QUESTION BANK

UNIT-4 D-BLOCK
CLASS-12 (CBSE)
S.No. Question Year
1. Complete and balance the following chemical equations:
s. no. Reaction Year
a) 𝟐𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− + 𝟔𝑯+ + 𝟓𝑵𝑶𝟐− 2023, 2015, 2012
a) Cr2O72− + 14 H+ + 6e- 2023
– –
b) MnO4 + H2O + I 2020, 2019, 2018
c) MnO4– + H+ + I– 2020
d) 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− + 𝑺𝟐𝑶𝟑𝟐− + 𝑯𝟐𝑶 2020, 2016, 2011, 2010, 2009
− − +
a) 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒 + 𝑪𝟐𝑶𝟒 + 𝟏𝟔𝑯 𝟐 2020, 2013, 2009
b) Fe2+ + MnO4– + H+ 2020, 2018
c) MnO4– + Mn2++ H2O 2020
d) Na2Cr2O7 + KCl 2019
e) MnO4− + 16 H+ + 5 S2− 2017
f) KMnO4 heat 2017,2013
g) 𝟐𝐌𝐧𝐎𝟐 + 𝟒𝐊𝐎𝐇 + 𝐎𝟐 heat 2019, 2016, 2011
2− + −
h) Cr2O7 + 𝟏𝟒𝐇 + 𝟔𝐈 2016, 2012
i) Cr2O72− + 𝑺𝒏𝟐++𝑯+ 2019, 2016
2− + −
j) Cr2O7 + 𝟖𝑯 + 𝟑𝑵O𝟐 2015
k) Cr2O72− + 𝟐𝑶𝑯− 2014
l) 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒− + 𝟒𝑯+ + 𝟑𝒆− 2014
− +
m) 𝑴n𝑶𝟒 + 𝟖𝑯 + 𝟓𝒆− 2014
n) 𝟐𝑪𝒓𝑶𝟒 𝟐− +𝟐𝑯+ 2013
o) 𝑪𝒓𝟐𝑶𝟕 𝟐 − + 𝟔𝑭𝒆𝟐+ + 𝟏𝟒𝑯+ 2013, 2011, 2010
p) 𝐍𝐚𝟐𝐂𝐫𝐎𝟒 + 𝐇𝟐𝐒𝐎𝟒 2011
q) 𝐇𝐠𝐂𝐥𝟐 + 𝐒𝐧𝐂𝐥𝟐 2011
r) 𝑪𝒓𝟐𝑶𝟕 𝟐 − (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑯𝟐𝑺 (𝒈) + 𝑯+(𝒂𝒒) 2010, 2009
+ −
s) 𝑪𝒖 (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑰 (𝒂𝒒)
𝟐 2010
2. Assign reason for each of the following : 2023
(i) Manganese exhibits the highest oxidation state of +7 among the 3d series of transition elements.
(ii) Transition metals and their compounds are generally found to be good catalysts in chemical
reactions.
(iii) Cr2+ is reducing in nature while with the same d-orbital configuration (d4) Mn3+ is an oxidising
agent.
(iv) Zn has lowest enthalpy of atomization.
(v) Cu+ is unstable in an aqueous solution.
Answer:
(i) Due to the participation of all 3d and 4s electrons in bond formation /due to the presence of
maximum number of unpaired electrons.
(ii) Due to variable oxidation state / due to the ability to adopt multiple oxidation states / due to the
large surface area / due to complex formation.
(iii) Cr2+ changes from d4 to stable half-filled t2g3 configuration while Mn3+ changes to stable half-
filled d5 configuration.
(iv) Due to the absence of unpaired electrons and weak interatomic interactions.
(v) Cu+ ion (aq.) undergoes disproportionation to Cu2+ (aq.) and Cu /2 Cu+ (aq.) → Cu2+ (aq.) + Cu (s)
3. How would you account for: 2023

Answer:
(a) Mn3+ changes to Mn2+ stable half-filled d5 configuration / much larger third ionization enthalpy of
Mn whereas Cr3+ and Fe3+ have stable configuration.
(b)

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 QUESTION BANK
UNIT-4 D-BLOCK
CLASS-12 (CBSE)

4. (a) (I) Account for the following : 2023

(i) Eo value for Mn3+/ Mn2+ couple is much more positive than that for Cr3+/ Cr2+.
(ii) Sc3+ is colourless whereas Ti3+ is coloured in an aqueous solution.
(iii) Actinoids show wide range of oxidation states.
(II) Write the chemical equations for the preparation of KMnO4 from MnO2.
OR
(b) (I) Account for the following :
(i) Transition metals form alloys.
(ii) Ce4+ is a strong oxidising agent.
(II) Write one similarity and one difference between chemistry of Lanthanoids and Actinoids.
(III) Complete the following ionic equation :
Cr2O7 2– + 2OH–

Answer:
(a) (I)
(i) Cr2+ changes from d4 to stable half-filled t2g3 configuration while Mn3+ changes to stable half-filled
d5 configuration.
(ii) Because of no unpaired electron in the d-orbital of Sc3+ whereas there is one unpaired electron in
Ti3+ / Ti3+ to show d-d transition.
(iii) Because of comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals.

