and Tadelle, 2001). The price of live
chickens and eggs fluctuate seasonally, more demand on holidays and at the end of fasting
season at that time the price increased (Halima, 2007).

1.2. Statement of the Problem

This research seeks about the poultry problem is mainly associated with lack of processing
facilities,inconsistent availability and distribution of feed resources,the quality of mixed feed
used and marketing system of chickens around Debre Tabor town is poor. And therefore,
what types of feeds are recommended for that matter of types of breed, age, and sex and agro
ecology on poultries. Finally, to know the problems and support the solution for that what
obstacle is occurring and at what season is reaching while the producers starting.

1.3. Significant and beneficiaries of the study

This study will be used to identify available chicken feed resources and the existing feeding
problems to improve. It will be also significantly important input for different stakeholders in
poultry production value chain including chicken producers, feed processors, development
organizations and policy makers. This research will be also used as a bench mark in the
further research works. If the feed resources are well arranged, at the first row the birds will
be benefiting themselves maintain their body by different organic and inorganic materials by
gaining from balanced feeds for their daily tasks; that are either production or reproduction.
Secondly, the producers, community, research institution and government are the part of
significance and beneficiary of the study.

1.4. Objective

1.4.1. General Objective

This research study will be intended to assess the available poultry feed resource and
marketing system in Debre Tabor town.

2
1.4.2 Specific Objective

Specifically, this study will be intended to address the following specific objectives
 To identify the available feed resources of chicken in Debre Tabor town.

 To assess the marketing system of chickens in Debre Tabor town.

 To assess the feed related constraints of chicken in Debre Tabor town.

1.5. Research Questions

 To accomplish the above objectives, the research will attempt to address the following
research questions:

 What are the major available poultry feed resources in different chicken production
systems?
 What it seems the concentrate feed marketing system of chicken?
 What are the types of chicken feeding systems?

3
2. LITRATURE RIVEW

2.1. Chicken production in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is endowed with many livestock species with an estimated population of 56.7 million
cattle, 29.33 million sheep, 29.11 million goats, and 56.87 million poultry
(CSA, 2015). Poultry production stimulates local economic development of urban centers
through the development of related micro-enterprises wholly or partly responsible for the
provision of inputs and processing, packaging, and marketing of outputs as well as the
provision of services to the sector (Ebsa, et al. (2019). In addition, it may contribute to
poverty alleviation and socio-economic inclusion of vulnerable groups such as the urban poor,
women, the disabled, orphans, and the unemployed to provide them with a decent livelihood
(Gororo and Mabel, 2016). Poultry in Ethiopia provides the following benefits: production of
eggs for hatching, sale and home consumption, and production of birds for sale, processing,
replacement, and home consumption (Tadelle et al., 2007).

Poultry includes all domestic birds kept for the purpose of human food production (meat and
eggs) such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, ostrich, guinea fowl, doves and pigeons. In
Ethiopia ostrich, ducks, guinea fowls, doves and pigeons are found in their natural habitat
whereas, geese and turkey are uncommon. Thus poultry production is synonymous with
chicken production under the present Ethiopian conditions (Solomon, 2007).

In Ethiopia chickens are the most widespread and almost every rural family owns chickens,
which provide a valuable source of family protein and income (Tadelle et al., 2003). The
total chicken population in the country is estimated to be 56.5 million with native chicken
representing 96.9%, hybrid chicken 0.54% and exotic breeds 2.56% (CSA, 2014).The most
dominant chicken types reared in Ethiopia are local ecotypes, which show a large variation in
body position, plumage colour, comb type and productivity (Halima, 2007). However, the
economic contribution of the sector is not still proportional to the huge chicken numbers,
attributed to the presence of many productions, reproduction and infrastructural constraints
(Aberra, 2000; Halima, 2007).

4
2.2. Chicken production systems
In Ethiopia, poultry production systems show a clear distinction between the traditional, low
input system on the one hand and modern production system using relatively advanced
technology on the other hand (Yami, 2015).

Chicken can be reared in different management and production systems. Based on chicken
breed type, input and output level, mortality rate, type of producer, purpose of production,
length of broodiness, growth rate and number of chicken reared. In Ethiopia, there are three
types of chicken production systems (ANRS BoARD, 2006). These are free-range production
system, semi-intensive production system and intensive production system.

2.3. Poultry Feed Resource

Healthy poultry require a sufficient amount of protein and carbohydrates, along with the
necessary vitamin, dietary minerals, and an adequate supply of water. The availability of feed
is the key factor that limits chicken production. The available feed resources in Ethiopia can
be divided into two main categories as conventional and non-conventional feed resources.
Conventional feed sources are those traditionally used. Whereas, those non conventional once
aren’t commonly and traditionally used as chicken feeds. However, conventional feed
resources in Ethiopia are facing a problem of competition with human food (Younas and
Yaqoob, 2015).

While replacing alternative ingredients, equivalency of nutritive values, costs and side effects
on birds should be assessed and considered. The target of replacement of ingredients is always
not to affecting the performances of birds. There is a severe shortage of cereals and oilseed
(cakes) for use in poultry feeds. Hence, feed-food competition gives rise to looking for
alternative feeds and other utilizing techniques to improving the nutritive values of poor
ingredients. Most commonly used energy-rich feed conserve in conventional poultry diet in
Africa have never been adequate for both human consumption and industrial uses. Thus, the
higher the price of grains fed to animals the lower meat or eggs amount produced (Reddy and
Qudratullah, 2006; Magnesia, 2011). A feed problem for poultry production in Ethiopia is not
only the prices and availability but also their low quality. The more effective and promising
approaches to solve the problem of feed deficiency in poultry is utilization of additives.

