SURVEY ON DIABETES MELLITUS

A practice school report submitted

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (PRACTICE)

By
Pankaj Yadav
(221405001)

Under Supervision of

Dr. Farah Deeba,

SGT College of Pharmacy, Gurugram

SHREE GURU GOBIND SINGH TRICENTENARY UNIVESITY,

GURUGRAM, HARYANA, INDIA
JUNE 2023
 CERTIFICATE

This is certified that the Assignment/ project entitled “SURVEY ON

DIABETES MELLITUS”, submitted by Pankaj Yadav (221405001) in partial
fulfillment of Practice School, course code- for the Degree of BACHELOR
OF PHARMACY (PRACTICE), session 2022-23 is his work carried out under our
supervision and guidance.

Dr. Farah Deeba,

Assistant Professor,
SGT College of Pharmacy,
Gurugram
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the
best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material which to a substantial
extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the
university or other institution of higher learning, except where due
acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Pankaj Yadav
221405001
B Pharmacy Practice 1st year
SGT College of Pharmacy
SGT University, Gurugram
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude and sincere thanks to my mentor Dr.

Farah Deeba, Assistant Professor, SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University,
Gurugram for her support guidance, encouragement and cooperation during
my project work.
I deeply acknowledge the support and valuable guidance rendered to
me from time to again by Prof. (Dr.) Vijay Bhalla, Dean, SGT College of
Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram.
I further extend my sincere gratitude to all my teachers and friends for
their kind cooperation and support during my assignment/project work.

Pankaj Yadav
221405001
B Pharmacy Practice 1st year
SGT College of Pharmacy
SGT University, Gurugram
Table of Content:-

Sr. No. Content Page No.

1. Introduction

2. Objective of Study

3. Literature Review

4. Materials and Methods of Diagnosis

5. Results and Discussion

6. Conclusion
 Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar.

Your body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t effectively use the
insulin it makes. Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how
the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy
for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It's also the brain's main
source of fuel.

The hormone insulin moves sugar from the blood into your cells to be
stored or used for energy. If this malfunctions, you may have diabetes. The
main cause of diabetes varies by type. But no matter what type of diabetes you
have, it can lead to excess sugar in the blood. Too much sugar in the blood can
lead to serious health problems.

Untreated high blood sugar from diabetes can damage your nerves,
eyes, kidneys, and other organs. But educating yourself about diabetes and
taking steps to prevent or manage it can help you protect your health.
 Objective of Study

Hyperglycaemia, also called raised blood glucose or raised blood sugar,

is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious
damage to many of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood
vessels.

As per WHO, In 2014, 8.5% of adults aged 18 years and older had
diabetes. In 2019, diabetes was the direct cause of 1.5 million deaths and 48%
of all deaths due to diabetes occurred before the age of 70 years. Another
4,60,000 kidney disease deaths were caused by diabetes, and raised blood
glucose causes around 20% of cardiovascular deaths.

Between 2000 and 2019, there was a 3% increase in age-standardized

mortality rates from diabetes. In lower-middle-income countries, the mortality
rate due to diabetes increased 13%.

By contrast, the probability of dying from any one of the four main non-
communicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory
diseases or diabetes) between the ages of 30 and 70 decreased by 22% globally
between 2000 and 2019.
 Literature Review

Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does
not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin
it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose.

Types of diabetes:

There are a few different types of diabetes:

Type 1: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. The immune system

attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas, where insulin is made. It’s unclear
what causes this attack.

Type 2: Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body becomes resistant

to insulin, and sugar builds up in your blood. It’s the most common type—
about 90% to 95%Trusted Source of people living with diabetes have type 2.

Gestational: Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar during pregnancy.

Insulin-blocking hormones produced by the placenta cause this type of
diabetes.

A rare condition called diabetes insipidus is not related to diabetes

mellitus, although it has a similar name. It’s a different condition in which your
kidneys remove too much fluid from your body.

Each type of diabetes has unique symptoms, causes, and treatments.

Symptoms of diabetes:

Diabetes symptoms are caused by rising blood sugar.

General symptoms:
 The symptoms of type 1, type 2 are the same, but they occur in a shorter
period than types 2 and 1.5. In type 2, the onset tends to be slower. Tingling
nerves and slow-healing sores are more common in type 2.

Left untreated, type 1, in particular, can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis.

This is when there is a dangerous level of ketones in the body. It’s less common
in other types of diabetes, but still possible.

The general symptoms of diabetes include:

 Increased Hunger
 Increased Thirst
 Weight Loss
 Frequent Urination
 Blurry Vision
 Extreme Fatigue
 Sores That Don’t Heal

Symptoms in men:

In addition to the general symptoms of diabetes, men with diabetes may

have:

 A Decreased Sex Drive

 Erectile Dysfunction
 Poor Muscle Strength

Symptoms in women:

Women with diabetes can have symptoms such as:

 Vaginal Dryness
 Urinary Tract Infections
 Yeast Infections
 Dry, Itchy Skin
 Gestational diabetes:

Most people who develop gestational diabetes don’t have any

symptoms. Healthcare professionals often detect the condition during a
routine blood sugar test or oral glucose tolerance test, which is usually
performed between the 24th and 28th weeks of pregnancy.