OR
(b) (I)
(i) Because of almost identical atomic radii.
(ii) Because Ce4+ changes to the common + 3 oxidation state.
(II)
• Similarity: Both Lanthanoids and Actinoids show contraction / stable in + 3 oxidation state.
• Difference: Lanthanoids are mainly non-radioactive whereas Actinoids are radioactive.
(or any other suitable similarity and difference)

5. (a) (i) Account for the following : 2023

(1) Transition metals form complex compounds.
(2) The Mn2+/ Mn E° value for manganese is highly negative whereas Mn3+/Mn2+ E° is highly
positive.
(3) Cu+ ion is unstable in aqueous solution.
(ii) Write the equations involved in the preparation of KMnO4 from Pyrolusite ore (MnO2).
OR
(b) (i) Identify the following :
(1) Transition metal of 3d series that exhibits only one oxidation state.
(2) Transition metal of 3d series that acts as a strong reducing agent in +2 oxidation state in aqueous
solution.
(ii) Complete and balance the following equations :

(iii) What is Misch metal? Write its one use.

Answer:
(a) (i)
(1) Because of small size, high ionic charge and availability of d-orbital.
(2) Because of stable half-filled 3d5 configuration in Mn2+.
(3) Cu+ ion (aq.) undergoes disproportionation to Cu2+ (aq.) and Cu /
2 Cu+ (aq.) → Cu2+ (aq.) + Cu.

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UNIT-4 D-BLOCK
CLASS-12 (CBSE)

OR
(b) (i)
(1) Sc
(2) Cr/Fe

6. (a) (i) Account for the following : 2023

(1) Zn2+ salts are colourless while Ni2+ salts are coloured.
(2) Cr2+ is a strong reducing agent.
(3) Transition metals and their compounds show catalytic activities.
(ii) Write the ionic equations for the oxidizing action of MnO4 in acidic medium with
(1) I- ion, and
(2) Fe2+ ion.
OR
(b) (i) Name two oxometal anions of the 3d series of the transition metals in which the metal exhibits
the oxidation state equal to its group number.
(ii) What is the effect of increasing pH on a solution of K2Cr2O7?
(iii) Why is Cu+ not stable in aqueous solution?
(iv) Name a member of Lanthanoid series which is well-known to exhibit +4 oxidation state.
(v) Name two elements of 3d series which show anomalous electronic configuration.
Answer:
(a) (i)
(1) Because of no unpaired electron in d-orbitals in Zn2+ whereas, Ni2+ has 2 unpaired electrons in d-
orbitals / Ni2+ shows d-d transition while Zn2+ does not.
(2) Because Cr is more stable in + 3 oxidation state due to stable t2g3 configuration.
(3) Because of their ability to show multiple or variable oxidation states / ability to form complex /
provide larger surface area for the reactants.

OR
(b)
(i) Dichromate ion/ Chromate ion / Permanganate ion (any two)
(ii) Changes to CrO42- / K2CrO4
(iii) Cu+ ion (aq.) undergoes disproportionation to Cu2+ (aq.) and Cu /
2 Cu+ (aq.) → Cu2+ (aq.) + Cu (s)
(iv) Cerium /Terbium
(v) Chromium, Copper
7. (a) Why is chemistry of actinoids complicated as compared to lanthanoids?
(b) Complete the following reaction and justify that it is a disproportionation reaction :

(c) The given graph shows the trends in melting points of transition metals :
Explain the reason why Cr has highest melting point and manganese (Mn) a lower melting point.

Answer:
(a) Actinoids show wide range of oxidation states / most of them are radioactive elements.

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UNIT-4 D-BLOCK
CLASS-12 (CBSE)

Oxidation state of Mn increases from +6 to + 7 (oxidation) and decreases from + 6 to + 4 (reduction)/

Mn undergoes increase and decrease in oxidation state simultaneously.
(c) Due to the presence of a greater number of unpaired electrons which leads to strong interatomic
metal-metal bonding whereas Mn with a stable half-filled d5 configuration has a weaker metallic
bond.
8. (a) Account for the following : 2020
(i) Copper (I) compounds are white whereas Copper (II) compounds are coloured.
(ii) Chromates change their colour when kept in an acidic solution.
(iii) Zn, Cd, Hg are considered as d-block elements but not as transition elements.
(b) Calculate the spin-only moment of Co2+ (Z = 27) by writing the electronic configuration of Co and
Co2+.