5
2.3.1. Non conventional feed resource
Non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) generally refer to all those feeds that have not been
traditionally used for feeding livestock and are not commercially used in the production of
livestock feeds. Several known examples include palm leaf meals, palm press fiber, cassava
foliage, spent brewer’s grains, sugar cane bagasse, rubber seed meal and some aquatic plants
(Abdi, 2018).

Most of NCFR feed resources are low in energy, protein, minerals and contain high amounts
of anti-nutritional components. The major constraints to the use of NCFR are a collection,
storage, dehydration (due to high moisture content) and detoxification processes. Processing
technologies that are economic and practical are urgently required. Some of the materials like
sal seed meal, neem seed cake, mahua seed cake, and galas seed cake are available in large
quantities but due to the presence of potentially toxic substances, have limited value in animal
feeds. Many of the forest tree seeds contain 15-35 percent oil and are used for the extraction
of oil, after which the cake is valuable as animal feeds. Animal organic wastes such as dung
and poultry excreta are also potentially available as a part of animal feeds. (Ben Salem et al,
2014).

2.3.2. Conventional feed resource

Conventional poultry rations usually include many cereals like maize, rice, wheat, oat, barley;
and a few cereal byproducts such as wheat-bran or rice polish, animal and vegetable protein
sources like fish-meal, meat-meal, soybean-oil-meal, groundnut-cake, etc. according to their
availability. The whole ration is fortified with adequate minerals and vitamins either in
chemically pure or through ingredients known to be rich in these nutrients. With the cost of
feed soaring high and the availability of conventional ingredients becoming scarce, intensive
and continuous efforts are being made to determine the nutritive value of agro industrial
byproducts to replace more costly ingredients in poultry rations. The following are some of
the common feedstuffs used for making poultry rations in some countries (Dr.Acharia,2009).

6
2.4. Chicken and chicken product marketing

Marketing systems of village

chicken and eggs in Ethiopia
is one of the functions of
keeping free-range chickens
by smallholder farmers. The
major characteristics of
chicken markets are shown in
Table 7. In general, there is
no
systematic marketing
operation of chicken and
chicken products in the study
areas. Selling of live birds
and eggs
7
were a common practice in
the region as well as in the
study sites.
Marketing systems of village
chicken and eggs in Ethiopia
is one of the functions of
keeping free-range chickens
by smallholder farmers. The
major characteristics of
chicken markets are shown in
Table 7. In general, there is
no
systematic marketing
operation of chicken and
8
chicken products in the study
areas. Selling of live birds
and eggs
were a common practice in
the region as well as in the
study sites.
Marketing systems of village
chicken and eggs in Ethiopia
is one of the functions of
keeping free-range chickens
by smallholder farmers. The
major characteristics of
chicken markets are shown in

9
Table 7. In general, there is
no
systematic marketing
operation of chicken and
chicken products in the study
areas. Selling of live birds
and eggs
were a common practice in
the region as well as in the
study sites.
Journal of Marketing and Consumer
Research
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2422-8451 An International
Peer-reviewed Journal
10
Vol.70, 2020
38
Figure 2. During scavenging
in the studied area
Watering
The present study also
indicated that all chicken
owners were used flat plastic
container, broken clay locally
called
“shekila”, plastic made
trough and metal made

11
trough as watering in all
districts of the studied area.
Table 6. Practice, frequency
of watering and type of water
trough for chickens
Factors Districts Overall
mean
Itang
especial
Abobo Lare Gambella
Ketema
Zuria
Provision of water to
Chicken (%)
12
Yes
96 (100)
96 (100)
96 (100)
96 (100)
96 (100)
No
-
-
-
-
13
-
Frequency of watering
Once a day
-
-
-
-
-
Twice
a day
23 (23.96)
14
15 (15.63)
9 (9.38)
14 (14.58)
10 (10.42)
Three times a day
3 (3.12)
2 (2.08)
-
5 (5.21)
3 (3.12)
Ad libtum (offered
15
freely)
70 (72.92) 79 (82.29) 87
(90.63) 77 (80.21) 78
(81.25)
Type of water Trough
Brocken clay material
11 (11.46)
1
7 (17.71)
12 (12.5)
15 (15.63)
14 (14.58)
16
Plastic made
68 (70.83)
69 (71.88)
72 (75)
63 (65.63)
68 (70.83)
Metal made trough
17 (17.71)
10 (10.42)
12 (12.5)
18 (18.75)
17
12 (12.5)

Figure 3. Plastic and metal

made water trough in the
study area
Marketing system of chicken
and products
Marketing systems of village
chicken and eggs in Ethiopia
is one of the functions of
keeping free-range chickens
by smallholder farmers. The
major characteristics of
chicken markets are shown in
18
Table 7. In general, there is
no
systematic marketing
operation of chicken and
chicken products in the study
areas. Selling of live birds
and eggs
were a common practice in
the region as well as in the
study sites.
Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2422-8451 An International Peer-
reviewed Journal
Vol.70, 2020
38
19
Figure 2. During scavenging in the
studied area
Watering
The present study also indicated that
all chicken owners were used flat
plastic container, broken clay locally
called
“shekila”, plastic made trough and
metal made trough as watering in all
districts of the studied area.
Table 6. Practice, frequency of
watering and type of water trough for
chickens
Factors Districts Overall
mean
Itang
especial
Abobo Lare Gambella Ketema
20
Zuria
Provision of water to Chicken (%)
Yes
96 (100)
96 (100)
96 (100)
96 (100)
96 (100)
No
-
-
-
-
-
21
Frequency of watering
Once a day
-
-
-
-
-
Twice
a day
23 (23.96)
15 (15.63)
9 (9.38)
14 (14.58)
22
10 (10.42)
Three times a day
3 (3.12)
2 (2.08)
-
5 (5.21)
3 (3.12)
Ad libtum (offered
freely)
70 (72.92) 79 (82.29) 87 (90.63) 77
(80.21) 78 (81.25)
Type of water Trough
Brocken clay material
11 (11.46)
23
1
7 (17.71)
12 (12.5)
15 (15.63)
14 (14.58)
Plastic made
68 (70.83)
69 (71.88)
72 (75)
63 (65.63)
68 (70.83)
Metal made trough
17 (17.71)
24
10 (10.42)
12 (12.5)
18 (18.75)
12 (12.5)