In rare cases, a person with gestational diabetes will also experience

increased thirst or urination.
 Materials and Methods of Diagnosis

Anyone who has symptoms of diabetes or is at risk for the condition

should be tested. People are routinely tested for gestational diabetes during
their second trimester or third trimester of pregnancy.

Doctors use these blood tests to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes:

 The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test measures your blood sugar after
you’ve fasted for 8 hours.
 The A1C test provides a snapshot of your blood sugar levels over the
previous 3 months.
 A 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test is also used. This checks the BG 2
hours after ingesting a sugary drink containing 75 grams of carbs.
 Results and Discussion

Fasting Blood Glucose Tolerance Random Blood

Result* A1C Test
Sugar Test Test Sugar Test

126 mg/dL or 200 mg/dL or 200 mg/dL or

Diabetes 6.5% or above
above above above

Prediabetes 5.7 – 6.4% 100 – 125 mg/dL 140 – 199 mg/dL N/A

99 mg/dL or 140 mg/dL or

Normal Below 5.7% N/A
below below

If your doctor thinks you have type 1 diabetes, your blood may also
tested for autoantibodies (substances that indicate your body is attacking
itself) that are often present in type 1 diabetes but not in type 2 diabetes. You
may have your urine tested for ketones (produced when your body burns fat
for energy), which also indicate type 1 diabetes instead of type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes complications:

High blood sugar damages organs and tissues throughout your body. The
higher your blood sugar is and the longer you live with it, the greater your risk
for complications.

Complications associated with diabetes include:

 Heart Disease, Heart Attack, And Stroke

 Neuropathy
 Nephropathy
 Retinopathy And Vision Loss
 Hearing Loss
 Foot Damage, Such As Infections And Sores That Don’t Heal
 Skin Conditions, Such As Bacterial And Fungal Infections
 Depression
 Conclusion

Prevention:

Type 1 diabetes can't be prevented. But the healthy lifestyle choices that
help treat pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes can also help
prevent them:

Eat healthy foods. Choose foods lower in fat and calories and higher in
fiber. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Eat a variety to keep from
feeling bored.

Get more physical activity. Try to get about 30 minutes of moderate

aerobic activity on most days of the week. Or aim to get at least 150 minutes of
moderate aerobic activity a week. For example, take a brisk daily walk. If you
can't fit in a long workout, break it up into smaller sessions throughout the
day.

Lose excess pounds. If you're overweight, losing even 7% of your body

weight can lower the risk of diabetes. For example, if you weigh 200 pounds
(90.7 kilograms), losing 14 pounds (6.4 kilograms) can lower the risk of
diabetes.

But don't try to lose weight during pregnancy. Talk to your provider
about how much weight is healthy for you to gain during pregnancy.

To keep your weight in a healthy range, work on long-term changes to

your eating and exercise habits. Remember the benefits of losing weight, such
as a healthier heart, more energy and higher self-esteem.

Sometimes drugs are an option. Oral diabetes drugs such as metformin

and others may lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. But healthy lifestyle choices
are important. If you have prediabetes, have your blood sugar checked at least
once a year to make sure you haven't developed type 2 diabetes.
 Treatment of diabetes:

Doctors treat diabetes with a few different medications. Some are taken
by mouth, while others are available as injections.

Type 1 diabetes:

Insulin is the main treatment for type 1. It replaces the hormone your
body isn’t able to produce.

Various types of insulin are commonly used by people with type 1 and
1.5 diabetes. They differ in how quickly they start to work and how long their
effects last:

 Rapid-acting insulin: starts to work within 15 minutes and its effects

last for 2 to 4 hours
 Short-acting insulin: starts to work within 30 minutes and lasts 3 to 6
hours
 Intermediate-acting insulin: starts to work within 2 to 4 hours and
lasts 12 to 18 hours
 Long-acting insulin: starts to work 2 hours after injection and lasts up
to 24 hours
 Ultra-long acting insulin: starts to work 6 hours after injection and
lasts 36 hours or more
 Premixed insulin: starts working within 15 to 30 minutes (depending
on whether a rapid-acting or short-acting insulin is part of the mix)
and lasts 10 to 16 hours

Type 2 diabetes:

Diet and exercise can help some people manage type 2 diabetes. If
lifestyle changes aren’t enough to lower your blood sugar, you’ll need to take
medication.
 These drugs lower your blood sugar in a variety of ways:
Drug How it works Examples
Slow your body’s
Alpha-glucosidase Acarbose (Glucobay, Glucar)
breakdown of sugars
inhibitors Miglitol (Mignar, Misobit)
and starchy foods
Reduce the amount
Metformin (Glycomet,
Biguanides of glucose your liver
Gluconorm)
makes
Improve your blood
Sitagliptin (Istavel)
DPP-4 inhibitors sugar without making it
Vildagliptin (Vildader)
drop too low
Stimulate your pancreas Repaglinide (Rapilin, Eurepa)
Meglitinides
to release more insulin Nateglinide (Glinate, Natstar)
Tolbutamide (Rastinon, Told)

Glibenclamide (Euglucon,
Glinil)

Chlorpropamide (Diabinese)
Stimulate your pancreas
Sulfonylureas
to release more insulin Glipizide (Glynase, Glez)

Gliclazide (Reclide, Glycinorm)

Glimepiride (Glimestar,
Glypride, Glimulin)