practical 1:implementation of DDL commands of SQL with suitable example.

1.create table

2.alter table

3.drop table

#Create a table with name Department:

SQL: create table Dept(

Deptno int,

Dname varchar(10),

loc varchar(4),

primary key(Deptno)

);

OUTPUT: Table created.

#Rename the table Dept with Department:

SQL: Alter table Dept Rename to Department;

OUTPUT:

Table altered.

#To insert the values in the table:

SQL: insert into Department( Deptno, Dname,loc )values(1,'Devlopment','nash');

insert into Department( Deptno, Dname,loc )values(2,'Testing','pune');

insert into Department( Deptno, Dname,loc )values(3,'production','pimp');

insert into Department( Deptno, Dname,loc )values(4,'management','pune');

insert into Department( Deptno, Dname,loc )values(5,'marketing','goa');

insert into Department( Deptno, Dname,loc )values(6,'HR','USA');

insert into Department( Deptno, Dname,loc )values(7,'Sales','UK');

 insert into Department( Deptno, Dname,loc )values(8,'Sr.maneger','mumb');

OUTPUT: 1 row(s) inserted.

#Display the Table:

SQL: select *from Department;

OUTPUT:

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

1 Devlopment nash

2 Testing pune

3 production pimp

4 management pune

5 marketing goa

6 HR USA

7 Sales UK

8 Sr.maneger mumb

#Add the new column pincode with not null constraint to the existing
thable Department:
SQL: Alter table Department Add(pincode number(6));

OUTPUT: desc Department;

Table Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable
Default Comment

DEPARTMENT DEPTNO Number - - 0 1 -

- -
 DNAME Varchar2 10 - - - nullable -
-

LOC Varchar2 4 - - - nullable -

-

PINCODE Number - 6 0 - nullable -

-

1-4

#Drop table location:

SQL: Alter table Department drop column loc cascade constraints;

OUTPUT:

Table dropped.

#Rename Dname to DeptName

SQL:

Alter table Department Rename column Dname to deptName;

OUTPUT:

Table altered.

SQL:

desc Department;

OUTPUT:

Table Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable
Default Comment

DEPARTMENT DEPTNO Number - - 0 1 -

- -
 DEPTNAMEVarchar2 10 - - - nullable -
-

PINCODE Number - 6 0 - nullable -

-

1-3

#Delete The table

SQL: drop table Department;

OUTPUT:

Table dropped.

practical no:2 implementation of DML commands of SQL with suitable examples.

1.insert

2.update
3.delete

1. Create a table EMPLOYEE with following schema:

(Emp_no, E_name, E_address, E_ph_no, Dept_no, Dept_name,Job_id, Salary)
SQL:
create table EMPLOYE1(

EMP_NO INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,

E_NAME VARCHAR(20),

E_ADDRESS VARCHAR(20),

E_PH NUMBER(10),

DEPT_NO VARCHAR(10),

DEPT_NAME VARCHAR(15),

JOB_ID CHAR(10),

SALARY NUMBER(20)

);

2.Insert values into the table

SQL:

insert into EMPLOYE1( EMP_NO,E_NAME,E_ADDRESS, E_PH, DEPT_NO,DEPT_NAME,JOB_ID,

SALARY)VALUES(1,'RAM','NAshik',2545256,1,'devlopment','Jr',25000);

insert into EMPLOYE1( EMP_NO,E_NAME,E_ADDRESS, E_PH, DEPT_NO,DEPT_NAME,JOB_ID,

SALARY)VALUES(2,'Raghu','Pune',2548541,2,'testing','Sr',55000);

insert into EMPLOYE1( EMP_NO,E_NAME,E_ADDRESS, E_PH, DEPT_NO,DEPT_NAME,JOB_ID,

SALARY)VALUES(3,'Raghunat','Mumbai',5147896,3,'Networking','Sr',40000);
insert into EMPLOYE1( EMP_NO,E_NAME,E_ADDRESS, E_PH, DEPT_NO,DEPT_NAME,JOB_ID,
SALARY)VALUES(4,'vishnu','Navi Mumbai',4225864,4,'Technical','Jr',60000);

