Exp No.

:
Date :
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM
To obtain the O.C.C of the given separately excited DC shunt generator and hence to
determine Critical field resistance
And To conduct the direct load test on the given DC shunt generator to plot
i) External Characteristics (or Load Characteristics)
ii) Internal Characteristics (or Total Characteristics)

FUSE RATING

(i) For OCC , 20 % of rated current ------------

(ii) For load test, the required fuse ratings are
 125% of the motor rated current for supply side DPST.
 125% of the generator rated current for load side DPST.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter MC (0-2)A 1
2 Ammeter MC (0-10)A 1
3 Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1
4 Rheostat Wire wound 400Ω,1.1A 2
5 Tachometer Digital - 1
6 Resistive load Variable 3 KW 1

THEORY
A D.C. generator requires an excitation circuit to generate an induced voltage. Depending on
whether the excitation circuit consumes power from the armature of the machine or from separately
required power supply, the generators may be classified as self excited or separately excited
generators respectively
The induced EMF in a DC generator is given by the equation E g = PZN/ 60A volts. Since P,
Z and A are constants the above equation can be rewritten as E g = KN. If the speed of the generator

1
is also maintained constant then Eg =K1 , but the flux is directly proportional to the field current,
hence Eg = K2 If. From the above equation it is clear that the induced EMF is directly proportional to
the field current when speed is maintained constant. The plot between the induced EMF and the
field current is known as open circuit characteristics of the DC generator. The typical shape of this
characteristic is shown in figure.
The induced EMF when the field current is zero is known as residual voltage. This EMF is
due to the presence of a small amount of flux retained in the field poles of the generator called
residual flux. Once the O.C.C is obtained the parameters such as critical field resistance, critical
speed and the maximum voltage to which the machine can build up can be determined. If required
the O.C.C at a different speeds can also be obtained. Critical speed is minimum speed below which
the generator shunt fails to excite.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

To Find Ra

2
NAME PLATE DETAILS

D.C GENERATOR: D.C. MOTOR:

 Rated Voltage : Rated voltage :

 Rated Current : Rated Current :
 Rated Speed : Rated Speed :
 Power Rating : Power Rating :
EXCITATION EXCITATION

 Voltage : Voltage :
 Current : Current :
PRECAUTION

 The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position

 The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum rheostat position
 At the time of starting, the generator should be in no load condition
 The Generator must be run in proper direction

FORMULAE

3
(i) OCC Test
To calculate critical resistance (Rc)
From Magnetization (OCC) Curve, if the field resistance (Excitation Current) is increased, at
one point the resistance (Excitation Current) line becomes a tangent to the OCC. This value of
the resistance is called the critical resistance. And the critical resistance is obtained by E / I f

(ii) Load Test

a) Determination of armature resistance (Ra)
The armature winding resistance is calculated using ohms law R a = V/I for each set of
readings and the average of them is calculated. The effective resistance of the armature winding
after taking into account the effect of temperature rise and skin effect is 1.2 times the average
resistance Ra i.e. Ra (effective) = 1.2 Ra (average).
b) To plot the internal characteristics, the armature current and the induced EMF are calculated
using the expressions,
Ia = IL and Eg = VL + IaRa (eff)
c) The plots of VL Vs IL and Eg Vs Ia are drawn to scale in the same graph sheet.
PROCEDURE

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS

1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram in the shown figure.
2. Keeping the motor field rheostat in its minimum position, generator field rheostat in
maximum position; and the starter in its OFF position, the main supply is switched ON to
the circuit.
3. The motor is started using the 3-point starter by slowly and carefully moving the starter
handle from its OFF to ON position,
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting its rheostat and checked with the help of
a tachometer.
5. With the SPST switch open, the residual voltage is noted.
6. Now the SPST switch is closed and the field rheostat is varied in steps and at each step the
field current (If) and the corresponding induced EMF (Eg) are recorded in the tabular

4
 column. This procedure is continued until the generator voltage reaches 125% of its rated
value the speed of the machine is maintained constant.
7. After the experiment is completed the various rheostats are brought back to their original
position in sequence and then main supply is switched OFF.
8. The Critical resistance is found from the graph. [If the field resistance is increased, at one
point the resistance line becomes a tangent to the OCC. This value of the resistance is called
the critical resistance.

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the motor field rheostat in its minimum position, generator field rheostat in
maximum position and the starter in its OFF position, the main supply is switched ON to the
circuit.
3. The motor is started using the 3-point starter by slowly and carefully moving the starter
handle from its OFF to ON position.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting its field rheostat and checked with the
help of the tachometer.
5. With the DPST switch open, the generator field rheostat is slowly decreased until the
generator voltage is equal to its rated value (220V). The terminal voltage and the field
current are noted in the tabular column.
6. The DPST switch on the load side is now closed and the load on the generator is gradually
increased in steps by switching on the lamps one by one. At each step the speed of the
generator is checked and maintained constant at its rated value by adjusting the field rheostat
of the motor. After satisfying this condition at each step of loading, the terminal voltage
(VL), field current (If) and the load current (IL) are noted down in the tabular column.
7. This procedure is continued until the generator is loaded to 125% of its rated value.
8. Once the experiment is completed the load on the generator is gradually decreased, the
various rheostats are brought back to their original position in sequence and the main supply
is switched OFF.

5
PROCEDURE FOR MEASUREMENT OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE

1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The armature voltage (V) and current (I) are noted in the tabular column by varying RPS.
3. The armature winding resistance of Generator is calculated using ohms law R a = V/I for each
set of readings and the average of them is calculated. The effective resistance of the
armature winding after taking into account the effect of temperature rise and skin effect is
1.2 times the average resistance Ra i.e. Ra (effective) = 1.2 Ra (average).

OBSERVATION
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS

S. No. Field Generator

current voltage
If Eg (volts)
(amps)

LOAD TEST ON A DC SHUNT GENERATOR

S.NO. Terminal Load Field Armature Arm. Voltage Generated e.m.f.
Voltage Current Current Current drop Eg=VL+ Ia Ra(eff)

6
 VL IL If Ia (Ia = IL) Ia Ra(eff) (Volts)
(Amps) (Amps)
(Volts) (Amps) (Volts)

MEASUREMENT OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE

S.No. Va (V) Ia (A) Ra (Ohms)

MODEL GRAPH

7
RESULT

Thus the magnetization characteristic curve is drawn. The value of build up voltage and
Critical Resistance is obtained from the graph. And the direct load test on the given DC shunt
generator has been conducted and the internal and external characteristics are plotted.

8
Exp.No: OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
Date : SELF EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM
To obtain the open circuit characteristics of a DC Shunt Generator at rated
speed and to determine (i) Critical field resistance at rated speed (ii)Critical Speed (iii)
Voltage built up by the generator at rated speed and (iv) to plot the OCC characteristic
curves
a) To conduct the Load test on the given DC Shunt Generator and plot its internal
and external characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

PRECAUTIONS:

1. All the connections should be tight

2. Ensure both SPST and DPST switches are in open position.
3. Check whether the load is under off position.
4. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum resistance position during
starting.
5. Keep the motor armature rheostat at maximum resistance position at
starting.
6. Keep the generator field rheostat at maximum resistance position during
starting.