Figure 3. Plastic and metal made

water trough in the study area
Marketing system of chicken and
products
Marketing systems of village chicken
and eggs in Ethiopia is one of the
functions of keeping free-range
chickens
by smallholder farmers. The major
characteristics of chicken markets are

25
shown in Table 7. In general, there is
no
systematic marketing operation of
chicken and chicken products in the
study areas. Selling of live birds and
eggs
were a common practice in the region
as well as in the study sites.
Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2422-8451 An International Peer-
reviewed Journal
Vol.70, 2020
38
Figure 2. During scavenging in the
studied area
Watering

26
The present study also indicated that
all chicken owners were used flat
plastic container, broken clay locally
called
“shekila”, plastic made trough and
metal made trough as watering in all
districts of the studied area.
Table 6. Practice, frequency of
watering and type of water trough for
chickens
Factors Districts Overall
mean
Itang
especial
Abobo Lare Gambella Ketema
Zuria
Provision of water to Chicken (%)
Yes
27
96 (100)
96 (100)
96 (100)
96 (100)
96 (100)
No
-
-
-
-
-
Frequency of watering
Once a day
28
-
-
-
-
-
Twice
a day
23 (23.96)
15 (15.63)
9 (9.38)
14 (14.58)
10 (10.42)
Three times a day
29
3 (3.12)
2 (2.08)
-
5 (5.21)
3 (3.12)
Ad libtum (offered
freely)
70 (72.92) 79 (82.29) 87 (90.63) 77
(80.21) 78 (81.25)
Type of water Trough
Brocken clay material
11 (11.46)
1
7 (17.71)
30
12 (12.5)
15 (15.63)
14 (14.58)
Plastic made
68 (70.83)
69 (71.88)
72 (75)
63 (65.63)
68 (70.83)
Metal made trough
17 (17.71)
10 (10.42)
12 (12.5)
31
18 (18.75)
12 (12.5)

Figure 3. Plastic and metal made

water trough in the study area
Marketing system of chicken and
products
Marketing systems of village chicken
and eggs in Ethiopia is one of the
functions of keeping free-range
chickens
by smallholder farmers. The major
characteristics of chicken markets are
shown in Table 7. In general, there is
no
systematic marketing operation of
chicken and chicken products in the
32
study areas. Selling of live birds and
eggs
were a common practice in the region
as well as in the study sites.
Journal of Marketing and Consumer
Research
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2422-8451 An International
Peer-reviewed Journal
Vol.70, 2020
38
Figure 2. During scavenging
in the studied area
Watering

33
The present study also
indicated that all chicken
owners were used flat plastic
container, broken clay locally
called
“shekila”, plastic made
trough and metal made
trough as watering in all
districts of the studied area.
Table 6. Practice, frequency
of watering and type of water
trough for chickens
Factors Districts Overall
mean
34
Itang
especial
Abobo Lare Gambella
Ketema
Zuria
Provision of water to
Chicken (%)
Yes
96 (100)
96 (100)
96 (100)
96 (100)
96 (100)
35
No
-
-
-
-
-
Frequency of watering
Once a day
-
-
-
36
-
-
Twice
a day
23 (23.96)
15 (15.63)
9 (9.38)
14 (14.58)
10 (10.42)
Three times a day
3 (3.12)
37
2 (2.08)
-
5 (5.21)
3 (3.12)
Ad libtum (offered
freely)
70 (72.92) 79 (82.29) 87
(90.63) 77 (80.21) 78
(81.25)
Type of water Trough
Brocken clay material
11 (11.46)
38
1
7 (17.71)
12 (12.5)
15 (15.63)
14 (14.58)
Plastic made
68 (70.83)
69 (71.88)
72 (75)
63 (65.63)
68 (70.83)
39
Metal made trough
17 (17.71)
10 (10.42)
12 (12.5)
18 (18.75)
12 (12.5)

Figure 3. Plastic and metal

made water trough in the
study area
Marketing system of chicken
and products
40
Marketing systems of village
chicken and eggs in Ethiopia
is one of the functions of
keeping free-range chickens
by smallholder farmers. The
major characteristics of
chicken markets are shown in
Table 7. In general, there is
no
systematic marketing
operation of chicken and
chicken products in the study
areas. Selling of live birds
and eggs
41
were a common practice in
the region as well as in the
study sites.
Marketing systems of village chicken and eggs in Ethiopia is one of the functions of keeping
free-range chickens by smallholder farmers. In general, there is no systematic marketing
operation of chicken and chicken products in the study sites.

2.5. Constraints of chicken production

The major constraints of chicken productions are sudden disease outbreak, the high cost of
commercial ration, unavailability of day-old-chicks in time, market instability and poor sales,
and poor supply and quality of vaccine (Tadelle and alemu 2017).