insert into EMPLOYE1( EMP_NO,E_NAME,E_ADDRESS, E_PH, DEPT_NO,DEPT_NAME,JOB_ID,

SALARY)VALUES(5,'Swami','solapur',2458751,5,'management','Sr',70000);

insert into EMPLOYE1( EMP_NO,E_NAME,E_ADDRESS, E_PH, DEPT_NO,DEPT_NAME,JOB_ID,

SALARY)VALUES(6,'Sujal','sinnar',9855123,6,'web design','Jr',80000);

insert into EMPLOYE1( EMP_NO,E_NAME,E_ADDRESS, E_PH, DEPT_NO,DEPT_NAME,JOB_ID,

SALARY)VALUES(7,'tejas','Germany',7542587,7,'Management','Sr',90000);

3.Display Table:
EMP_NO E_NAME E_ADDRESS E_PH DEPT_NO DEPT_NAME JOB_ID SALARY

1 RAM Nashik 2545256 1 devlopment Jr 25000

2 Raghu Pune 2548541 2 testing Sr 55000

3 Raghunat Mumbai 5147896 3 Networking Sr 40000

4 vishnu Navi Mumbai 4225864 4 Technical Jr 60000

5 Swami solapur 2458751 5 management Sr 70000

6 Sujal sinnar 9855123 6 web design Jr 80000

4.UPDATE A ROW IN A TBALE

SQL

UPDATE EMPLOYE1

SET E_NAME = 'Tejas', DEPT_NAME= 'Jr'

WHERE EMP_NO = 5;

OUTPUT
EMP_NO E_NAME E_ADDRESS E_PH DEPT_NO DEPT_NAME JOB_ID SALARY

1 RAM Nashik 2545256 1 devlopment

Jr 25000

2 Raghu Pune 2548541 2 testing Sr 55000

3 Raghunat Mumbai 5147896 3 Networking Sr 40000

4 vishnu Navi Mumbai 4225864 4 Technical Jr 60000

5 Tejas solapur 2458751 5 Jr Sr 70000

6 Sujal sinnar 9855123 6 web design Jr 80000

5.Select querry:
SQL:

select E_NAME , SALARY from EMPLOYE1

OUTPUT:

E_NAME SALARY

RAM 25000

Raghu 55000

Raghunat 40000

vishnu 60000

Tejas 70000

Sujal 80000

#Delete The table

SQL: drop table EMPLOYE1;

OUTPUT:

Table dropped.

Practical 3rd:implementation of different types of function with suitable example.

1.number function

2.aggregate function

3.character function

4.conversion function
5.date function

1st

List the E_no, E_name, Salary of all employees working for MANAGER

select eno,ename,salary

from emp1

where designation='Manager';

ENO ENAME SALARY

---------- ---------- ----------

1 Hrishikesh 15000

2 Soham 25000

2nd

Display all the details of the employee whose salary is more than the Sal of any IT PROFF..

select * from emp1

where salary>(select salary from emp1 where dname='IT')

3rd

List the employees in the ascending order of Designations of those joined after 1981.

select * from emp1

where doj>'01-jan-1981'

order by designation

ENAME

----------
Ramesh

Rohan

mahesh

sumit

tanmay

Soham

Hrishikesh

4th

List the employees along with their Experience and Daily Salary.

select ename,salary/30 as dailysal,SYSDATE - doj as expiriance from emp1

ENAME DAILYSAL EXPIRIANCE

---------- ---------- ----------

Hrishikesh 500 4210.48289

Soham 833.333333 4210.48289

Mohit 333.333333 24664.4829

Rohan 833.333333 1228.48289

Ramesh 700 863.482894

sumit 700 15412.4829

tanmay 700 15196.4829

mahesh 700 15182.4829

mahesh 700 15880.4829

5th

List the employees who are either ‘CLERK’ or ‘ANALYST’ .

select * from emp1

where designation='Clerk'

or designation='Analyst'