9
PROCEDURE
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Verify whether field rheostat of the generator is kept at maximum position and
field rheostat of motor at minimum position.
3. Switch ON the DC supply.
4. Adjust the excitation of field rheostat of the motor so as to make the motor to run
at rated speed.
5. The ammeter and voltmeter readings of the generator are noted with SPSTS
switch in opened position.
6. Close the SPSTS switch and excitation of the generator is varied insteps by
adjusting the field rheostat of the generator, at each step the readings of field
current and induced emf are noted upto its rated generator voltage.
7. The readings are tabulated and a graph of open circuit characteristics is drawn
between generated voltage Vs field current.

LOAD TEST:

1. Fix the armature voltage of the generator to the rated voltage by adjusting the
field rheostat of the generator.
2. Close the DPSTS at the load side of the generator and increase the load in steps
till the rated armature current and at each step the readings of terminal voltage,
load current, and shunt field current are noted.
3. Finally reduce the load insteps and bring the generator and field rheostat to its
original position.

10
EXPRESSION FOR THEORITICAL VALUE:

1.
Critical field resistance ,Rc = Slope of the tangent drawn to the linear portion of the

OCC and passing through origin.

Rc = …………………. Ohms.
2.
Critical Speed Nc = Rsh * Nrated / R
3.
Voltage build up Egm =Voltage corresponding to the point at which the OCC at rated

Speed and Rsh line intersect.

Egm =……………….. volts.

4.
Eg = V + IaRa in volts. Where,

Eg = Generated voltage in volts.

V = Terminal voltage in volts.

Ia = Armature current in Amps.

Ra = Armature resistance in ohms.

5.
Armature current Ia = IL+ Ish in Amps. Where,

IL = Load current in Amps.

Ish = Shunt field current in Amps.

11
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

T
ABULATION
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Field current Output voltage at no load

S. No
(Amps) (Volts)

12
LOAD TEST:

Load voltage Load current Field current Ia= IL + IF Eg=Va+IaRa

S. No
Volts Amps Amps Amps Volts

TO FIND Ra

Circuit Diagram

13
14
Tabulation

Voltage (Va) Current (Ia) Ra=Va/Ia

S. No
Volts Amps Ohms

TO FIND Ra:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Gradually vary the loading rheostat insteps and at each step note down the
corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings.
3. From the tabulated value calculate the average armature resistance.

MODEL GRAPH

RESULT :
Thus the open circuit and load characteristics of self excited DC generator are determined.
15
Exp No.:
Date :
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM
To conduct a direct load test on the given dc shunt motor to plot the following performance
characteristics.

1. Torque Vs Armature Current

2. Speed Vs Armature Current

3. Torque Vs Speed

4. Output Power Vs Speed, Armature current, Torque and Efficiency

FUSE RATING

125 % of rated current ------------

APPARATUS REQUIERD
S.No. Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Voltmeter MC (0-300) V 1
2 Ammeter MC (0-20) A 1
Wire
3 Rheostat 300  / 1.7 A 1
Wound
4 Tachometer Digital -- 1

THEORY
Load test on motor are performed to know about the efficiency, torque and speed characteristics,
which enable us to select an appropriate motor for on application.
The torque equation of a DC Motor is given by
Ta = 0.159 (PZ / A) * Ia N-m

16
 P, Z, A being constant the equation reduces to Ta = K Ia
In a DC Shunt motor as is also a constant, then the torque is directly properties armature current.
The speed of a DC motor is given by N = K (V-IaRa) / 
Since  is constant, the speed is directly proportional to (V Ia R a). As the load on motor
increases, the drop Ia Ra through increases is negligible as Ra is very small and the speed is nearly
constant. Hence a Dc shunt motor is considered as a constant speed motor. If a DC shunt motor is
started on load, it draws a heavy armature current, which in turn will damage the machine itself. Hence
DC shunt motors are always started on no-load.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Name Plate Details

Power :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :

17
FORMULA
1. Torque T= (S1~S2) * ( R+t/2) * 9.81 N-m
Where R= Radius of the brake drum in m
t= Thickness of the belt in m
S1, S2 = spring balance reading in Kg
2. Input Power (Pin)= VL * IL in Watts
Where VL = Load Voltage in Volts
IL = Load current in amps
3. Output Power (Pout) =(2∏NT)/60 in watts
Where N = speed of the armature in rpm
T = Torque in N-m
4. Percentage of Efficiency (% ) = (Pout/Pin) * 100 %

PRECAUTION
1) Initially, the motor field rheostat is in minimum position.
2) The belt should not be in tight position.

PROCEDURE
1) Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2) Switch on DC supply and start the motor with the help of starter.
3) Adjust the field rheostat to rated speed.
4) Note the readings of the ammeter, voltmeter, spring balance reading and speed at the load
conditions.
5) Increase the load gradually by tightening the belt by using hand wheels.
6) Note the readings of ammeter, voltmeter, speed and spring balances.
7) Repeat the steps 5 and 6 at no load to full load of the motor.
8) Decrease the load gradually and set the field rheostat to minimum position.
9) Switch off the supply.
10) Calculate input power, output power, torque and efficiency and draw the performance curves.

18
OBSERVATION

Spring
Input Input Balance Input Output % of
Speed Torque
voltage current S1 power power
S.No. N T efficiency
VL IL (Kg S2 Pin Pout
(rpm) (Kg) (N-m) (W) % (%)
(V) (A) (W)
)

MODEL GRAPH

19
20
RESULT
Thus the load test on DC shunt motor was conducted and its performance characteristics were

drawn.

Exp.No:
Date : SWINBURNE’S TEST

AIM

To conduct no load test on dc shunt motor and to predetermine efficiency while machine
is running as a motor and generator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S. No APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

21
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure that all the connections are tight.

2. Select the meters of proper range.
3. Ensures the rating of fuses.
4. The starter arm must be in OFF position at the time of starting.

22
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close the MCB switch by energizing the circuit.
3. Start the machine using three-point starter and allow the motor to run at
its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
4. The corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted at no-
5. load.
Bring the field rheostat to its original minimum position and the MCB
switch is switched off.
6. Now the armature resistance test is conducted as per the circuit
diagram and the corresponding meter readings are noted.
7. The readings are tabulated and the efficiency of the machine when it runs
as a motor and generator are determined without loading the machine

EXPRESSION FOR THEORITICAL VALUE: FOR

MOTOR:

Input Power, Pi = VLIL (watts)

Armature current,Ia = IL – IF (amps)

Copper loss, Wcu = Ia2Ra (watts)

Total losses, PL = Wc + Wcu (watts)

Constant losses, Wc = ILVL -a I 2Ra (watts)

Output Power, Po = Pin – PL (watts)

% Efficiency = output power (Po)/ Input power

(Pi)
FOR GENERATOR:

Input Power, PO = VLIL (watts)

Armature current,Ia = IL+ IF (amps)

Copper loss, Wcu = Ia2Ra (watts)

Constant losses, Wc = ILVL - 2Ia Ra (watts)

23
 Input Power, Pi = Po + PL (watts)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

24
TABULATION TO FIND OUT CONSTANT LOSS (Wco)

No-load Terminal No load Constant Loss

current Field Current Voltage Armature
S. (If)
current Wco=VIo- I 2
No (Io) (V) ao
(Iao)
Amps Amps Volts Volts Watts