Answer:
(a) (i) Cu+1(3d10) compounds are white because of absence of unpaired electrons while Cu+2 (3d9)
compounds are coloured due to unpaired e- / shows d-d transition.
(ii) chromate (CrO42-) changes to dichromate (Cr2O72-) ion in acidic medium.
(iii) due to completely filled d-orbitals in their ground state as well as in oxidized state.
(b) Co = [Ar]4s23d7 , Co+2 =[Ar] 3d7

OR
(a) Give three points of difference between lanthanoids and actinoids.
(b) Give reason and select one atom/ion which will exhibit asked property :
(i) Sc3+ or Cr3+ (Exhibit diamagnetic behaviour)
(ii) Cr or Cu (High melting and boiling point)

Answer:
(a)
Lanthanoids Actinoids
Most of them are radioactive All are radioactive
Don’t show a wide range of oxidation states Show a wide range of oxidation states
Most of their ions are colourless Most of their ions are coloured
(or any other correct differences)
(b) (i) Sc+3, because of absence of unpaired electron.
(ii) Cr, because of presence of strong intermetallic bonding than Cu.
9. The d-block of the periodic table contains the elements of the groups 3–12 and are known as transition 2020
elements. In general, the electronic configuration of these elements is (n–1) d1–10 ns1–2. The d-orbitals
of the penultimate energy level in their atoms receive electrons giving rise to the three rows of the
transition metals i.e., 3d, 4d and 5d series. However, Zn, Cd and Hg are not regarded as transition
elements. Transition elements exhibit certain characteristic properties like variable oxidation states,
complex formation, formation of coloured ions and alloys, catalytic activity, etc. Transition metals are
hard (except Zn, Cd and Hg) and have a high melting point.
1. Why are Zn, Cd and Hg non-transition elements ?
2. Which transition metal of 3d series does not show variable oxidation states ?
3. Why do transition metals and their compounds show catalytic activity ?
4. Why are melting points of transition metals high ?
5. Why is Cu2+ ion coloured while Zn2+ ion is colourless in aqueous solution ?
Answer:
1. Zn, Cd and Hg have completely filled d10 configuration in their ground state as well as in their
oxidized state.
2. Scandium / Sc
3. Because of multiple oxidation states / ability to form complexes / having large surface area.
4. Involvement of (n-1)d and ns electrons in inter atomic metallic bonding / strong metal-metal
bonding.
5. Presence of unpaired e- showing d-d transition in Cu2+, while in Zn2+ there is no unpaired electron.
6. Write the balanced chemical equations involved in the preparation of KMnO4 from pyrolusite ore 2020
(MnO2).

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UNIT-4 D-BLOCK
CLASS-12 (CBSE)

Answer:

OR
Write the balanced ionic equations showing the oxidising action of acidified dichromate (Cr2O72–)
solution with (i) Iron (II) Ion and (ii) tin (II) ion.
Answer:

7. Following ions are given : 2020

Cr2+, Cu2+, Cu+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn3+
Identify the ion which is
(i) a strong reducing agent.
(ii) unstable in aqueous solution.
(iii) a strong oxiding agent.
Give suitable reason in each.
Answer:
(i) Cr2+, because the stable state of chromium is +3 due to configuration.
(ii) Cu (aq), due to more negative ΔhydH° of Cu (aq) than Cu+(aq) / It undergoes disproportionation.
+ 2+

(iii) Mn3+, because the most stable state of manganese is +2 due to half-filled configuration/ 3d5.
8. (a) Give reasons : 2020
(i) Transition metals and their compounds show catalytic activities.
(ii) Separation of a mixture of Lanthanoid elements is difficult.
(iii) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft and have low melting point.
(b) Write the preparation of the following :
(i) Na2Cr2O7 from Na2CrO4
(ii) K2MnO4 from MnO2
Answer:
a) i) Variable or multiple oxidation states / ability to form complexes / they provide large surface area
for adsorption.
ii) Similar size/similar properties
iii)No unpaired electron/weak metallic bonding/ completely or fully filled d orbitals
b) i) 2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O
ii) 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 → 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O

OR
(a) Account for the following :
(i) Ti3+ is coloured whereas Sc3+ is colourless in aqueous solution.
(ii) Cr2+ is a strong reducing agent.
(b) Write two similarities between chemistry of lanthanoids and actinoids.
(c) Complete the following ionic equation :

Answer:
a) i) Ti3+ has an unpaired electron while there are no unpaired electrons in Sc3+.
ii) Stable of Cr3+ ion
b) 1. Both show variable oxidation states
2. Both show f-f transitions
3. Electrons of f-orbital in both show poor shielding effect
4. Both have common +3 oxidation state
5. Both show contraction in atomic radii. (any two suitable differences)
c) 3MnO42– + 4H+ → 2MnO4– + MnO2 + 2H2O
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 QUESTION BANK
UNIT-4 D-BLOCK
CLASS-12 (CBSE)

9. When MnO2 is fused with KOH in the presence of KNO3 as an oxidizing agent, it gives a dark green 2019
compound (A). Compound (A) disproportionates in acidic solution to give purple compound (B). An
alkaline solution of compound (B) oxidises KI to compound (C) whereas an acidified solution of
compound (B) oxidises KI to . Identify (A), (B), (C), and .

Answer:
A = K2MnO4 / MnO42- , B= KMnO4 / MnO4- , C= IO3- or KIO3 , D= I2
10. Give reasons for the following : 2019
(i) Transition elements and their compounds act as catalysts.
(ii) E value for (Mn2+|Mn) is negative whereas for (Cu2+|Cu) is positive.
(iii) Actinoids show irregularities in their electronic configuration.