Generally, Major Constraints of Poultry Production are: -

Inadequate Health Care and Poor Feed Source

The major problem impairing the existing production system in Ethiopia is the high incidence
of Newcastle disease, which named locally "fengel" (Holye, 2012; Alemu and Tadelle, 2017;
Solomon 2014). Another report in Southern parts of the country by Aberra (2007) indicated
that fowl cholera is a major problem followed by Newcastle disease. Next to disease, the
major limiting factor of production increase is lack of feed. The nutritional status of local
laying hens from chemical analysis of crop contents indicated that protein was below the
requirement for optimum egg production the deficiency is more series during the short rainy
season and dry seasons (Tegene, 2012; Alemu and Tadelle, 2017)

Inadequate Emphasis to Research and Extension

Until recently, little emphasis has given to livestock and poultry research. The extension
linkage between the research output and the ministry of agriculture and the farmers are found
to be extremely weak (Alemu and Tadelle, 2017) and in general there is no consistent

42
feedback to the research. Most of the poultry extension workers transfer their extension
packages to the households expecting that the husband will pass the message to his wife
(Fikre, 2010). However, poultry keeping in most parts of Ethiopia is mainly the responsibility
of women as reported by Tadelle and Ogle (2016a).This indicated that there are no client
oriented extensions.

Lack of Organized Market and Poor Access to Main Market

Even though chicken meat is relatively cheap and affordable source of animal protein (Alemu
and Tadelle, 2017), lack of organized marketing system and the seasonal fluctuation of price
are the main constraints of the poultry market in Ethiopia. Variation in price mainly attributed
to high demand for chickens for Ethiopian New Year and holidays. It also partly influenced
by weight, age of chickens and availability. The plumage color, sex, combs types, feather
covers are also very important for influencing price. According to Gausi et al. (2014) the
major constraints in rural chicken marketing were identified as low price, low marketable
output and long distance to reliable markets. As a result, the smallholder farmers are not in a
position to get the expected return from the sale of chickens. Likewise, poor marketing
information system, poor access to terminal market, high price fluctuation and exchange
based on plumage color, age and sex are among the main constraints of chicken market in the
country (Kena, 2012)

Social and cultural constraints

The socio cultural constraints to poultry development are the value placed up on poultry for
use at ceremonies and festivals or even as source of income in times of need but neither as
source of daily food nor as regular source of income. Some regard chickens as their pets or
part of the family, thus rarely used as food for home consumption, although they can sold
without regret and the money utilized. Another constraint is the social norm that determines
owner ship of livestock.

Breed Constraints

A breed of the poultry is the main factor that is considered in chicken meat or broilers
production. The meat production ability of indigenous chicken was limited in growth
43
 performance Bog ale (2018) Day old chickens of different populations of indigenous chicken
measures live weight of 27.3g per chicken (Halima, 2007).

In adult live body weight of the different populations of indigenous local chickens also
reported 1.6 kg for male and 1.3 kg for females (Nigussie ,2011).

2.6. Main Ingredients: Availability Issues

Energy sources constitute the largest component of poultry diets followed by plant protein
sources and animal protein sources. Globally, maize (corn) is the most commonly used energy
source and soybean meal is a common plant protein source. But, other grains such as wheat
and sorghum, and plant protein meals such as peas and sunflower meal are also widely used in
some countries. The main animal protein ingredients are fishmeal and meat meal. Nearly all
developing countries are net importers of these ingredients; the chicken feed industries in
Africa and Asia depends on imports, which are a drain on their foreign exchange reserves.
The semi-commercial and commercial sectors in these countries are forced to limit t heir
output of compounded feeds (Younas and Yaqoob, 2015).

2.6.1. Common Ingredients Used in Typical chicken Feed Formulations

Energy sources are cereals (mainly maize), cereal by-products such as wheat and sorghum are
widely used in some parts of the world and animal fats and vegetable oils. Plant protein sources
are soybean meal, peas and sunflower meal are also used in some parts of the world and animal
protein sources are fishmeal, meat and bone meal and also mineral supplements of calcium
supplements are limestone, shell grit; calcium and phosphorus supplements: Dicalcium
phosphate, Defluorinated rock phosphate, and bone meal; trace minerals: trace mineral premixes
and sodium sources: salt, sodium bicarbonate Miscellaneous: Vitamin supplements: vitamin
premixes; crystalline amino acids: Methionine, lysine, threonine and non-nutritive feed additives:
enzymes, antibiotics, etc (Cheeke,2005).

44
2.7 Available Feed Resource for the Village Production System

2.7.1. Scavenging Feed Resource Base (SFRB)

The absence of supplement feed in the diet of the birds especially in the rainy season results in
a dramatic decline in the production of eggs, due primarily to a lack of energy. However,
studies on the physical quantities of nutrient supply conducted in three villages of the
highlands with different altitudes and in three seasons revealed that the materials present in
the crop, as visually observed, are, seeds, plant materials, worms, insects and unidentified
materials (Tadelle and Ogle, 2016).

Table 1 Effect of season on crop contents of scavenging local hens’ physical observations physical components (%
fresh basis)

Season Seeds Plants Worms Insects Other

Short rainy 37.5 22.5 2.6 14.6 22.7

(90)

Rainy (90) 25.8 31.8 11.2 7.7 23.4

Dry (90) 29.5 27.7 6.2 11.1 25.6

Source; (Tadelle and Ogle, 2016).