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TO FIND RA

25
TABULATION TO FIND OUT ARMATURE RESISTANCE

Armature current Armature Voltage Armature Resistance

S. No (Ia) (Va) Ra = Va/Ia

Amps Volts Ohms

TABULATION TO FIND OUT THE EFFICIENCY

RUNNING AS MOTOR
Armature Resistance (Ra) = Rated current (Ir) =

Constant loss (Wco) = Field current (If) =

Terminal Voltage (V) =

Load
Armature Armature Total Input Output
current Efficiency
current loss loss power power
Fraction IL = 2 η = Wo/Wi
S. Ia =IL+If Wcu=Ia Ra Wt Wi=VIL Wo=Wi-Wt
of load x*Ir
No
(x) Amps Amps Amps Watts Watts Watts %

26
RUNNING AS GENERATOR

Armature Resistance (Ra) = Rated current (Ir) =

Constant loss (Wco) = Field current (If) =

Terminal Voltage (V) =

Load
Armature Armature Total Output Input
current Efficiency
current loss loss power power
Fraction IL = 2 η = Wo/Wi
S. Ia =IL+If Wcu=Ia Ra Wt Wo=VIL Wi=Wo+Wt
of load x*Ir
No
(x) Amps Amps Amps Watts Watts Watts %

27
RESULT:

Thus the Swinburne’s tests of DC shunt motor are determined.

28
Exp No.:
Date :
SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

AIM
To determine the variation of speed with (i) Armature voltage control method
(Rheostatic control method) and (ii) Field excitation (Flux control method).

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter MC (0-2) A 1
2 Ammeter MC (0-5) A 1
3 Voltmeter MC (0-300) V 1
4 Rheostat Wire wound 300Ω,1.7A 1
5 Rheostat Wire wound 50Ω,5A 1
6 Tachometer Digital 1

THEORY
A dc motor is an electrical machine that takes electrical energy and converts it
into mechanical energy.
The speed of the dc motor is given by the relation
V- Ia Ra
N = ------------ rpm.
K

From the above relation, the speed of the dc shunt motor can be varied by varying,
1. The voltage V applied to armature.
2. The armature circuit resistance Ra and
3. The flux 
The speed is nearly proportional to armature voltage if the armature drop is small,
while it is inversely proportional to the flux ().

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

29
Name Plate Details
Power :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :

PRECAUTIONS

1. While starting and stopping the machine the armature circuit rheostat is kept at
maximum resistance position and the field circuit rheostat is kept at minimum
resistance position.
2. DPST switch is kept open initially.

PROCEDURE
1. The no load current is approximately 15 % of full load current. So the fuse rating
should be 15% of full load current.
2. The type and range of all meters are selected according to the ratings of the motor.
3. The connections are made as per circuit diagram.
4. The armature rheostat is kept at maximum resistance position and the field rheostat is
kept at minimum resistance position initially.

30
5. The speed of the dc shunt motor is directly proportional to armature voltage and
inversely proportional to flux.
6. In the armature voltage control method the flux or field excitation is kept constant and
armature voltage is varied to obtain different speeds.
7. In the field control method the armature voltage is kept constant and flux is varied by
varying the field current to obtain different speeds

A. ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTORL METHOD

1. The motor is started by closing DPST switch, the motor starts running slowly.
2. As the armature rheostat resistance is reduced gradually the motor picks up speed.
3. The field current is kept at one constant value by adjusting the filed rheostat.
4. The armature voltage is a varied in steps by varying the armature rheostat and
corresponding speed is noted down in each step. The readings are taken for speeds
below the rated value.
5. The experiment is repeated for different constant values of field current.
6. A set of graphs between armature voltage and speed are drawn for different constant
values of field current.
Note: The readings should be taken for speed below the rated value.

B. FLUX CONTROL METHOD

1. In flux control method the armature voltage is kept at one constant value by adjusting
the armature rheostat.
2. The field current is varied in steps by varying the field circuit rheostat and the
corresponding speed is noted down in each case. The readings are tabulated.
3. A set of graphs between field current and speed are drawn for different values of
armature voltage.
Note: The readings should be taken for speed above the rated value.

31
OBSERVATION

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

S.No Field current If = Field current If =
. Voltage Va (Volts) Speed N (rpm) Voltage Va (Volts) Speed N (rpm)

FIELD CONTROL METHOD

Armature voltage Va = Armature voltage Va =

S.No.
If in amps Speed N (rpm) If in amps Speed N (rpm)

MODEL GRAPH

32
RESULT

The speed control experiment is conducted on dc shunt machine by

(i) Armature voltage control method and (ii) Field control method.

Exp No.:

33
Date :
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM
To conduct a direct load test on the given single phase transformer to determine
the efficiency and regulation at different load conditions of a resistive load.

FUSE RATING

Primary Current = KVA rating of the transformer / Primary Voltage

Secondary Current = KVA rating of the transformer / Secondary Voltage
125 % of Primary Current ------------
125 % of Secondary Current -------------

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No. Component Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter MI (0-300) V 2
2 Ammeter MI (0-5) A 2
3 Wattmeter UPF 300 V/5A 2
4 Transformer Single Phase 1 KVA 1
5 Autotransformer Single Phase 2.7 KVA, 230V/ (0-270)V, 10 A 1

THEORY

Direct load test is conducted to determine the efficiency characteristics and regulation
characteristics of the given transformer. An ideal transformer; is supposed to give
constant secondary voltage irrespective of the load current. But practically the secondary
voltage decreases as the transformer is loaded due to primary and secondary impedance
drops. Since these drops are dependent on load current this variation in terminal voltage
is founded using direct loading,

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

34
FORMULAE

1. % Efficiency = (Output power / Input power) * 100

% Efficiency = (Po/Pi) * 100
Where,
Po – Wattmeter reading of secondary transformer.
Pi – Wattmeter reading of primary transformer.
Note:
Input Power = (wattmeter reading x Multiplication factor) in watts
Multiplication factor = (Pressure coil rating * Rating of current coil * pf) / full
scale reading

2. Percentage of Regulation =
Where,

- No load voltage in volts

- Load voltage in volts

35
PRECAUTIONS
2. There should be no load at the time of starting.
3. Autotransformer should be kept at minimum potential.

PROCEDURE

1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram as shown in
figure.
2. Keeping the autotransformer in its minimum position the main supply is
switched ON.
3. By slowly and carefully operating the Auto transformer the rated voltage is
applied to the Primary side of the transformer.
4. At no load condition voltmeter, Ammeter & wattmeter readings corresponding
to primary and secondary transformer are noted.
5. Now the load is applied to transformer in steps for every increase of load, the
primary and secondary current, voltage and power are noted.
6. The transformer is loaded up to full load and readings are noted. Switch off
the power supply.
7. After the observation of all the readings the load is released gradually to its
initial position
8. The autotransformer is brought to its initial position
9. The supply is switched off
10. The efficiency and the regulation are calculated

36
OBSERVATION

S.No Pry. Pry. I/P Power(W) Sec. Sec. O/P power % of % of

Voltage Current Voltage Current (W) efficiency regulati
(V) (A) Obs Act (V) (A) Obs Act on

MODEL GRAPH

RESULT

The direct load test has been conducted on the given 1-phase transformer and
the percentage efficiency and regulation are determined at different load condition and
hence the efficiency and regulation graphs are drawn.