ENO ENAME ADDRESS PHONE DEPTNO

---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------

DNAME JOBID DESIGNATION SALARY DOJ

-------------------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------

4 Rohan Mumbai 113455662 4

IT 102 Clerk 25000 01-MAR-20

5 Ramesh Pune 113452662 5

IT 103 Analyst 21000 01-MAR-21

6 sumit Pune 113456662 5

Management 104 Clerk 21000 01-MAY-81

ENO ENAME ADDRESS PHONE DEPTNO

---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------

DNAME JOBID DESIGNATION SALARY DOJ

-------------------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------

7 tanmay Pune 113456602 3

Sales 104 Clerk 21000 03-DEC-81

8 mahesh Pune 113456601 4

Purchase 104 Clerk 21000 17-DEC-81

6th

List the employees who joined on 1-MAY-81, 3-DEC-81, 17-DEC-81,19-JAN-80 .

select * from emp1

where doj in ('1-MAY-81', '3-DEC-81', '17-DEC-81','19-JAN-80')

order by doj

ENO ENAME ADDRESS PHONE DEPTNO

---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------

DNAME JOBID DESIGNATION SALARY DOJ

-------------------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------

9 mahesh Pune 113456601 4

Purchase 104 Accountant 21000 19-JAN-80

6 sumit Pune 113456662 5

Management 104 Clerk 21000 01-MAY-81

7 tanmay Pune 113456602 3

Sales 104 Clerk 21000 03-DEC-81

8 mahesh Pune 113456601 4

Purchase 104 Clerk 21000 17-DEC-81

7th

List the employees who are working for the Deptno 4 or 5.

select ename from emp1 where deptno=4 or deptno=5

ENAME

--------

Rohan

Ramesh

sumit

mahesh

mahesh

8th

List the Enames those are starting with ‘S’ .

select ename from emp1

where ename like 'S%

ENAME

----------

Soham'

9th

Display the name as well as the first five characters of name(s) starting with ‘H’

select ename from emp1

where ename like 'H%'

ENAME

----------
Hrishikesh

10

List all the emps except ‘PRESIDENT’ & ‘MGR” in asc order of Salaries.(JOA,ANALY MENTION IN RECORDS)

select ename from emp1

where designation not in('Joa','Analyst')

order by salary

ENAME

----------

Ramesh

Rohan

mahesh

sumit

tanmay

Soham

Hrishikesh

practical 4:implementation of different types of operators in sql

1.arithmatic operator

2.logical operator

3.comparison operator

4.special operator

5.set operator
create table emp2(eid int primary key,ename varchar(20),deptid int references dept(deptid))

insert into emp2 values(1,'Mohit',1);

select * from emp2

1st: Display all the dept numbers available with the dept and emp tables avoiding duplicates.

select deptid from dept union select deptid from emp2

DEPTID

----------

10

2nd:Display all the dept numbers available with the dept and emp tables.

select deptid from emp2 union all select deptid from dept

DEPTID

----------------

3
3

10

3rd:Display all the dept numbers available in emp and not in dept tables and vice versa.

select deptid from dept minus select deptid from emp2

DEPTID

----------

10

select deptid from emp2 minus select deptid from dept

no rows selected

practical 5th:implementation of different types of joins.

1.inner join

2.outer join

3.natural join...etc

create table sailor(sid int primary key, sname varchar(20), rating int, age int)

create table boats (bid int primary key, bname varchar(20), color varchar(20))

create table reserve(sid int references sailor(sid), bid int references boats(bid), day date)

1. Find all information of sailors who have reserved boat number 101

select *

from sailor s

left join reserve r on s.sid=r.sid

where r.bid=101

SID SNAME RATING AGE SID BID DAY

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------

101 Jhon 8 32 101 101 14-JAN-23

104 Wood 9 21 104 101 18-JAN-23

2. Find the name of boat reserved by Bob.

SELECT b.bname

FROM sailor s
JOIN reserve r ON s.sid = r.sid

JOIN boats b ON r.bid = b.bid

WHERE s.sname = 'Bob';

BNAME

--------------------

Big boat

Small_ship

Small_ship

3.Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red boat, and list in the order of age

SELECT s.sname

FROM sailor s

JOIN reserve r ON s.sid = r.sid

JOIN boats b ON r.bid = b.bid

WHERE b.color = 'red'

order by age';

SNAME

-----------

Bob

4.Find the names of sailors who have reserved at least one boat.