According to Tadelle and Ogle (2016), the food leftovers portion of the SFRB is more or less
constant throughout the year but the portion from the environment and the grain supplement
are varied with seasonal conditions and with activities such as cultivation and harvesting.
Above all the quality and quantity of the feed resource is seasonal in nature. The diet of
scavenging poultry is usually adequate in protein but deficient in energy. This is especially
true in Ethiopia in the rainy season due to the large quantities of invertebrates but protein
supply may be critical in dry season. However, after the ends of the short rainy season farmers
also agree that scavenging alone does not provide enough food.

2.7.2. Improvement of Productivity of Scavenging Chicken through Improved Feeding

The feed resource for rural poultry is obtained by scavenging in and around the homesteads
and consists of household wastes, anything edible found in the immediate environment,
45
together with a small amount of grain supplements provided by the household. Feeds
consumed laying village hens in the highlands of Ethiopia would satisfy maintenance needs
only and production of about 40 eggs per hen per year; On the other hand, non-supplemented
local birds under a similar environment produced only about 14% from scavenging only.
Under these conditions, supplementation of 30g/head/day of a mixture of equal proportions of
maize and Nuge cake increased annual egg production of local hens by about 100%. Even
more remarkable success is attained with higher levels of supplementation using improved
breeds (Taddle and Ogle, 2016).

In villages around the south-western part of the country, scavenging White Leghorn layers
offered 90g/hen/day of a commercial layer ration produced 200 eggs per hen/year indicating a
tremendous potential for improvement in the village systems (Solomon, 2008).

However, supplementary feeding of local and Rhode Island Red chickens was uneconomical
during the main rainy season implying that the scavenging feed resource available during this
season would be sufficient to support economical egg production (Negussie, 2011).

2.8. Advantages of Forage Consumption by chicken

2.8.1 Feed Savings

Forages can provide a significant amount of chicken nutrition, reducing the amount of feed
that a chicken farmer feeds a flock. Although chicken are not ruminants (they’re omnivores),
a good pasture is still a valuable resource for the flock. Jeff Mattocks, a livestock nutritionist
with decades of experience in pasture-based and sustainable/organic farming, estimates that
after “gathering data from year to year and producer to producer, we have come to the
conclusion that pastured poultry eat 5-20% (of their diet) from pasture, depending on type and
age of poultry, and the quality of forage growth.”

2 .8.2 Nutrition Source

The primary benefit of forage consumption is that plant matter is typically high in both
vitamins and minerals since poultry is mono gastric and they cannot synthesize vitamins’.
Besides the vitamins and minerals, allowed to roam and scavenge most of their diet from a
farm’s pastures, barnyards, orchards, and fields, with occasional supplementation from

46
scratch grains and table and garden scraps. The leaves and seeds the birds ingested, as well as
the insects that were quickly gobbled up (often full of freshly consumed plant matter), helped
balance out any of the unknown deficiencies in the feed ration (Consultation et al., 2020).

2.8.3. Vitamins
Vitamins are complex organic compounds required by animals for normal growth. Many of
the vitamins added to modern-day poultry rations can lose their potency over time because
they are not as shelf-stable as other components of the poultry ration. Pasture intake by
poultry acts as a form of nutritional insurance, as the living forages provide a back-up “bank”
of nutrition to prevent any vitamin deficiencies of the feed from affecting the birds.

In confinement production, vitamin D must be added to the poultry ration to prevent the
nutritional disease rickets. For pastured poultry production, however, vitamin D deficiency is
not a problem because pastured poultry are exposed to ample amounts of sunshine and readily
synthesize vitamin D in their skin. Poultry on pasture should not have problems with fat-
soluble vitamin deficiencies. Water-soluble vitamins are not able to be stored in the body and
need to be consumed regularly (Jackie,.2013).

2.8.4. Minerals
Minerals are inorganic compounds, typically found as salts that are critical for bone and egg
shell formation in poultry, as well as important in many biochemical processes like hormone
production and fluid balance in the bird’s body. Many of the minerals needed by chicken can
be supplemented by forages.

By far, the most common mineral deficiency is calcium, especially for laying hens. Calcium
plays a critical role in poultry health, comprising approximately 70% of the mineral content in
a bird. Calcium works hand-in-hand with phosphorous inside of the bird to build strong bones
and eggshells. The calcium content of grains is very low, and typically sources like oyster
shells, limestone, or calcium salts are added to feed. Good pasture with access to
supplemental limestone or oyster shell, however, will provide all the calcium the flock needs.

Although pasture can supply around 25% of the calcium required by layers, it cannot serve as
the long-term sole source of calcium. Forages can provide supplemental minerals, and the

47
calcium found in plants like alfalfa is highly bio available. A bird’s digestive system is able to
utilize calcium from forages as efficiently as calcium from more common sources like
limestone or oyster shell (Horsted, 2016).

2.8.5. Proteins
Proteins are used by animals to build muscles, organs, and all other tissues. Crude protein is a
basic measure of what percentage of a particular feed item is protein. Experience has shown
that hens purposefully fed protein-deficient diets increased their consumption of pasture
forages compared to flocks fed a ration with adequate protein levels (Horsted, 2016).

2.8.6. Energy
Grains like corn are obviously one of the most important sources of energy in poultry rations
(along with oils), even the small amounts of energy supplied by forages are important when
feed prices rise. Chicken gains anywhere from 129 to 246 calories for each pound of forages
consumed (285 to 542 kcal/kg). Broilers raised on pasture got only 3% of their energy need
from forages (Buchanan et al., 2007).

2.8.7. By- Products of Local Alcoholic Drinks

Work at the Jimma Agricultural Technical School (JATS) indicated that riboflavin deficiency
in chicks could be reversed by supplementing ‘Atella’ (a by-product of a locally brewed drink
called ‘Tell’) to chicks. Inclusion of up to 40% ‘Atella’ or a combination of 20% ‘Atella’ and
20% Noug seed cake in cereal based chick starter and layer diets were found to result in
reasonable performance and low cost of production (Solomon,2008).