37
Exp No.:
Date :
O.C. AND S.C. TESTS ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM

To conduct the open circuit test and short circuit test on a single-phase
transformer and hence to predetermine the efficiency and regulation and also to draw the
equivalent circuit as referred to H.V side.

FUSE RATING

Primary current = KVA rating of the transformer / Primary voltage

Secondary current = KVA rating of the transformer / Secondary voltage
20% of the primary current --------------------------------------- (for OC test)
125% of the secondary current ----------------------------------- (for SC test)

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity

MI (0-2.5)A 1
1 Ammeter
MI 0-10)A 1
MI (0-150)V 1
2 Voltmeter
MI (0-300)V 1
LPF 300V, 5A 1
3 Wattmeter
UPF 150V,10A 1
4 Auto transformer Single Phase 230V / (0-270) V 1
2KVA
5 Transformer Single Phase 1
230V/230V

THEORY

The actual performance characteristics of transformers can be obtained by

conducting a direct load test on them. When this has to be performed on large rating
transformers, the loads of the required size may not be available, and the power
consumed during this test will be very large as the transformers are loaded up to 125% of
their capacity. The time required to perform

38
such a test is also more. The same performance characteristics can be obtained by
comparatively easier methods, which are known as indirect methods or predetermination
techniques.
To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of transformers, the open circuit
test [(to determine the core loss (iron loss or constant loss)] and short circuit test [to
determine the full load copper loss (variable loss)] are carried out. Assuming the output
and load power factor, the efficiency at different loads are computed. The regulating on
full load for different assumed load power factors can also be computed. The data
obtained from these tests are also useful to find the equivalent circuit parameters. The
results obtained from these tests are almost closer to the actual values obtained by direct
load test.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

39
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

PRECAUTION

 At the time of starting of transformer should be at no load condition

 High voltage and low voltage sides of the transformer should be properly used as
primary or secondary respective to the experiments.
FORMULAE

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Open Circuit Test

1. No load power factor ( )=

Where, Woc – No Load Power in watts
Voc – open circuit voltage in volts
Ioc – open circuit in Amps
Working Component of no load current Iw = Ioc Cos φ
Magnetizing component of No load Current Iµ = Ioc Sin φ Where Φ =Cos-1[Woc / Voc Ioc]

2. No load working component resistance (Ro) = in ohms

40
 Where Voc -- open circuit voltage in volts
Ioc -- open circuit current in amps

3. No load magnetizing component reactance (Xo) = in ohms

Where Voc -- open circuit voltage in volts
Ioc -- open circuit current in amps

Short circuit Test

4. Equivalent impedance referred to HV side (Z02) = in ohms

Where, Vsc -- short circuit voltage in volts
Ioc -- short circuit current in amps

5. Equivalent resistance referred to HV side (R02) = in ohms

Where, - short circuit power in watts

6. Equivalent circuit referred to HV side (X02) = in ohms

7. Transformation ratio (K) =

Where, V1 – primary voltage in volts
V2 – secondary voltage in volts

8. Equivalent resistance referred to LV side (R01) = in ohms

9. Equivalent reactance referred to LV side (X01) = in ohms

Efficiency and regulation

10. Output power = (X * KVA * Cos φ) in watts

Where, X – Fraction of load
[Note: When X is the fraction of the full load which is 0.25 for 25% load, o.5
for 50% load, 0.75 for 75% load, 1.0 for full load and 1.25 for 125% load]
KVA -Power rating of transformer (If 1 KVA transformer, KVA= 1000)
Cos φ – Power factor
11. Copper loss = X2 * Wsc in watts
Iron Loss = Woc

12. Total loss = Cu loss + Iron loss in watts

13. Efficiency= in %

41
14.
+ for Lagging PF
- for Leading PF

PROCEDURE

I) O.C. TEST

1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the H.V. winding open and the autotransformer in its minimum position
the main supply is switched ON.
3. By slowly and carefully adjusting the autotransformer, the rated voltage (230 V)
is applied to L.V. winding of the transformer.
4. Under this condition the ammeter (Ioc), Voltmeter (Voc) and Wattmeter (Woc)
readings a noted down.
5. After the experiment is completed, the autotransformer is slowly brought back to
minimum position and then the main supply is switched OFF.

II) S.C. TEST

1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Short circuiting the LV winding and keeping the autotransformer in its minimum
position, the main supply is switched ON.
3. By slowly and carefully adjusting the autotransformer the rated current (which is
calculated as IH.V. = KVA Rating *1000 / VH.V. is circulated through the H.V.
winding.
4. Under this condition, the ammeter (ISC), the voltmeter (VSC) and the Wattmeter
(WSC) readings are noted down.
5. After the experiment is completed, the autotransformer is brought back to its
minimum position and main supply is switched OFF.

42
 TABULATION

OC Test
VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER Woc (W)
TEST
Voc (V) Ioc (A) Obs Act

O.C TEST

(On L.V side)

SC Test
VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER Wsc (W)
TEST
Vsc (V) Isc (A) Obs Act

S.C. TEST

(On H.V side)

PREDETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY
Input power =
Output power =
O/P power + %Efficienc
X*kva*Cos*10
Total losses y
% Of 0 (Watts) Copper Total losses (Watts) =[(O/P)/(I/P
load loss = Woc+ )] * 100 (%)
S.No
=X2*Wsc Copper loss
X (Watts) (Watts)
Cos
Cos=0. Cos Cos= Cos= Cos
=0.
8 =1 0.8 1 =1
8

0.2
0.3
.
.
.
1.2

43
% REGULATION

POWER % Regulation
FACTOR
S.No. Sin φ
Lagging P.F Leading P.F
Cos φ
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

44
MODEL GRAPH

RESULT
Thus the O.C and S.C tests are conducted on the single phase transformer. The
efficiency, regulation graphs and also the equivalent circuit as referred to H.V side are
drawn.

45
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TO PREDETERMINE THE REGULATION OF THREE PHASE
ALTERNATOR BY EMF METHOD
3 POINT STARTER
FUSE FUSE
L F A
+
20 A 5A
T
P
D S
P 220Ω T
S 1.5A S
(0-600 V)
T A1 V W
R MI
220 V F1 I
DC MECHANICAL COUPLING T
A (0- 5A)
S MI
SUPPLY C
W
H
I
T
M FUSE
B Y
C
H 5A
F2 F1
F2 A2

FUSE FUSE
-
20A 15 A

500Ω -
1.3A
+
2A
A
SPSTS (0- 2A) MC

NAME PLATE DETAILS

46
Exp No:
Date:

REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY

EMF METHOD

AIM:
To predetermine the percentage voltage regulation of three phase alternator by EMF
method.

OBJECTIVE:
 This method helps the students in determining the regulation of the alternator without
loading
 The student can understand the effect of saturation on regulation

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1
3. Ammeter (0-2A) MC 1
4. Rheostat 220Ω/1.3A Wire wound 1
5. Rheostat 500Ω/1.3A Wire wound 1
6. Tachometer - digital 1
7. TPST switch - - 1

THEORY:

open cicuit voltage / √ 3

1. Synchronous impedance (ZS) = Short circuit current ohms (at constant field current).

2. Stator (armature) resistance (RS) = 2.5 Ω (given)

3. Synchronous reactance (XS) = √ Z 2s −R2s ohms

4. For lagging power factor EO = √ (V cos φ + IR ) +(V sin φ+ IX )

s
2
s
2
volts.

