Christian
Christian
Christian
Learning Outcome(s): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to perform addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, composition of functions, and solve problems
involving functions.
What’s In
PRE-REQUISITE SKILLS:
Basic knowledge of algebra is required such as simplifying expressions, factoring
and the like.
Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-pemdas-definition-rule-examples.html
What is It
𝟏 𝟐
Example 1. Find the sum of and
𝟑 𝟓
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1 2
Example 2. Find the sum of and
𝑥−3 𝑥−5
1 2 1(𝑥 − 5) 2(𝑥 − 3) 𝑥 − 5 + 2𝑥 − 6 3𝑥 − 11
+ = 2 + 2 = 2 = 2
𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 15 𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 15 𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 15 𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 15
RECALL: Multiplication
10 15
Example 3. Find the product of and .
21 8
Solution.
Express the numerators and denominators of the two fractions into their
prime factors. Multiply and simplify out common factors in the
numerator and the denominator to reduce the final answer to lowest
terms.
10 15 2 ● 5 3 ● 5 25
● = ● =
21 8 3 ● 7 2 ● 4 28
𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
Example 4. Find the product of and .
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 𝑥 2 −3𝑥−10
Solution.
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)
● = ●
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2)
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 3)
= ●
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
=
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2
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RECALL: Division
To divide two fractions or rational expressions, multiply the dividend with the
reciprocal of the divisor.
2𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−8
Example 5. Divide 2𝑥2 +7𝑥+5 and 2𝑥2 −3𝑥−20
Solution:
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 20
÷ = ●
2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 20 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 5 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8
(2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) (2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 4)
= ●
(2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4)
(2𝑥 − 3)
=
(𝑥 + 1)
Definition.
(𝑓●𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥 )●𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓
4. Their quotient, denoted by , is the function denoted by
𝑔
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
(𝑔) (𝑥 ) = 𝑔(𝑥) , excluding the values of x where 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 0.
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Use the following functions below for Example 5
❖ 𝒇(𝒙 ) = 𝒙 + 𝟑
❖ 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕
❖ 𝒗(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒
❖ 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖
𝒙+𝟕
❖ 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟐−𝒙
𝒙+𝟐
❖ 𝒕(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟑
a) (𝑣 + 𝑔)(𝑥)
b) (𝑓 ● 𝑝)(𝑥 )
c) (𝑓 + ℎ)(𝑥 )
d) (𝑝 − 𝑓)(𝑥)
𝑣
e) (𝑔) (𝑥)
Solution:
a. (𝑣 + 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = (x 2 + 5x + 4) + (x 2 + 2x − 8)
= 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8
= 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 4
b. (𝑓 ● 𝑝)(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 7) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 21
𝒙+𝟕
c. (𝑓 + ℎ)(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 3) + 𝟐−𝒙
(𝑥 + 3)(2 − 𝑥) 𝑥 + 7 (𝑥 + 3)(2 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑥 + 7
= + =
2−𝑥 2−𝑥 2−𝑥
6 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7 13 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 − 13
= = =
2−𝑥 2−𝑥 𝑥−2
d. (𝑝 − 𝑓 )(𝑥 ) = (2𝑥 − 7) − (𝑥 + 3) = 2𝑥 − 7 − 𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥 − 10
Applying operations on functions may be quite confusing but as soon as you fully
learn the concept, you can derive strategies to simplify functions easily.
For further understanding on this lesson, watch the video using the link below,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIbAiPUrtvQ
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Definition.
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be functions.
The composite function denoted by 𝑓 ○ 𝑔 is defined by
𝑓 ○ 𝑔 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )).
𝑞(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ⌊𝑥 ⌋ + 1
Solution:
Solution:
= 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 − 4𝑥 − 2 + 2
= 4𝑥 2 + 1
Solution:
2𝑥 + 1
𝑓 ○ 𝑝 (𝑥 ) = 2 ( )+1
𝑥−1
(4𝑥 + 2) + (𝑥 − 1) 5𝑥 + 1
= =
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
Example 10: Find and simplify 𝐹 ○ 𝑝 (5)
Solution:
2(5) + 1 11
𝐹 ○ 𝑝 (5) = ⌊ ⌋+1= +1=2+1=3
5−1 4
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PROBLEMS INVOLVING FUNCTIONS
Example 11
Suppose that 𝑁(𝑥) = 𝑥 denotes the number of shirts sold by a shop, and the
selling price per shirt is given by 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 – 𝟓𝒙, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20. Find
(𝑁 ● 𝑝)(𝑥) and describe what it represents.
Solution:
Example 12
Solution:
4 4
(𝑔 ○ 𝑟) = 𝑔(𝑟(𝑡) = 𝜋𝑟(3𝑡)3 = 𝜋(27𝑡 3 ) = 36𝜋𝑡 3 . This
3 3
function represents the volume of the balloon at time t
seconds.
What’s More
Activity 3: We Co-Operate
1
b) Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥, find
1. 𝑓 ○ 𝑔 (𝑥 )
2. 𝑔 ○ 𝑓(−1)
3. 𝑓 ○ 𝑓 (𝑥 )
4. 𝑔 ○ 𝑔(5)
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c) Evaluate the following composition of functions.
Given :
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑥2
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3
1. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
2. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)
3. (ℎ ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
4. (𝑓 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥)
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