Exp 10

Experiment No.
Aim: To study the constructional details of DC machine.
Apparatus Required:
S No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity
Theory:
Rotating Electrical Machines are used for Electro-mechanical energy conversion i.e. Generators
convert Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy and Motors convert Electrical Energy to
Mechanical Energy. All the Rotating Electrical Machines have same basic construction that is they
have two parts: Stator, the part of the machine which remains stationery and Rotor, the part of
machine to which mechanical energy is associated by virtue of its rotation.
Similarly, In DC motor there are two types of windings as in all other Rotating Machines, Field
Winding which is responsible for production of flux and Armature Winding which carries high
current from the supply in motors and to the load in case of Generators.
When energy is converted from Electrical Energy to Mechanical Energy, then it is first converted
to Magnetic Energy and then to Mechanical Energy and hence Magnetic Energy acts an
intermediate stage between Electrical and Mechanical Energy. Flux is required to be produced in
machines in order to store energy in Magnetic Domain and this requires consumption of Reactive
Power and hence Reactive Power is indispensable when it comes to Electrical Machines as all
machines require a flux to work upon.
Construction Details of DC Machines:

DC Machine has two parts Stator and Rotor. The field winding if DC Machines is wound on the
Stator and Armature Winding is wound on the Rotor. Different parts of Stator and Rotor have been
explained below:
Yoke:
It provides path for pole flux and carries half of it. It provides mechanical support to whole
machine. Cast iron is used for small DC machines and fabricated steel for large dc machines. If DC
machine is operated through power electronic converter then yoke is laminated else not.
Field Poles:
It consists of pole core and pole shoe. Pole core is made of cast steel but pole shoe is laminated and
fixed to pole core appropriately. At present both pole shoe and pole core are laminated.
3
Field Winding:
The pole excited by a winding wound around pole core.The winding is made from copper.
Number of turns and cross-section of field winding depend on type of DC machine. For DC
shunt machine, large number of turns and small cross-section because field winding has entire
terminal voltage across it so large number of turns and larger length of conductor which implies
high resistance so field current is small. For DC series machine, number of turns and large cross
section as the field winding carries armature current so which is high so larger cross section area
which implies low resistance so less voltage drop and hence less number of turns. For DC
compound machines, both windings are employed.
Interpoles:
Fixed to Yoke in between main poles of DC machine. Tapered with sufficient cross sectional
area and wider at bottom to avoid magnetic saturation. Inter pole winding consists of a few turns
of thick wire is connected in series to armature. So a MMF is directly proportional to armature
current.
Compensating winding:
Placed in slots cut in poles of a DC machine.These are Connected in series with armature and are
used in large dc machines only.
Brushes:
Housed in box type brush holders attached to stator end cover or yoke. A small spring keeps
them pressed to commutator. Made of carbon in small DC machines, electro graphite for all and
copper graphite for low-voltage, high current dc machines.
Armature core:
Serves purpose of having armature coil in slots and providing low reluctance path to magnetic
flux and is Made of 0.35mm to 0.50 mm, thick lamination of Si – steel to keep down iron losses.
Result:
The study of construction of DC motor is done successfully.
4
Experiment No.
Aim-: To obtain the internal characteristics of DC shunt generator.
Apparatus Required:
S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
The internal load characteristics of DC shunt generator is plotted between V and IL. In this we
consider only drop due to armature reaction only. Drop due to ohmic losses are not considered in
the internal characteristics.
Basically the internal characteristics of DC shunt generator can be easily obtained by computing
these equations.
Eg = V + Ia Ra (Volts)
Ia = IL + If (Amps)
Eg : Generated emf in Volts
V : Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia : Armature Current in Amps
IL : Line Current in Amps
If : Field Current in Amps

Ra : Armature Resistance in Ohms
Procedure (obtain load characteristic):
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and maximum position of DC
shunt generator field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is gradually removed.
3. Under no load condition, Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are noted, after bringing the voltage to
rated voltage by adjusting the field rheostat of generator.
4. Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
5. Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is brought to maximum
position and the field rheostat of DC shunt motor to minimum position, DPST switch is opened.
Observation Table:
S.No. Voltage Load Current