= √(
2 2
V cos φ + IR ) + ( V sin φ−IX )
s s
5. For leading power factor EO volts.

6. For unity power factor EO= √ (V + IR ) +( IX )

s
2
s
2
volts.

47
 E0 −V
∗100
7. % Voltage regulation = V
MODEL CHARACTERISTICS

%Regulation
OCC

Short Circuit Current Isc(A)

If Vs Eg
Open circuit Voltage Eg(V)

SCC

Leading Power factorLagging Power factor

If Vs Isc

Field current If(A)

Fig.1.1 OCC & SCC of alternator Fig.1.2 Regulation Curve of alternator

TABULAR COLUMN 1.1: OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

S.NO FIELD CURRENT (IF) amps GENERATED EMF (Eg) volts

48
 TABULAR COLUMN 1.2: SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT (ISC)

S.NO FIELD CURRENT (IF) amps
amps

Where
Φ = load power factor angle.
EO= no load voltage per phase in volts.
V = terminal voltage per phase in volts.
I = full load armature current per phase in amps

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The rating of the fuse should not be more than 120% of rated current.
2. Motor field rheostat should be in minimum position while starting and stopping.
3. Alternator field rheostat should be in maximum position while starting and stopping.
4. Before closing the TPST switch, the alternator rheostat should be brought to maximum
position.
5. TPST switch should be opened during open circuit test.

PROCEDURE:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. DC Main supply is given by closing the DPST switch and the prime mover has been
started with three point starter
3. The alternator is made to run at rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
4. Alternator field rheostat is varied and values of the E g are noted in tabular column1.1
for different values of field current (IF)
5. This procedure is repeated up to the rated voltage of alternator.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

1. The alternator field rheostat is brought to its original position (i.e.) maximum position.
2. The alternator phases are shorted by closing the TPST switch.
3. Now, alternator field rheostat is varied to obtain the rated current of alternator.
4. The corresponding field current is noted in tabular column1.2
5. % Voltage regulation of three phase alternator can be predetermined using formulas for
different power factors and are tabulated in tabular column1.3

49
TABULAR COLUMN 1.3: PREDETERMINATION OF % VOLTAGE REGULATION OF THREE
PHASE ALTERNATOR
RATED VOLTAGE V = volts
LAGGING LEADING
POWER
S.NO EO in %
FACTOR EO in volts %REGULATION
volts REGULATION

POWER
S.NO EO in volts %REGULATION
FACTOR

Unity

MODEL CALCULATION:

50
RESULT:

51
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TO PREDETERMINE THE REGULATION OF THREE PHASE
ALTERNATOR BY MMF METHOD

3 POINT STARTER
FUSE FUSE
L F A
+
20 A 5A
T
P
D S
P 220Ω T
S 1.5A S
(0-600 V)
T A1 V W
R MI
220 V F1 I
DC MECHANICAL COUPLING T
A (0- 5A)
S MI
SUPPLY C
W
H
I
T
M FUSE
B Y
C
H 5A
F2 F1
F2 A2

FUSE FUSE
-
20A 5A

500Ω -
1.3A
+
2A
A
SPSTS (0- 2A) MC

NAME PLATE DETAILS

52
Exp No:
Date:

REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY

MMF METHOD
AIM:
To predetermine the percentage voltage regulation of three phase alternator by
MMF method.

OBJECTIVE:
 This method helps the students to determining the regulation of the alternator without
loading
 The student can understand the effect of saturation on regulation

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1
3. Ammeter (0-2A) MC 1
4. Rheostat 220Ω /1.3A Wire wound 1
5. Rheostat 500Ω/1.3A Wire wound 1
6. Tachometer - Digital 1
7. TPST switch - - 1

THEORY:

1.
I f = √ I 2
f 1 +I 2
f 2 +2 I f 1 I f 2 cos(180−θ )
(Amps)
From OCC, If1 – Field current required for rated voltage in amps.
From SC, If2 – Field current required for rated current in amps.
θ=90±φ
+ve = lagging; -ve = leading; θ= 90۫ for UPF

E0 −V
∗100
2. Percentage regulation = V
Where
V =Terminal voltage per phase.
E0= Open circuit voltage per phase corresponding to If.
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The rating of the fuse should not be more than 120% of rated current.
2. Motor field rheostat should be in minimum position while starting and stopping.
3. Alternator field rheostat should be in maximum position while starting and stopping.

53
 4. Before closing the TPST switch, the alternator rheostat should be brought to maximum
position.
5. TPST switch should be opened during open circuit test.

MODEL CHARACTERISTICS

%Regulation
Short Circuit Current Isc(A)
If Vs Eg
Open circuit Voltage Eg(V)

Leading Power factorLagging Power factor

If Vs Isc

Field current If(A)

Fig.1.1 OCC & SCC of alternator Fig.1.2 Regulation Curve of alternator

TABULAR COLUMN 1.1: OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

S.NO FIELD CURRENT (If) amps GENERATED EMF (Eg) volts

54
 TABULAR COLUMN 1.2: SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT (ISC)
S.NO FIELD CURRENT (If) amps
amps

PROCEDURE:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. DC Main supply is given by closing the DPST switch and prime mover started with
3 point starter.
3. The alternator is made to run at rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
4. Alternator field rheostat is varied and values of the E g are noted in tabular
column1.1 for different values of field current (If)
5. This procedure is repeated up to rated voltage of alternator.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

1. The alternator field rheostat is brought to its original position (i.e.) maximum
position.
2. The alternator phases are shorted by closing the TPST switch.
3. Now, alternator field rheostat is varied to obtain the rated current of alternator.
4. The corresponding field current is noted in tabular column1.2
5. % Voltage regulation of three phase alternator can be predetermined using formulas
for different power factors and are tabulated in tabular column1.3

55
TABULAR COLUMN 1.3: PREDETERMINATION OF % VOLTAGE REGULATION OF THREE
PHASE ALTERNATOR
Rated Voltage V = volts
LAGGING LEADING
POWER
S.NO EO in %
FACTOR EO in volts %REGULATION
volts REGULATION

POWER
S.NO EO in volts %REGULATION
FACTOR

Unity

MODEL CALCULATION:

56
RESULT:

57
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR LOAD TEST ON 3 PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

W1
600 V/10A/UPF
FUSE C2 LOADING ARRANGEMENT
R A L1
15 A A1
(0- 10A)
T
MI
P
S S1 Kg S2 Kg
T
400 V S (0-600 V)
50 HZ 3ф AC SUPPLYW V A1 C2
MI
I
T
C
H
FUSE A2 A2 C1
L2
Y
15 A B1 BRAKE DRUM
B1 B2

B2
FUSE
L3
B C1
15 A
W2
600 V/10A/UPF

NAME PLATE DETAILS

58
Exp No:
Date :

LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION

MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct the load test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor and to draw
the performance characteristics.