SELECT distinct s.sname

FROM sailor s

LEFT JOIN reserve r ON s.sid = r.sid

SNAME

--------------------

Wood

Bob

Jhon

David

5. Find the ids and names of sailors who have reserved two different boats on the same day.

SELECT s.sid, s.sname

FROM sailor s

JOIN reserve r1 ON s.sid = r1.sid

JOIN reserve r2 ON s.sid = r2.sid AND r1.day = r2.day AND r1.bid <> r2.bid

SID SNAME

---------- --------------------

101 Jhon

102 Bob

101 Jhon

102 Bob

6. Find the ids of sailors who have reserved a red boat or a green boat.

select distinct sailor.sid,sname from sailor,boats,reserve where boats.bid=reserve.bid and sailor.sid=reserve.sid

and color='red' or color='green'

SID SNAME

---------- --------------------

102 Bob

103 David
 101 Jhon

104 Wood

7. Find the name and the age of the youngest sailor.

SELECT s.sname, s.age

FROM sailor s

WHERE s.age = (SELECT MIN(age) FROM sailor)

SNAME AGE

-------------------- ----------

Wood 21

8. Count the number of different sailor names.

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT s.sname)

FROM sailor s;

COUNT(DISTINCTS.SNAME)

----------------------

9. Find the average age of sailors for each rating level.

SELECT rating, AVG(age) AS average_age

FROM sailor

GROUP BY rating;

RATING AVERAGE_AGE

---------- -----------

8 29

7 46
 9 21

10. Find the average age of sailors for each rating level that has at least two sailors.

SELECT rating, AVG(age) AS average_age

FROM sailor

GROUP BY rating

HAVING COUNT(sid) >= 2

RATING AVERAGE_AGE

---------- -----------

8 29

Practical 6:study and implementation of

1.group by and having clause

2.orderby clause

3.indexing

1. Display total salary spent for each job category.

select sum(salary),dname from dept,emp2 where dept.deptid=emp2.deptid group by dname

SUM(SALARY) DNAME

----------- --------------------

40000 Administration

40000 Purchasing

12000 Human Resources

38000 IT

2. Display lowest paid employee details under each manager.]

select min(salary) from dept,emp2 where dept.deptid=emp2.deptid group by manager

MIN(SALARY)

-----------

20000

12000

14000

3. Display number of employees working in each department and their department name

select count(*),dname from emp2,dept where dept.deptid=emp2.deptid group by dname

COUNT(*) DNAME

--------- --------------------

2 Administration

2 Purchasing

1 Human Resources

2 IT

4. Display the details of employees sorting the salary in increasing order

select * from emp2 order by(salary) desc

EID ENAME DEPTID SALARY

---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------

7 rahul 5 24000

2 sumit 1 20000

3 rohan 3 20000

1 Mohit 1 20000

4 mohan 3 20000
 6 soham 5 14000

5 khushi 4 12000

5. Show the record of employee earning salary greater than 16000 in each department.

select * from dept,emp2 where dept.deptid=emp2.deptid and salary>16000 group by dname group by dname

DEPTID DNAME LOC PINCODE

---------- -------------------- -------------------- ----------

MANAGER EID ENAME DEPTID SALARY

-------------------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------

1 Administration Nashik 422007

Soham 1 Mohit 1 20000

3 Purchasing Nashik 422007

Mohit 3 rohan 3 20000

5 IT Mumbai 411002

Rahul 7 rahul 5 24000

practical no 7:study and implementation of

1.subquerries

2.views

create table sailor(sid int primary key, sname varchar(20), rating int, age int)

create table boats (bid int primary key, bname varchar(20), color varchar(20))
create table reserve(sid int references sailor(sid), bid int references boats(bid), day date)