2.9. Marketing Systems of chickens

The term marketing refers to all activities from producer to the final consumer including
processing and distribution system. The type and amount of product, the size of product, and
marketing infrastructure and policy or institution environments all determined the type of
marketing system

In Ethiopia selling of chickens and eggs are one of the functions of keeping free range
chickens by small holder farmers. Local chicken and eggs were taken by producer farmers to
the local and urban markets and sold to traders. According to Aklilu (2007), market access is

48
low with increased distance to the market for poor households. The price of live chickens and
eggs fluctuate seasonally, more demand on holidays and at the end of fasts season at that time
the price increased (Halima, 2007).

2.9.1. Marketing systems of village chicken and eggs in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia marketing chicken and eggs is one of the functions of keeping free range chickens
by smallholder farmers. Village chicken and eggs are sold in local and urban markets to
traders (collectors) or directly to consumers depending on the location of the farm dwelling.
According to Assefa (2007) and Halima (2007), smallholder village chicken owners found in
different parts of the country sell chicken and eggs to purchase food items, to cover school
fees, to get cash for grain milling services, to purchase improved seeds and to adjust flock
size. ILRI 1995 also reported that few farmers in central highlands of Ethiopia exchanged
their free range chicken for food and household items.

Most consumers in Ethiopia prefer to buy local chicken from village producers, since they are
considered to be tasty and better suited for preparation of the traditional chicken sauce
(locally called ‘doro wot’). Eggs from local chicken are often favored because of their deep
yellow colored yolks. As a result, free ranging local chicken are in higher demand and fetch
higher market prices in urban markets. According to Halima (2007), the price of chicken is
highly related to holy days, non-fasting season for the Orthodox Christians, plumage color,
comb type, size, age, sex, and market site and health status of chicken. The chicken and egg
marketing channels in the country are informal and poorly developed. Chicken and eggs are
sold to consumers within the villages, on roadsides and in local and urban markets (ILRI,
2015).

2.9.2. Feed related constraints chicken

In an unbalanced diet, with an excess protein, feed would, thus increasing chicken disease.
With low protein diets, chickens would take more time to grow, and could be at a higher risk
catching diseases. Layer feed ration to chicks it was high calcium content can seriously
damage their kidneys. And other problem is Price fluctuation, transport problem, information.

49
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Descriptions of Study Area

The study will be conducted in Debre Tabor town located in South Gonder Zone of the
Amhara region, North West Ethiopia. Debre Tabor town is located at the distance of 667 km
from Addis Ababa, and the geographically location of the study area is 11.83 o11.87o north
latitude and 37.98O to38.03oE longitude. The town is found at an altitude range between
2447m and 2838 m is Dega. The total population of Debre Tabor according to 2007 national
censes reported at this zone is 195,596.( Halefom & Teshome et al., 2018).

Figure 1: Debre Tabor Town, Ethiopia

3.2. Agro-ecology
The climatic condition of the study area is Dega having mean monthly annual temperature 10-
12oC or moderate temperate climate conditions. While the mean annual rainfall is 1553.7mm
and the elevation this study area is 2706 m (8878ft m.a.s.l. The climate is generally, sub

50
tropical with an extended dry period of nine to ten months and a maximum effective rainy
season of 50 to 60 days. The rainfall pattern is predominantly uni-modal (July or August).

3.3. Livestock population in and around Debre Tabor town

The livestock production is one of the major economic bases of the area. The total livestock
population in and around Debre Tabor town has total population of 19,235 and total land area
of 110.9km2 hectare. Also this town is well known in large number of livestock population:
total numbers of Cattle 1769 cattle, 1881 sheep, 109 goats, 52 horses, 184 mules, 258
donkeys, 14828 poultry, 65 beehive and 89 swine populations The main crop grown are
wheat, teff, potato are the staple food crop (Ethiopian Statistics Service web,2007).

3. 4. Sampling methods and Sample size

To determine the sample size, randomly sampling technique will be employed. three
representatives sample kebeles, will be selected from Debre Tabor town. Then total sampled
Kebeles 45 respondents will be selected and interviewed to collect data about poultry
production systems, available poultry feed resources, chicken population density, and chicken
marketing practices and poultry production constraints.

3.5. Data Collection Method

Both qualitative and quantitative data on poultry production systems, available poultry feed
resources, chicken population density, and chicken marketing practices and poultry
production constraints will be collected through purposely questionnaires.Personal
observations and focal group discussions will be also used to support and confirm the validity
of the data also collected using randomly and closed questionnaires.

3.6. Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics like mean, range and percentage will be used to analyze both the
quantitative and qualitative data. Table, graph and chart will be used to present the data

3.7. Expected Output

After accomplishment of this study the following outputs will be expected.

 Chicken production systems in the study area will be revealed.

 Chicken feeding system in the study area will be disclosed.
51
  The available feed resource for chicken in study area will be assessed.
 Chicken marketing system in the study area will be revealed.