OBJECTIVE:
The student can understand the performance of the three phase induction motor in
such a way that how the speeds falls, the power factor improves and current increases
in output

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1
3. Wattmeter 600V/10A UPF 2
4. Tachometer - Digital 1

THEORY:

1. Input Power (W) = W1 + W2 (watts)

2. √ 3 V L I L cos φ=W
W
cos φ=
√ 3V L I L
Where,
VL - voltmeter reading in volts. IL - ammeter reading in ampere.
cos - power factor.
3. Output power = 2πNT / 60 in watts.
4. Torque = 9.81 (S1 ~ S2) x R Nm.
N −N
% slip= s ∗100
5. Ns
6. %efficiency = (output / input) x100

Where,
Ns - Synchronous speed in rpm
R - Radius of brake drum in meter
N - Rotor speed in rpm

59
S1, S2 - spring balance reading in Kg

60
 PRECAUTIONS:

1. The rating of the fuse should not be more than 120% of rated current.
2. Ac electrical quantities should be measured by moving iron instruments.
3. There should be no load while starting the machine.
4. Water should be poured to the brake drum when load is applied to reduce the heat.
5. The starter should be in OFF position while making connection.

PROCEDURE

1. Circuit connection is made as per the circuit diagram

2. Three phase AC supply is given by closing the TPST switch
3. Motor is started using “star- delta” starter.
4. At no load, voltage across the line, current flowing through the motor, input
power and speed are noted.
5. Now some load is applied and the changes in the line voltage, load current, speed,
Input power, spring balance readings are noted.
6. This procedure is repeated for different values of load up to the rated current.
MODEL CHARACTERISTICS

Po Vs ή
Po Vs p.f
Po Vs S
Po Vs N
Po Vs T
Line Current (IL) A

Po Vs IL
Power Factor (p.f)

Torque (T) Nm

Speed (N) rpm

Efficiency

% Slip (S)

Torque (T) Nm
(ή)

Output Power (Po) watts % Slip (S)

61
MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

62
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR NO LOAD TEST

W1
600 V/10A/LPF
FUSE
R A
15 A
T (0- 10A) I0
P MI
S
T
400 V S
Vo A1 C2
W
50 HZ 3ф AC SUPPLY V (0-600 V)
I
MI
T
C
H
FUSE A2
C1
Y
15 A
B1 B2

FUSE
B
15 A
W2
600 V/10A/LPF

NAME PLATE DETAILS

3Φ Auto-Transformer
(400v/0-470v)

63
Exp No:
Date:

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THREE PHASE

SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
To pre determine the performance characteristics of the given three phase squirrel
cage induction motor from equivalent circuit by conducting no load and blocked rotor
tests.

OBJECTIVE:
This experiment enables the students how to find out the equivalent circuit
parameters and how the performance of the motor can be determined at different load
conditions

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
600V/10A LPF 2
3 Wattmeter
150V/10A UPF 2
4 3Ф Auto transformer 400V/(0-470V) - 1
THEORY:
W0
cos φ=
1. √ 3V 0 I 0
2.
I μ =I 0 sin φ 0 in Ampere
I =I cos φ 0 in Ampere
3. w 0
√ 3∗V ph
R0 =
4.
Iw in Ω
√ 3∗V ph
X 0=
5.
Iμ in Ω
W sc
R01 =
6. 3 I 2sc in Ω
√ 3∗V sc
Z 01=
7. I sc in Ω

8.
X 01=√ (Z 201−R 201 )

9.
(
R =R s
L
1−s
2
) in Ω
64
10. R2 = R01 - R1 in Ω Where stator resistance R1 = 4.4 Ω (given)

65
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

W1
150 V/10A/UPF
FUSE
R A
15 A
(0- 10A) Isc
T
MI
P
S S1 Kg S2 Kg
T
400 V S Vsc
W
50 HZ 3ф AC SUPPLY V A1 C2
(0-150 V)
I MI
T
C
H
FUSE A2 C1
Y
15 A BRAKE DRUM
B1 B2

FUSE
B
15 A
W2
150 V/10A/UPF

3Φ Auto-Transformer
(400v/0-470v)

66
 11. Z2 = R01 + RL + jX01 in Ω ;I2 = Vph / Z2 in Ampere

12. IL = I2 + I0 / √3

13. Speed N = (1-S) Ns

'
14. Input power = 3 V L I L cos φ in Watts

15. Output power = 3(I2)2RL in Watts

Where,
I2= Rotor current referred to stator winding
RL= load resistance of rotor winding referred to stator winding
N −N
% slip= s ∗100
Ns
3I R2
2r ' 2
'

9 .55×
s
T= Ns in Nm
V1

I2 r' = ( R01 + R L ) + jX 01
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The rating of the fuse should not be more than 120% of rated current.
2. Auto transformer should be in minimum position while starting and
ending of the experiments.
3. AC electrical quantities should be measured by moving iron instruments.
4. Ensure that rotor should not be blocked for no load test.
5. Rotor is to be blocked first and then apply rated current through auto
transformer for blocked rotor test

PROCEDURE:

NO LOAD TEST:

1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Now the TPST is closed.
3. The rated voltage is obtained by varying the auto transformer. the
corresponding voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings are noted in
tabular column 1.1
4. Auto transformer is brought to the original position and TPST is opened.

67
 TABULAR COLUMN 1.1: NO LOAD TEST
MULTIPLYING FACTOR = W1= W2=
VOLTMETER AMMETER WATT READING IN Watrs
S.NO READING IN READING IN
(VOLTS) (V0) (AMPS) (I0) W1 W2 (W1~W2) (W0)

TABULAR COLUMN 1.2: BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

MULTIPLYING FACTOR = W1= W2=
VOLTMETER AMMETER WATTMETER READING IN (WATTS)
S.NO READING IN READING IN
(VOLTS) (VSC) (AMPS) (ISC) W1 W2 W1~W2 (WSC)

TABULAR COLUMN 1.3: PREDETERMINATION OF SLIP –TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF

INDUCTION MACHINE

S.NO SLIP TORQUE (Nm)

1. -0.02

2. -0.08

3. 0.03

4. 0.09

5. 0.1

6. 1.2

7. 1.7

8. 2.0

68
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Rotor is blocked with the aid of set on brake drum.
3. The auto transformer is varied upto the rated current by closing the
TPST switch, the corresponding voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter
readings are noted in tabular column 1.2.
4. Auto transformer is brought back to the original position and TPST
switch is opened.