Answer:
i) Due to variable oxidation state
ii)Mn2+ is stable due to exactly half filled 3d5 configuration/ Due to high ΔaHo and low ΔhydH°for
Cu2+ / Cu is positive.
iii) Due to comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals.
11. Give reasons for the following : 2019
(a) Transition metals form complex compounds.
(b) E° values for (Zn2+/Zn) and (Mn2+/Mn) are more negative than expected.
(c) Actinoids show wide range of oxidation states.
Answer:
i) Due to small size, high ionic charge and availability of d-orbital.
ii) Due to stable 3d10 configuration in Zn2+ and 3d5 configuration in Mn2+.
iii) Due to comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals / levels.
12. Give reasons for the following : 2019
(i) Transition metals form alloys.
(ii) Mn2O3 is basic whereas Mn2O7 is acidic.
(iii) Eu2+ is a strong reducing agent.

Answer:
i) Due to comparable radii / comparable size.
ii) In Mn2O3, Mn is in +3 (lower) oxidation state while in Mn2O7 , Mn is in higher oxidation state (+7)
iii) Because it’s stable oxidation state is +3.
13. Give reasons for the following : 2019
(i) The transition metals generally form coloured compounds.
(ii) E value for (Mn3+|Mn2+) is highly positive than that for (Cr3+|Cr2+) couple.
(iii) The chemistry of actinoids elements is not so smooth as that of the lanthanoids.
Answer:
i) Due to presence of unpaired electrons / d-d transition.
ii) Mn3+ is 3d4 while Cr3+ is 3d3 which in t2g half-filled is extra stable.
iii) The energy difference between 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals is very less as compared to lanthanoids.
14. Give reasons for the following : 2019
(a) Transition metals have high enthalpies of atomization.
(b) Manganese has lower melting point even though it has a higher number of unpaired electrons for
bonding.
(c) Ce4+ is a strong oxidising agent.
Answer:
i) Because of strong interatomic interactions / Strong metallic bonding between atoms.
ii) Due to stable 3d5configuration , interatomic interaction is poor between unpaired electrons.
iii) Because Ce is more stable in +3 oxidation state.
15. Give reasons for the following : 2019
(a) Transition metals show variable oxidation states.
(b) E value for (Zn2+/Zn) is negative while that of (Cu2+/Cu) is positive.
(c) Higher oxidation state of Mn with fluorine is +4 whereas with oxygen is +7.
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UNIT-4 D-BLOCK
CLASS-12 (CBSE)

Answer:
i) Because of comparable energies of (n-1)d and ns orbitals / Incomplete filling of d-orbital.
ii) Because of stable 3d10 configuration of Zn2+ whereas due to low hydration enthalpy and high
enthalpy of atomization of Cu2+.
iii) Due to the ability of oxygen to form multiple bonds with metal.
16. When FeCr2O4 is fused with Na2CO3 in the presence of air it gives a yellow solution of compound 2019
(A). Compound (A) on acidification gives compound (B). Compound (B) on reaction with KCl forms
an orange coloured compound (C). An acidified solution of compound (C) oxidises Na2SO3 to (D).
Identify (A), (B), (C) and (D) .

Answer:
A = Na2CrO4 ; B=Na2Cr2O7 ; C= K2Cr2O7 ; D= Na2SO4
17. (a) Account for the following : 2019
(i) Manganese shows maximum number of oxidation states in 3d series.
(ii) E value for Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is much more positive than that for Cr3+/Cr2+.
(iii) Ti4+ is colourless whereas V4+ is coloured in an aqueous solution.
(b) Write the chemical equations for the preparation of KMnO4 from MnO2. Why does purple colour
of acidified permanganate solution decolourise when it oxidises Fe2+ to Fe3+?

Answer:
a) i)Due to the presence of maximum no. of unpaired electrons .
ii) because Cr is more stable in +3 oxidation state due to stable t32g configuration whereas Mn is more
stable +2 oxidation state due to half-filled 3d5 configuration.
iii) Due to the presence of one unpaired electron in V4+ whereas there is no unpaired electron in Ti4+.
b) 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
3MnO42- + 4H+ 2 MnO4- + MnO2 + 2H2O
Due to the formation of Mn2+ ion from MnO4- / or reaction
OR
(a) Write one difference between transition elements and p-block elements with reference to
variability of oxidation states.
(b) Why do transition metals exhibit higher enthalpies of atomization?
(c) Name an element of lanthanoid series which is well known to shown +4 oxidation state. Is it a
strong oxidising agent or reducing agent?
What is lanthanoid contraction? Write its one consequence.
(e) Write the ionic equation showing the oxidation of Fe(II) salt by acidified dichromate solution.

Answer:
a) Transition elements show variable oxidation states that differ by 1 unit whereas p-block elements it
differs by 2 units / Heavier transition elements are stable in higher oxidation state whereas p-block
elements are stable in lower oxidation state.
b) Because of strong interatomic interactions / Strong metallic bonding between atoms.
c) Cerium / Terbium ; Oxidising agent.
d) Steady decrease in atomic radii with increase in atomic number due to poor shielding effect of 4f
orbital electrons.
Consequence : 5d series have almost same size as 4d series (Or any other correct consequence)
e) Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 Fe2+ 2 Cr3++ 6 Fe3++ 7 H2O
18. Explain the method of preparation of sodium dichromate from chromite ore. Give the equation 2019
representing oxidation of ferrous salts by dichromate ion.