4. WORK PLAN/SCHEDULE
Table 2 work plan

NO Description of activity Dece Janu Februar Marc April May June

mber ary y h

1. Selecting title of the proposal

2. Site selection

3. Meet with adviser

4. Contacting with farmers and

development agent

5. Data collection

6. Data processing and analysis

7. Report writing

8. First draft proposal writing and

submission

9. Final proposal writing and

submission

10. Report submission

11. Proposal presentation

12. Starting writing research

52
13. Data analyzing

14. Research submission

15. Research defense

5. LOGISTIC
5.1. Stationary Expense
Table 3 Stationary expenses

Items Periodic schedules

Units Quantity Birr Cent Total

1 Duplicating paper Pages 1 60 00 60

2 Note book No 4 30 00 120

3 Flash No 1 250 00 250

4 Pen No 5 20 00 100

5 Ruler No 1 20 00 20

6 Binder No 1 30 00 30

7 Printing Pages 30 3 00 90

670

53
 5.2. Transportation Expense

Table 4 Transportation expense

No From Person Number of No of Means of Cost/trip Total

person trip transporta cost
tion

1 Debre Tabor Students 4 5 Car 20 100

University

2 Debre Tabor Students 3 5 Car 20 100

University

3 Debre Tabor Students 2 4 Car 20 80

University

4 Total - - - - 280

5.3. Per Diem

Table 5 per Diem

No Person Number of Number of Daily cost Total

persons day

1 Student 1 14 20 280

Sub Total 3 840

54
5.4. Budget Summery

Table 6 Budget summery

No Types of items Amount(ETB)

1 Stationary expense 640
2 Transportation expense 280
3 Perdiem 840
Total - 1,760

55
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dissertation, Martin-Luther University. Halle-Wittenberg Germany.

Aberra M (2000). Comparative studies on performance and physiological responses of Ethiopian

indigenous ("Angete-melata") chicken and their F1 crosses to long term heat stress. PhD

Thesis. Martin-Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Berlin.

Aberra, M. and Tegene, N. 2007. Study on the characterization of local chicken in Southern

Ethiopia.

Aklilu .H.M., 2007.Village poultry in Ethiopia; socio-technical analysis and learning with

farmers. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands Yami, A.,

1995. Poultry production in Ethiopia.

Alders R (2004). Poultry for profit and pleasure. FAO diversification Booklet 3.FAO (Food

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Alemu Yami and Tadelle Dessie. (2015). The status of poultry research and development in Ethiopia.

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Research Center, Alemaya University of Agriculture, Ethiopia. pp. 62.

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Alemu, Y and Tadelle, D. (2010a, 2010b). Effects of different processing methods of bovine blood

on its value as a protein source in broiler rations. Ethiopian Journal of Animal production.

Alemu, Y. and Tadelle, D. (2001). The status of poultry research and development in Ethiopia,

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research center. Alemaya University of agriculture, Ethiopia

ANRS-BoARD (Amhara National Regional State, Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development)

(2006). Poultry Development and Marketing Strategy. Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

Ben Salem, H., Nefzaoui, A., Messaoudi, A. and Ben Arif, T. (2019). Ann. Zootech., 45 (1): 119.

Bogale, K., 2018. In situ characterization of local chicken eco-type for functional traits and

production system in Fogera district, Amahara regional state. M.Sc. Thesis submitted to the

department of animal science school of graduate studies, Haramaya University, pp: 107

Buchanan et al., 2007 Nutrient composition and digestibility of organic broiler diets and pasture

forages. The journal of applied poultry research.Vol.16, No.1.p.13-21.

Central Statistical Authority (CSA), 2014. Agricultural Sample Survey Vol. II. Statistical

Cheeke, 2005. P.R. 3rd ed. Pearson Prentice Hall; Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: 2005.

Livestock feeds and feeding.

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program. Community Forestry and Soil Conservation Development Department, Ministry of
Agric. FAO. Adis-Ababa, Ethiopia.

Consultation, E., & Headquarters, F. A. O. (2020). Impact of Animal Nutrition on Animal

Welfare.
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 CSA [Central Statistical Agency- Ethiopia (2015/15[2008 E.C.]): Agricultural sample survey:

Livestock and livestock characteristics.

DZARC (Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre), (2005): Annual Research Report. Debre Zeit,

Ethiopia.

Ebsa, Y. A., Harpal, S., & Negia, G. G. (2019). Challenges and chicken production status of poultry

producers in Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Poultry science, 98(11), 5452-5455.

Fikre, A. 2010. Base line data on chicken population, productivity, husbandry, feeding and

constraints in four peasant associations in Ambo Wereda. Department of Animal Sciences,

Ambo College of Agriculture, Ambo, Ethiopia.

Gausi, A., Safalaoh, J., Banda, D. and Ongola, N. 2014. Characterization of small

holder poultry marketing systems in rural Malingunde: a case study of

Malingunde extension planning area; Nt Chell University of Malawi, Bunda

College of Agriculture, Lion

Gororo, E., & Kashangura, M. T. (2016). Broiler production in an urban and peri-urban area of

Zimbabwe. Development Southern Africa, 33(1), 99-112.

Halefom, Afera & Teshome, Asirat & Sisay, Ermias & Ahmad, Imran. (2018). Dynamics of Land

Use and Land Cover Change Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study of Debre Tabor

Town, South Gondar, Ethiopia. Journal of Geographic Information System. 10. 165-174.

10.4236/jgis.2018.102008.

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Halima HM(2007). Phonotypic and genetic characterization of indigenous chicken populations in

Northwest Ethiopia.

Halima,(2007).The price of live chickens and eggs fluctuate seasonally, more demand on holidays

and at the end of fasts season at that time the price increased

Horsted, K. 2006. Increased forage in organic layers .PhD Thesis. Department of Agro ecology,

University of Aarhus. Faculty of Agricultural sciences. .

Hoyle, E. 2012. Small-scale poultry keeping in Welaita, North Omo region. Technical pumpblet No.

3 Farmers Research Project (FRP). Farm Africa Addis Ababa ILRI (International Livestock

Research Institute). 2000. Handbook of livestock statistics for developing countries. Socio‐

economic and Policy Research Working Paper 26. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya. 299 pp.