FORMULAE FOR CIRCLE DIAGRAM

W0

1. CosΦ = √ L0 L0
3V I
VL
×I SC
2. ISN = V SC
W SC
Φ
3. Cos SC = √3 V LSC I LSC

[ ]
2
I SN
W SC
I SC
4. WSN =
W SN
5. Power scale = l ( AD )
6. Total motor input = PT ¿ power scale
7. Stator copper loss = SR ¿ power scale
8. Rotor copper loss = QR¿ power scale
9. Fixed loss = ST ¿ power scale
10. Total loss = QT ¿ power scale
11. Rotor output = PQ ¿ power scale
12. Rotor input = (PQ+QR) ¿ power scale
QR
13. Slip (s) = PR
PT
14. CosΦ = OP

69
 TABULAR COLUMN 1.4: PRE DETERMINATION OF PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
OF 3Ф SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR.
OUTPUT INPUT
SPEED I2 IL POWER TORQUE EFFICIENCY
S.NO SLIP POWER POWER
(rpm) (A) (A) FACTOR (Nm) %
(WATTS) (WATTS)
1.
0.02
2.
0.04
3.
0.06
4.
0.08
5.
0.1

70
 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

MODEL CHARACTERISTICS

Po Vs ή
Po Vs p.f
Po Vs S
Po Vs N
Po Vs T
Line Current (IL) A

Po Vs IL
Power Factor (p.f)

Torque (T) Nm

Speed (N) rpm

Efficiency

% Slip (S)
(ή)

TORQUE-SLIP CHARACTERISTICS
Torque (Nm)

Motoring
Breaking Region
Region
Slip (%) Generating
Region

71
MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

72
Exp No:
Date:

STUDY OF D. C. MOTOR AND INDUCTION MOTOR STARTERS

AIM
To study about the d.c. motor and induction motor starters

A)STUDY OF D.C. MOTOR STARTERS

At starting, Eb =0 because speed of motor is zero. Armature current of motor is equal to,

Ia = V- Eb / Ra

so Ia =V/ Ra (Eb = 0)

Since Ra is very small so motor will draw large armature current. To limit the armature current
in safe value we add some external resistance in armature circuit. A mechanism which adds
resistance during starting only is known as starter.

THEORY

There are two types of starters which are commonly used for d.c. shunt motor

1) 3-point starter

2) 4 - point starter

3- POINT STARTER

Three point starter is shown in the figure 1, when motor is started, starting arm is moved
slowly towards the ON position as soon as arm touches the stud no. 1 full starting resistance
get connected in the armature circuit.

1) Field current receives supply directly

The starting armature current is equal to, Ia = V / (Ra + Rst)

2) The arm is moved against the spring force towards the ON position.

3) When the arm travels towards ON position , the starting resistance is gradually removed
from armature circuit . since motor takes full speed, motor develops full back E.M.F. the
starting arm carries a soft iron piece which is held by attraction of the hold on coil. starter
remains in ON position because the electromagnetism formed by NO VOLT COIL

70
FUNCTION OF HOLD ON (NO VOLT COIL)

1) In case of supply failure NO VOLT COIL gets de-energized and the starting arm will be
released to OFF position. This is automatically done by spring action.

2) It hold the plunger in ON position

3) It gives the protection against field failure

FUNCTION OF OVERLOAD COIL

Overload coil is a electromagnet connected in series with armature. when current exceeds
beyond certain predetermined value the electromagnet will become strong and it attracts
plunger. Due to this voltage across NO VOLT COIL becomes zero. this will make hold on coil
de –energized due to which arm gets to OFF position and motor gets disconnected from
supply.

LIMITATIONS OF THREE POINT STARTER

1)When motor is in ON position the starting resistance gets remove form armature circuit at the
same time it gets attached to field circuit, which is dangerous to the motor.

2)When we control speed of motor by field control method, resistance in field circuit reduces
field current which increases the speed of motor at the same time there is chance under ON
condition motor could disconnect from supply due to de energisation of HOLD ON COIL, due
to less field current.

4- POINT STARTER

4- point starter with brass arc covers limitations of 3- point starter; using brass arc covers first
limitation. Making field circuit path independent of hold coil circuit by making forth point in
addition with 3-point circuit covers second limitation.When field current is reduced while
controlling speed of motor will not effect on magnetic field of hold on coil because circuit of hold
coil is separate than field coil circuit as shown in the fig.2.

71
72
73
B)STUDY OF INDUCTION MOTOR STARTERS

AUTO –TRANSFORMER STARTING

An auto transformer starter consists of an auto transformer and a switch as shown in the fig.
When the switch S is put on START position, a reduced voltage is applied across the motor
terminals. When the motor picks up speed, say to 80 per cent of its normal speed, the switch is put
to RUN position. Then the auto-transformer is cut out of the circuit and full rated voltage gets
applied across the motor terminals.

The circuit diagram in the fig is for a manual auto-transformer starter. This can be made
push button operated automatic controlled starter so that the contacts switch over from start to run
position as the motor speed picks up to 80% of its speed. Over-load protection relay has not been
shown in the figure. The switch S is air-break type for small motors and oil break type for large
motors. Auto transformer may have more than one tapping to enable the user select any suitable
starting voltage depending upon the conditions.
Series resistors or reactors can be used to cause voltage drop in them and thereby allow low voltage
to be applied across the motor terminals at starting. These are cut out of the circuit as the motor
picks up speed.

STAR- DELTA METHOD OF STARTING:

The startor phase windings are first connected in star and full voltage is connected across its
free terminals. As the motor picks up speed, the windings are disconnected through a switch and
they are reconnected in delta across the supply terminals. The current drawn by the motor from the
lines is reduced to as compared to the current it would have drawn if connected in delta.The motor
windings, first in star and then in delta the line current drawn by the motor at starting is reduced to
one third as compared to starting current with the windings delta-connected.

In making connections for star-delta starting, care should be taken such that sequence of
supply connections to the winding terminals does not change while changing from star connection
to delta connection. Otherwise the motor will start rotating in the opposite direction, when
connections are changed from star to delta. Star-delta starters are available for manual operation
using push button control. An automatic star – delta starter used time delay relays(T.D.R) through
which star to delta connections take place automatically with some pre-fixed time delay. The delay
time of the T.D.R is fixed keeping in view the starting time of the motor.

74
FULL VOLTAGE OR DIRECT –ON-LINE STARTING

When full voltage is connected across the stator terminals of an induction motor, large
current is drawn by the windings. This is because, at starting the induction motor behaves as a short
circuited transformer with its secondary, i.e. the rotor separated from the primary, i.e. the stator by
a small air-gap.
At starting when the rotor is at standstill, emf is induced in the rotor circuit exactly similar
to the emf induced in the secondary winding of a transformer. This induced emf of the rotor will
circulate a very large current through its windings. The primary will draw very large current from
the supply mains to balance the rotor ampere-turns. To limit the stator and rotor currents at starting
to a safe value, it may be necessary to reduce the stator supply voltage to a low value. If induction
motors are started direct-on-line such a heavy starting current of short duration may not cause harm
to the motor since the construction of induction motors are rugged. Other motors and equipment
connected to the supply lines will receive reduced voltage. In industrial installations, however, if a
number of large motors are started by this method, the voltage drop will be very high and may be
really objectionable for the other types of loads connected to the system. The amount of voltage
drop will not only be dependent on the size of the motor but also on factors like the capacity of the
power supply system, the size and length of the line leading to the motors etc. Indian Electricity
Rule restricts direct on line starting of 3 phase induction motors above 5 hp.

75
76
RESULT:

Thus the construction and working of different starters for starting D.C and three phase
induction motors are studied.

77
Exp.No:
Date:
DIGITAL SIMULATION OF LINEAR SYSTEM
AIM
To digitally simulate time response characteristics of second order system and higher order
MIMO linear systems using state variable formulation.