Answer:
Fusion of chromite ore (FeCr2O4) with sodium or potassium carbonate in free access of air to form
sodium chromate
4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7O2 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
On acidification of Sodium chromate with sulphuric acid to form sodium dichromate
2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O
(Full marks may be awarded for writing correct equations only. Balancing may be ignored)
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6Fe2+ 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
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UNIT-4 D-BLOCK
CLASS-12 (CBSE)

19. Use the data to answer the following and also justify giving reason : 2019

(a) Which is a stronger reducing agent in aqueous medium, Cr2+ or Fe2+ and why?
(b) Which is the most stable ion in +2 oxidation and why?

Answer:
(a) Cr2+ , due to lower standard reduction potential (Eo) / Higher standard oxidation potential.
(b) Mn2+ , Due to highest negative standard reduction potential.
20. How is KMnO4 prepared from pyrolusite? Give steps involved with equations. 2019
Answer:
1. When pyrolusite is fused with KOH in presence of air or oxidizing agent, potassium manganate is
produced.
2. Potassium manganate upon further oxidation or disproportionation in a neutral or acidic medium
gives potassium permanganate.
3MnO42– + 4H+ 2MnO4– + MnO2 + 2H2O/

(Award full marks if only correct reactions are given)

21. Give reasons for the following : 2019
(a) The only oxidation state shown by Scandium is +3.
(b) [Ti(H2O)6]4+ is colourless.
(c) MnO is basic while Mn2O7 is acidic.

Answer:
a) At + 3, Stable d0 is obtained
b) Absence of unpaired electron / no d-d transition occurs
c) MnO has Mn in +2 Oxidation State
Mn2O7 has Mn in +7 Oxidation State. Higher the Oxidation State, Higher is the acidic character.
OR
Answer the following :
(a) What is the general electronic configuration of lanthanoids ?
(b) What are the common oxidation states of Cerium (At. no. 58) ?
(c) Why do actinoids show a wide range of oxidation states ?

Answer:
a) 4f 1-14 5d0-1 6s2
b) +3and +4
c) 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals/levels are of comparable energies
22. Write the preparation of sodium dichromate from chromite ore. 2019

Answer:
Fusion of chromite ore (FeCr2O4) with sodium or potassium carbonate in free access of air to form
sodium chromate
4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 8 Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
On acidification of Sodium chromate with sulphuric acid to form sodium dichromate
2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O
(Full marks may be awarded for writing correct equations only. Balancing may be ignored)
23. Give reasons : 2018
(a) E° value for Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is much more positive than that for Fe3+/Fe2+.
(b) Iron has higher enthalpy of atomization than that of copper.
(c) Sc3+ is colourless in aqueous solution whereas Ti3+ is coloured.

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CLASS-12 (CBSE)

Answer:
(a) The comparatively high value for Mn shows that Mn2+(d5) is particularly
stable / Much larger third ionisation energy of Mn (where the required change is from d5 to d4)
(b)Due to higher number of unpaired electrons.
(c)Absence of unpaired d- electron in Sc3+ whereas in Ti3+ there is one unpaired electron or Ti3+shows
d-d transition.
24. (a) Account for the following : 2017
(i) Transition metals show variable oxidation states.
(ii) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft metals.
(iii) E° value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is highly positive (+ 1·57 V) as compared to Cr3+/Cr2+.
(b) Write one similarity and one difference between the chemistry of lanthanoid and actinoid
elements.

Answer:
a. (i) Availability of partially filled d-orbitals / comparable energies of ns and (n-1) d orbitals
(ii) Completely filled d-orbitals / absence of unpaired d electrons cause weak metallic bonding
(iii) Because Mn2+ has d5 as a stable configuration whereas Cr3+ is more stable due to stable t32g
b) Similarity-both are stable in +3 oxidation state/ both show contraction/ irregular electronic
configuration (or any other suitable similarity)
Difference- actinoids are radioactive and lanthanoids are not /actinoids show wide range of oxidation
states but lanthanoids don’t (or any other correct difference)
25. Following are the transition metal ions of 3d series : 2017
Ti4+, V2+, Mn3+, Cr3+ (Atomic numbers : Ti = 22, V = 23, Mn = 25, Cr = 24)
Answer the following :
(i) Which ion is most stable in an aqueous solution and why?
(ii) Which ion is a strong oxidizing agent and why?
(iii) Which ion is colourless and why?
(iv) Which ion has the highest number of unpaired electrons?
Answer:
a. (i) Cr3+, half-filled t32g
(ii) Mn3+, due to stable d5 configuration in Mn2+
(iii) Ti4+, No unpaired electrons
(iv) Mn3+, 4 unpaired electrons

26. (a) Account for the following : 2017

(i) Transition metals form large number of complex compounds.
(ii) The lowest oxide of transition metal is basic whereas the highest oxide is amphoteric or acidic.
(iii) E° value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is highly positive (+1.57 V) as compare to Cr3+/Cr2+.
(b) Write one similarity and one difference between the chemistry of lanthanoid and actinoid
elements.