1. Find all information of sailors who have reserved boat number 101

select * from sailor s,reserve r where s.sid=r.sid and r.bid=101

SID SNAME RATING AGE SID BID DAY

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------

101 Jhon 8 32 101 101 14-JAN-23

104 Wood 9 21 104 101 18-JAN-23

2. Find the name of boat reserved by Bob.

select bname from sailor,boats,reserve where boats.bid=reserve.bid and sname='Bob'

BNAME

------------------

Small_boat

Big boat

Small_ship

Small_ship

Small_boat

Small_ship

Small_ship

3.Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red boat, and list in the order of age

select sname,age from sailor,boats,reserve where boats.bid=reserve.bid and sailor.sid=reserve.sid and

color='red' order by age

SNAME AGE

-------------------- ----------

Bob 26
4.Find the names of sailors who have reserved at least one boat.

select distinct sname from sailor,reserve where sailor.sid=reserve.sid

SNAME

------

Wood

Bob

Jhon

5. Find the ids and names of sailors who have reserved two different boats on the same day.

SELECT s.sid, s.sname

FROM sailor s

JOIN reserve r1 ON s.sid = r1.sid

JOIN reserve r2 ON s.sid = r2.sid AND r1.day = r2.day AND r1.bid <> r2.bid

SID SNAME

---------- --------------------

101 Jhon

102 Bob

101 Jhon

102 Bob

6. Find the ids of sailors who have reserved a red boat or a green boat.

select distinct sailor.sid,sname from sailor,boats,reserve where boats.bid=reserve.bid and sailor.sid=reserve.sid

and color='red' or color='green'

SID SNAME
------ ------

102 Bob

103 David

101 Jhon

104 Wood

7. Find the name and the age of the youngest sailor.

select sname,age from sailor where age=(select min(age) from sailor)

SNAME AGE -------------------- ---------- Wood 21

8. Count the number of different sailor names.

select distinct(sname) from sailor

SNAME

------

Wood

Bob

Jhon

David

9. Find the average age of sailors for each rating level.

select avg(age),rating from sailor group by rating

AVG(AGE) RATING

---------- ----------

29 8

46 7

21 9

10. Find the average age of sailors for each rating level that has at least two sailors.
select avg(age),rating from sailor group by rating having count(*)>1;

AVG(AGE) RATING

---------- ----------

29 8

practical 8: study and implementation of plsql

.....no queries and output....

practical 9:study and implementation of sql cursor

1.cursor without parameter:

declare

cursor empdetail is select * from emp2;

empd emp2%rowtype;

begin

open empdetail;

DBMS_output.put_line('Emp Data:');

loop

fetch empdetail into empd;

exit when empdetail%notfound;

DBMS_output.put_line('Eno:'||empd.eid);

DBMS_output.put_line('Name'||empd.ename);

DBMS_output.put_line('Salary'||empd.salary);

end loop;

close empdetail;

end;

/
output:

Emp Data:

Eno:1

NameMohit

Salary20000

Eno:2

Namesumit

Salary20000

Eno:3

Namerohan

Salary20000

Eno:4

Namemohan

Salary20000

Eno:5

Namekhushi

Salary12000

Eno:6

Namesoham

Salary14000

Eno:7

Namerahul

Salary24000

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

2.cursor with parameter:

create or replace procedure e(eid in number)

is

cursor c1(eno number) is select * from emp2 where eid=eno;

empd emp2%rowtype;

begin

DBMS_output.put_line('Emp Data:');

for empd in c1(eid)

loop

DBMS_output.put_line('Eno:'||empd.eid);

DBMS_output.put_line('Name'||empd.ename);

DBMS_output.put_line('Salary'||empd.salary);

end loop;

output:

SQL> exec e(1);

Emp Data:

Eno:1

NameMohit

Salary20000

practical 10:study and implementation of sql function and procedure.

create procedure add4 (no1 in number,no2 in number)

is

begin
 DBMS_output.put_line("Addition:"||no1+no2);

end;

create or replace procedure welcome(pname in varchar2)

is

begin

DBMS_output.put_line("Welcome:"||pname);

end;

create or replace function box(no1 in number,no2 in number) return n3 number

is

begin

n3 :=no1+no2;

return n3;

end;