VL (Volts) IL (Amps)
Result:
Thus load characteristics of DC shunt generator is determined.
Precautions:
1. The field rheostat of motor should be at minimum position.
2. The field rheostat of generator should be at maximum position.
3. No load should be connected to generator at the time of starting and stopping
Experiment No.
Aim-: To obtain the external characteristics of DC shunt generator.
Apparatus Required:
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
The external load characteristics of DC shunt generator is plotted between V and IL. In this we
consider the drop due to armature reaction and drop due to ohmic losses both the drops are
considered in the external characteristics.
Basically the external characteristics of DC shunt generator can be easily obtained by computing
these equations:
Eg = V + Ia Ra (Volts)
Ia = IL + If (Amps)
Eg : Generated emf in Volts
V: Terminal Voltage in Volts

Ia : Armature Current in Amps
IL : Line Current in Amps
If : Field Current in Amps
Ra : Armature Resistance in Ohms
Procedure (obtain external characteristic):
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and maximum position
of DC shunt generator field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is
gradually removed.
3. Under no load condition, Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are noted, after bringing the
voltage to rated voltage by adjusting the field rheostat of generator.
4. Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
5. Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is brought to
maximum position and the field rheostat of DC shunt motor to minimum position, DPST
switch is opened.
Observation Table:
S.No. Voltage VL (Volts) Load Current IL (Amps)

Result:
Thus external characteristics of DC shunt generator is determined.
Precautions:
1. The field rheostat of motor should be at minimum position.
2. The field rheostat of generator should be at maximum position.
3. No load should be connected to generator at the time of starting and stopping
Procedure :
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig.

2. Switch on main power supply to induction motor so as to run dc generator.
3. Note down the readings.
4. Now increase the field current gradually.
5. Reapeat steps 3 and 4 for different speeds of rotation.
6. Plot the complete hysteresis loop.
7. Now again reverse the voltmeter and ammeter connections and increase current till
saturation is reached.
8. Plot a graph between E and If.
Observation Table:
S.NO ARMATURE FIELD

VOLTAGE CURRENT(If)
(Ef )
Result:
Thus we have been drawn the magnetization characteristic curve of Separately excited DC
Generator.
Precautions:
1. All connections should be tight and neat.
2. The field current should not be increased to cross the rated value
Experiment No.
Aim-: Obtain the external characteristics of D.C. Series Generator.
Apparatus Required:
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
As Load Resistance is reduced, Armature Current increases and since it is same as field current
also increases which leads to increase in flux and hence induced voltage also increases.
Now, the terminal voltage ,V = Ea –Ia(Ra+RSe)increases until breakdown point is reached and
after that machine enters saturation and flux becomes constant, so Ea becomes constant and due
to increase in armature current terminal voltage reduces.In this only drop due to armature
reaction is and drop due to ohmic losses both are considered in external characteristics
Procedure :
1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. The DC supply is switched ON and the DC shunt motor (prime mover) is started using the 3-
point starter
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting its field rheostat and the same is checked
with the help of a tachometer.
4. The load DPST is now closed and the loading rheostat is switched on in steps and at each step
the motor speed is maintained constant by adjusting the motor field rheostat and then the
terminal voltage (VL) and the load current (IL) are noted down.

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Experiment No.

Aim: To study the constructional details of DC machine.

Construction Details of DC Machines:

Aim-: To obtain the internal characteristics of DC shunt generator.

If : Field Current in Amps

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

S.No. Voltage Load Current

Aim-: To obtain the external characteristics of DC shunt generator.

V: Terminal Voltage in Volts

Procedure (obtain external characteristic):

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

S.No. Voltage VL (Volts) Load Current IL (Amps)

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig.

S.NO ARMATURE FIELD

Aim-: Obtain the external characteristics of D.C. Series Generator.

1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.

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