Answer:
a) (i) Due to small size and high ionic charge / availability of d orbitals.
(ii) Higher is the oxidation state higher is the acidic character / as the oxidation state of a metal
increases, ionic character decreases
(iii) Because Mn2+ has d5 as a stable configuration whereas Cr3+ is more stable due to stable t32g
b) Similarity-both are stable in +3 oxidation state/ both show contraction/ irregular electronic
configuration (or any other suitable similarity)
Difference- actinoids are radioactive and lanthanoids are not / actinoids show wide range of oxidation
states but lanthanoids don’t (or any other correct difference)
27. (a) (i) How is the variability in oxidation states of transition metals different from that of the p-block 2017
elements?
(ii) Out of Cu+ and Cu2+, which ion is unstable in aqueous solution and why?
(iii) Orange colour of Cr2O72– ion changes to yellow when treated with an alkali. Why?
(b) Chemistry of actinoids is complicated as compared to lanthanoids. Give two reasons.

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CLASS-12 (CBSE)

Answer:
a) i) In p block elements the difference in oxidation state is 2 and in transition metals the difference is
1
ii) Cu+ , due to disproportionation reaction / low hydration enthalpy
iii) Due to formation of chromate ion / CrO42- ion, which is yellow in colour
b) Actinoids are radioactive, actinoids show wide range of oxidation states.
28. Account for the following : 2017
(a) CuCl2 is more stable than Cu2Cl2.
(b) Atomic radii of 4d and 5d series elements are nearly same.
(c) Hydrochloric acid is not used in permanganate titrations.

Answer:
a. In CuCl2, Cu is in +2 oxidation state which is more stable due to high hydration enthalpy as
compared to Cu2Cl2 in which Cu is in +1 oxidation state
b. Due to lanthanoid contraction
c. Because HCl is oxidised to chlorine.
29. Account for the following: 2016
(i) Mn shows the highest oxidation state of + 7 with oxygen but with fluorine it show the highest
oxidation state of + 4.
(ii) Cr2+ is a strong reducing agent.
(iii) Cu𝟐+salt are colored while Zn2+ salts are white.

Answer:
(a)
i) Ability of oxygen to form multiple bond with Mn metal.
ii) Cr2+ is oxidized to Cr3+ which has stable d3/ t32g orbital configuration
iii) Cu2+ has unpaired electron while Zn2+ has no unpaired electron.
30. The elements of 3d transition series are given as: 2016
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Answer the following:
(i) Write the element which shows maximum number of oxidation states. Give reason.
(ii) Which elements has the highest m.p.
(iii) Which element show only + 3 oxidation state.
(iv) Which element is a strong oxidizing agent in + 3 oxidation state and why?
Answer:
i) Mn. It has maximum unpaired electrons.
ii) Cr
iii) Sc
iv) Manganese. Mn3+ to Mn2+ results in the stable half filled (d5) configuration.
31. When chromite ore FeCr2O4 is fused with NaOH in presence of air, a yellow coloured compound (A) 2016
is obtained which on acidification with dilute sulphuric acid gives a compound (B). Compound (B) on
reaction with KCl forms an orange coloured crystalline compound (C).
(i) Write the formula of the compounds (A), (B) and (C).
(ii) Write one use of compound (C).

Answer:
A-Na2CrO4
B-Na2Cr2O7
C-K2Cr2O7
Use- strong oxidising agent / as a primary standard in volumetric analysis
32. Give reasons: 2016
(i) Mn shows the highest oxidation state of +7 with oxygen but with fluorine it shows the highest
oxidation state of +4.
(ii) Transition metals show variable oxidation states.
(iii) Actinoids show irregularities in their electronic configuration.

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Answer:
(i) Ability of oxygen to form multiple bonds/p-d bonds.
(ii) Partially filled d-orbitals/ due to comparable energies of ns and (n-1) d orbitals.
(iii) Due to relative stabilities of the f0, f7 and f14 occupancies of the 5f orbitals / comparable energies
of 7s, 6d and 5f orbitals.
33. (a) Account for the following : 2016
(i) Mn2O7 is acidic whereas MnO is basic.
(ii) Though copper has completely filled d-orbital (d10) yet it is considered as a transition metal.
(iii) Actinoids show wide range of oxidation states.
(b) Write the preparation of potassium permanganate from pyrolusite ore (MnO2).

Answer:
a)
i)Because of higher oxidation state (+7) of Mn.
ii)Because it has one unpaired electron in 3d orbital in its +2 oxidation state / or it has incompletely
filled d-orbital in +2 oxidation state.
iii)Because of comparable energies of 5f , 6d and 7s orbitals.
b)
2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
2- +
3MnO4 + 4H 2MnO4- + MnO2 + 2H2O
OR
(a) The elements of 3d transition series are given as :
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Answer the following :
(i) Which element has the highest m.p. and why ?
(ii) Which element is a strong oxidizing agent in +3 oxidation state and why ?
(iii) Which element is soft and why ?
(b) Write the equations involved in the preparation of Potassium dichromate from Sodium chromate
(Na2CrO4).