ILRI [International Livestock Research Institution. (2015)]. Livestock policy analysis. ILRI training

manual 2. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya.

Jackie,L.2013. Feed savings and a ready supply of a whole range of nutrients are the advantages of

free-range systems

Kena, Y., Legesse, D., and Alemu, Y. 2012. Poultry marketing: structure, spatial

variations and determinants of prices in Eastern Shewa zone, Ethiopia. Ethiopian

Agricultural Research Organization, Debrezeit Research Center.

Kondombo, S.R. (2005). Improvement of village chicken production in a mixed (chicken-ram)

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 Mengesha, M., 2011 Climate change and preference of rearing poultry for the demands of

protein foods. Asia J.poultry.Sci. 5: 135-143.

Negussie, D., (2008): Evaluation of the performance of local, Rhode Island Red and

Fayoumi breeds of chicken under different management regimes in the highlands of

Ethiopia’s. Thesis, Swedish university of Agricultural sciences, Uppsala. DC, USA.

Solomon, D., 2008. Comparative nutritive value of Atella and industrial brewers grains in

chicken starter ration in Ethiopia

Permin& Pedersen, (2000), Gueye, (2005).traditional family –based ILRI (International

Livestock Research Institute). 1995. Livestock policy analysis. ILRI Training Manual 2.ILRI,

Nairobi, Kenya.

Reddy, C.V. and S.Qudratullah, 2006.Strategic feeding supplementation through locally

available resources. Proceeding of the 20th World’s poultry congress, September

Rivera-Ferre et al (2007). Herbage intake and use of out door area by organic broilers: effect of

vegetation type and shelter addition. NJAS-Wageningen Journal of life sciences. Vol.

Solomon D (2007) Suitability of hay-box brooding technology to rural household poultry

production system. Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,

Jimma, Ethiopia.

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 Solomon, D. 2014. Egg production performance of local and white leghorn hens under

intensive and rural household conditions in Ethiopia. Jimma College of

agriculture p.obox.307,Jimma, Ethiopia.

Solomon, D., (2007, 2008) .Poultry research and development efforts at Jimma and Alemaya,

Ethiopia.

Tadelle D, Million T, Alemu Y and Peters KJ. 2003a. Village chicken production systems in

Ethiopia: Use patterns and performance valuation and chicken products and socio-economic

functions of chicken. Livestock Research for Rural Development (15)1. (Available from

http://www.lrrd.org/ lrrd15/1/tadeb151.htm) (Accessed on 1 September 2010).

Tadelle D. and Ogle B., (2016 b).Village poultry production systems in the central highlands of

Ethiopia. Tropical animal health and production. 33(6), 521-537.

Tadelle Dessie and B.Ogle 2016. Studies on village poultry production systems in the

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Southern Ethiopia. Sinet: Ethiopian journal of Science.

Tadelle, D., and Ogle, B., (2016 a). Nutrional status of village Poultry in the central highlands of

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competition with human food.

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 7. APPENDIX
 Questionnaires

This questionnaire is aimed at addressing the necessary information related to assess the feed
resource availability and marketing system of chicken in shire town, and we are interested to
assure you that the information you provide will be kept confidential. Therefore, we request
you to answer the following questions responsibly.

I. General information

Name of the interviewer: _________________________Signature: __________Date: ____

Address of household head

Tabia___________ Kushner _________________

II. Household Characteristics

1. Age of household head ___________________________________

2. Sex of household head_____________ 1. Male 2. Female
3. Marital status 1. Single 2. Married 3. Divorced, 4. Widowed
4. Educational status A. Illiterate B. Can read & write C. Primary School D. High school
E. TVET F. College/University

5. Family size

62
 Below 15 65 years and above
Sex years 15-35 years 36-64 years

Male

Female

III. Livelihood structure of households

1. What is your main Means of livelihood source?

A. Agriculture
B. Mining
C. Seasonal migration
D. Skilled labor
E. Unskilled labor
F. Others (Specify)
2. Years of experience in poultry production ________

Livestock holding

Rol.no Livestock type No

1 Chicken

2 Cattle

3 Sheep

4 Goat

5 Donkey

6 Horse

63
IV. Basic information

Available feed resources of chickens

✓ Do you have chickens? Yes or No

1. What Purpose of Chickens Productions? A) Meat B) egg C) cash income

D) Other purpose

2. Do you feed trough? Types of feed trough?

3What are you sourcing of feed for your chickens?

Table1. Locally available feed resources in your locality

R.no Feed type Source

4. Do you give supplementary feeds for your chickens?

If yes what kind of feeds do you supply?

Table2. Supplementary feed resources

R.no Feed Source

type

64
When you feed your chicken?

A) Morning B) After noon C) Both morning and afternoon D) at all times

2. How many times do you feed your chickens feed per day?

Once per day B) Twice per day C) three times or more at all time

B) Marketing system of chicken

Do you sale chickens? Yes or No

If yes where?

A) Local market

B) Farm gate

C) Urban market

D) In every long trade market

E) Another place

3. When do you sale your chicken and egg?

A. At a time of cash need.

B. During festival.
C. At time out break.
65
 D. During cropping season.

4. To whom do you sale egg?

A. Retile

B. Consumer

C. exporters

D. Other

C. Other related problems

1. Do you face with feed related problems?

Yes or No

If yes what are the main constraints?

A) Price fluctuation

B) Transportation problem

C) Lack of information

D) Poor extension service

2. What any other problems do you observe regarding chicken feeds?

Indicate according to their Order of importance?

66
67