Answer:
a)
i)Cr, because of maximum no. of unpaired electrons cause strong metallic bonding.
ii)Mn, because it attains stable half -filled 3d5 configuration in +2 oxidation state.
iii)Zn, because of no unpaired electron in d-orbital.
b)
Na2CrO4 + 2H+ Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
34. Write one similarity and difference between the chemistry of lanthanoids and that of actinoids. 2015
35. (a) Account for the following: 2015
(i) 𝑪𝒖+ is unstable is an aqueous solution.
(ii) Transition metals form complex compounds.
36. What are the transition elements? Write two characteristics of the transition elements. 2015
37. (a) How would your account for the following: 2015
(i) Actinoid contraction is greater than lanthanides contraction.
(ii) Transition metals form colored compounds.
38. Account for the following: 2014
(i) Zn is not considered as a transition element.
(ii) Transition metals from a large number of complexes.
(iii) The 𝑬° value for the 𝑴𝒏𝟑+/𝑴𝒏𝟐+ couple is much more positive than that for 𝑪𝒓𝟑+/𝑪𝒓𝟐+ Couple.
39. (i) With reference to structural variability and chemical reactivity, write the differences between 2014
lanthanoides and actinoids.
(ii) Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation state.
(ii) Out of 𝑴𝒏𝟑+ and 𝑪𝒓𝟑+, which is more paramagnetic and why? (Atomic nos.: Mn =25, Cr =24)
40. (a) How to you prepare: 2014
(i) 𝑲𝟐𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟐?
(ii) 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝒓𝟐𝑶𝟕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝒓𝑶𝟒?
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(b) Account for the following:

(i) 𝑴𝒏𝟐+ is more stable than 𝑭𝒆𝟐+ towards oxidation to + 3 state.
(ii) The enthalpy of atomization is lowest for Zn in 3d series of the transition elements.
(iii) Actinoid elements show wide range of oxidation states.
41. (i) Name the element of 3d transition series which shows maximum number of oxidation states. Why 2014
does it show so?
(ii) Which transition metal of 3d series has positive 𝑬° (𝑴𝟐+/𝑴) value and why?
(iii) Out of 𝑪𝒓𝟑+ and 𝑴𝒏𝟑+ which is a stronger oxidizing agent and why?
(iv) Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +2 oxidation state.
42. (a) Give reasons for the following: 2013
(i) 𝑴𝒏𝟑+is a good oxidising agent.
(ii) 𝑬°(𝑴𝟐+⁄𝑴) value is not regular for first row transition metals (3d series).
(iii) Although ‘F’ is more electronegative than ‘O’, the highest Mn fluoride is 𝑴𝒏𝑭𝟒, whereas the
highest oxide is𝑴𝒏𝟐O𝟕.
43. (a) Why do transition elements show variable oxidation state? 2013
(i). Name the element showing maximum number of oxidation states among the first series of
transition metals form Sc (Z = 21) to Zn (Z = 30).
(ii) Name the element which shows only + 3 oxidation states.
(b) What is lanthanoid contraction? Name an important alloy which contains some of the lanthanoid
metals.
44. (a). What metal in the first transition series (3d series) exhibits + 1 oxidation state most frequently and 2013
why?
(b). Which of the following cations are colored in aqueous solutions and why?
𝑺c𝟑+, 𝑽𝟑+, 𝑻𝒊𝟒+, 𝑴𝒏𝟐+(𝐀𝐭. 𝐧𝐨𝐬. 𝐒𝐜 = 𝟐𝟏, 𝐕 = 𝟐𝟑, 𝐓𝐢 = 𝟐𝟐, 𝐌𝐧 = 𝟐𝟓)
45. How would you account for the following? 2013
(i) Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states.
(ii) Zr (Z = 40) and Hf (Z = 72) have almost identical radii.
(iii) Transition metals and their compounds act as catalyst
46. How would you account for the following: 2012
(i) Among lanthanoids, Ln (lll) compounds are predominant, However, occasionally in solutions or in 2007
solid compounds, +2 and +4 ions are also obtained.
(ii) The 𝐄°𝐌𝟐+/𝐌 for copper is positive (0.34 V). Copper is the only metal in the first series of
transition elements showing this behavior.
(iii) The metallic radii of the third (5d) series of transition metals are nearly the same as those of the
corresponding members of the second series.
47. Explain the following giving higher oxidation reason in each case. 2012
(i) 𝑶𝟐 and 𝑭𝟐 both stabilize higher oxidation states of metals but 𝑶𝟐 exceeds 𝑭𝟐 in doing so.
(ii) Structure of Xenon fluorides cannot be explained by Valence Bond Approach.
48. How would you account for the following? 2012
(i) Many of the transition elements are known to form interstitial compounds.
(ii) The metallic radii of the third (5d) series of transition metal are virtually the same as those of the
corresponding group members of the second (4d) series.
(iii) Lanthanoids from primarily +3 ions, while the actinoids usually have higher oxidation states in
their compounds, +4 or even +6 being typical.
49. What is meant by ‘lanthanoids contraction’? 2011
50. How would your account for the following: 2011
(i) Cr2+ is reducing in nature while with the same d-orbital configuration (d4) Mn3+ is an oxidizing
agent.
(ii) In a transition series of metals, the metal which exhibits the greatest number of oxidation states
occur in the middle of the series.
51. State reasons for the following: 2011
(i) Cu (I) ion is not stable in an aqueous solution.
(ii) Unlike 𝐶𝑟3+, 𝑀𝑛2+, 𝐹𝑒3+ and the subsequent other 𝑀2+ ions of the 3d series of elements, the 4d and
the 5d series metals generally do not form stable cationic species.
52. Assign reasons for the following: 2011
(i) Copper (I) ion is not known in aqueous solution.

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(ii) Actinoids exhibit greater range of oxidation states than Lanthanides.

53. Why is europium (II) more stable than cerium (II)? 2010
2007
54. How would your account for the following 2010
(i) The oxidizing power of oxyanions are in the order 𝑽𝑶𝟐 + < 𝑪𝒓𝟐𝑶𝟕 𝟐− < 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒−.
(ii) The third ionization enthalpy of manganese (Z = 25) is exceptionally high.
(iii) 𝑪𝒓𝟐+ is a stronger reducing agent than 𝑭𝒆𝟐+.
55. Explain the following observations: 2010
(i) 𝐋𝐚𝟑+(𝐙 = 𝟓𝟕) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐋𝐮𝟑+(𝐙 = 𝟕𝟏) do not show any colour in solutions.
(ii) Amount the divalent cations in the first series of transition elements, manganese exhibits the
maximum paramagnetic.
(iii) 𝑪𝒖+ ion is not known in aqueous solutions.
56. What are different oxidation states exhibit by lanthanides? 2010
57. Explain the following observations: 2010
(i) Generally there is an increase in density of elements from titanium (Z = 22) to copper
(Z = 29) in the first series of transition elements.
(ii) Transition elements and their compounds are generally found to be good catalysts in chemical
reactions.
58. How would your account for the following? 2010
(i) The atomic radii of the metals of the third (5d) series of transition elements are virtually the same 2007
as those of the corresponding members of the second (4d) series.
(ii) The 𝑬° value for the 𝑴𝒏𝟑+/𝑴𝒏𝟐+ couple is much more positive than that for 𝑪𝒓𝟑+/𝑪𝒓𝟐+ couple or
𝑭𝒆𝟑+/𝑭𝒆𝟐+ couple.
(iii) The highest oxidation state of a metal is exhibited in its oxide or fluoride.
59. How would you account for the following: 2009
(i) Many of the transition elements and their compounds can act as good catalysts.
(ii) The metallic radii of the third (5d) series of transition elements are virtually the same as those of
the corresponding members of the seconds series.
(iii) There is a greater range of oxidation states among the actinoids than among the actinoids.
60. Explain the following observations about the transition/inner transition elements: 2009
(i)There is in general an increase in density of element from titanium (Z=22) to copper (Z=29).
(ii) There occurs much more frequent metal-metal bonding in compounds of heavy transition element
(𝟑𝒓𝒅 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬).
(iii) The members in the actinoid series exhibit a larger number of oxidation states than the
corresponding members in the lanthanoid series.
61. Give an explanation for each of the following observations: 2009
(i) The gradual in size (actinoid contraction) from element to element is greater among the actinoids
than that among the lanthanoids (lanthanoid contraction).
(ii) The greatest number of oxidation state are exhibited u the members in the middle of a transition
series.
(iii) With the same d-orbitals configurations (𝒅𝟒) 𝑪𝒓𝟐+ion is a reducing agent but 𝑴𝒏𝟑+ ion is an
oxidizing agent.
62. Consider the reaction: 2008
𝑪𝒓𝟐𝑶𝟕 𝟐 − + 𝟏𝟒 𝑯+ + 𝟔𝒆− ⟶ 𝟐𝑪𝒓𝟑+ + 𝟖𝑯𝟐𝑶.
What is the quantity of electricity in coulombs needed to reduce 1 mol of 𝑪𝒓𝟐𝑶𝟕 𝟐−?
63. Write complete chemical equations for: 2008
(i) Oxidation of 𝑭𝒆𝟐+ by 𝑪𝒓𝟐𝑶𝟕 𝟐 − in acid medium.
(ii) Oxidation of 𝑺𝟐𝑶𝟑𝟐− 𝐛𝐲 𝐌𝐧𝑶𝟒− in neutral aqueous medium.
64. Assign reason for the following: 2008
(i) The enthalpies of atomisation of transition elements are high.
(ii) The transition metals and many of their compounds act as good catalyst.
(iii) From element to element the actinoid contraction is greater than the lanthanoid contraction.
(iv) The E° value for the 𝐌𝐧𝟑+/𝐌𝐧𝟐+ couple is much more positive than that for 𝐂𝐫𝟑+/𝐂𝐫𝟐+.
(v) Scandium (Z = 21) does not exhibit variable oxidation states and yet it is regarded as transition
element.
65. Write down the number of 3d electrons in each of the following ions: 2008

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𝐓𝐢𝟐+, 𝐕𝟐+, 𝐂𝐫𝟑+, 𝐌𝐧𝟐+, 𝐅𝐞𝟐+, 𝐂𝐨𝟐+, 𝐍𝐢𝟐+ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐮𝟐+ Indicate how would you expect the five 3d orbitals
to be occupied for these hydrated ions (octahedral).

14