TIME DOMAIN SPECIFICATIONS

1. Delay Time (td)
It is the time taken for response to reach 50% of the final, for the very first time.
2. Rise Time (tr)
It is the time taken for response to raise from 0 to 100% for the very first time. For under
damped system, the raise time is calculated from 0 to 100% . but for over damped system it is the
time taken by the response to raise from 10% to 90%. For critically damped system. It is the time
taken for response to raise from 5% to 95%.

t r=π−tan−1 √1−ζ ¿ ¿ ¿
ωn √ 1−ζ ¿ in secs
3. Peak Time:
It is the time taken for the response to reach the peak value for the very first time.or It is the
time taken for the response to reach the peak overshoot, Mp.

t p= π

ωn 1− ζ√ 2
in sec
4. Peak Overshoot (Mp)
It is defined as the ratio of the maximum value measured from final value to final value.
Let final value =c(∞) , Maximum value =c(tp)
%Peak overshoot,

78
5. Settling Time (t s)
It is defined as the time taken by the response to reach and stay within a specified error. It is
usually expressed as % of final value. The usual tolerable error is 2% or 5% of the final value.

ln(%error )
t s=
ζω n

% to plot the response for MIMO system

A=[-1 -1; 6.5 0];
B=[1 1;1 0];
C=[1 0;0 1];
D=[0 0;0 0];
step(A,B,C,D);
grid ('step response curves when the input u1 and u2')

79
PROCEDURE

1. Write a program for the given transfer function.

2. Simulate it using MATLAB software.
3. Observe the waveforms.
4. Calculate the theoretical values for the time domain specifications and compare with the
observed waveforms.

Time
Constant Theoretical Practical
s
tr
tp
%Mp
ts

RESULT
The time response of the second order system and higher order MIMO system are obtained
using the MATLAB. For the second order system the theoretical values and practical values are
compared.

80
Exp.No:
Date:
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS
AIM
To analyze the stability of the linear systems using Bode / Root locus / Nyquist plot, using
MATLAB Software tool.

THEROY
BODE PLOT
The bode plot is the frequency response plot of the transfer function of a system. A Bode
plot consists of two graphs. One is a plot of the magnitude of a sinusoidal transfer function versus
log ω. the other is a plot of the phase angle of sinusoidal transfer function versus log w.
The bode plot can be drawn for both open loop and closed loop transfer function. Usually
the bode plot is drawn for open loop system. The standard representation of the logarithmic

magnitude of open loop transfer function of G(jω) ‌ is 20 log|G( jω)|where the base of the
logarithm is 10. The unit used in this representation of the magnitude is the decibel, usually
abbreviated db. The curve are drawn on semi log paper, using the log scale (abscissa) for frequency
and the linear scale (ordinate) for either magnitude (in decibels) or phase angle (in degrees).
The main advantage of the bode plot is that multiplication of magnitudes can be converted
into addition. Also a simple method for sketching an approximate log-magnitude curve is available.
Determination Of Phase And Gain Margin From Bode Plot
The gain margin in db is given by the negative of db magnitude of G(jω) at the phase cross-
over frequency, ωpc. The ωpc is the frequency at which phase of G(jω) is -180 0. if the db magnitude
of G(jω) at ωpc is negative then gain margin is positive and vice versa.

81
% Nyquist plot
s = tf('s');
G=75*(1+0.2*s)/(s*(s^2+16*s+100));
nyquist(G);
axis equal;

82
 Let Φgc be the phase angle of G(jω) at gain cross over frequency w gc. The ωgc is the
frequency at which the db magniyude of G(jω) is zero. Now the phase margin, γ is given by, γ
=1800+ Φgc . if Φgc is less than -1800 then phase margin is positive and vice versa.
NYQUIST STABILITY CRITERION
If the G(S) H(S) contour in the G(S) H(S) plane corresponding to Nyquist contour in the s-
plane encircles the point (-1+j0) in the anticlockwise direction as many times as the number of half
s-plan poles of G(S) H(S), then the closed loop system is stable.
In examining the stability of linear control systems using the Nyquist stability criterion, the
following three situations.
1. There is no encirclement of -1+j0 point. This implies that the system is stable if there are no
poles of G(S) H(S) in the right half s-plan. If there are poles on right half s-plane then the
system is unstable.
2. An anticlockwise encirclement or (or encirclements) of -1+j0 point. In this case the system
is stable if the number of anticlockwise encirclement is same as the number of poles of
G(S)H(S) in the right half s-plane. If the number of encirclement is not equal to number of
poles on right half s-plane then the system is unstable.
3. There is a clockwise encirclement (or encirclements) of the -1+j0 point. In this case the
system is always unstable.
ROOT LOCUS
The root locus technique is powerful tool for adjusting the location of closed loop poles to
achive the desired system performance by varing one or more system parameters.
Consider the open loop transfer function of system,
k
G ( S )=
S ( S + P 1 )( S + P 2 )
The closed loop transfer function of the system with unity feedback is given by,
C( S ) K
=
R( S ) S ( S + P 1 )( S + P 2 )+ K
The characteristic equation is given by,

83
% Root locus;
% G is the transfer function
s=tf('s');
G=75*(1+0.2*s)/(s*(s^2+16*s+100));
rlocus(G);
axis equal;

S( S+ P 1 )( S+ P 2 )+ K =0
The roots of characteristic equation is a function of open loop gain K. when the gain K is
varied from 0 to ∞, the roots of characteristic equation will take different values.
The path taken by the roots of characteristic equation when open loop gain K is varied from
0 to ∞ are called root loci.

84
Rules for Construction of Root Locus:
1. The root locus is symmetrical about the real axis.
2. Each branch of the root locus originates from an open loop pole corresponding to K=0
and terminates at either on a finite open loop zero(or open loop zero at infinity)
corresponding to K= ∞. The number of branches of the root locus terminating on
infinity is equal to (n-m),i,e.,the number of open loop poles minus the number of finite
zeros.
3. Segments of the real axis having an odd number of axis open loop poles plus zeros to
their right are parts of the root locus.
4. The (n-m) root locus branches that tend to infinity , do so along straight line asymptotes
making angles with the real axis given by,
0
φ A= ±180 [ 2 q+1 ] ; q=0 , 1, 2 .. .. .( n−m ) .
n−m
5. The point of intersection of the asymptotes with the real axis is at S=σ A where

σ A = Sum of poles −Sum of zeros

n− m
6. The breakaway and breakin points of the root locus are determined from the roots of the
equation dK/ds, if r number of branches of root locus meet at a point, then they break
away at an angle of --1800/r
7. The angle of depature from a complex open-loop pole is given by,

φ p =±1800 ( 2 q+1 )+ φ ; q=0 , 1, 2 .. .

Where Φ is the net angle contribution at the pole by all other open loop poles and zeros.
Similarly the angle of arrival at a complex open loop zero is given by,

φ z=±1800 ( 2 q+1 ) + φ ; q=0 ,1 , 2 .. .

Where Φ is the net angle contribution at the zero by all other open loop poles and zeros.
8. The intersection of root locus branches with the imaginary axis can be determined by
use of the Routh criterion, or letting s=jω in the characteristic equation and equating the
real part and imaginary part to zero, to solve for w and K. the value of w is the
intersection point on imaginary axis and K is the value of gain at the intersection point.
9. The open loop gain K at any point S=Sa on the root locus is given by

85
PROCEDURE
1. Write programs for the given transfer function.
2. Simulate it using MATLAB software.
3. Observe the waveforms.
4. Calculate the theoretical values for the time domain specifications and compare with the
observed waveforms.

RESULT
The response of the given transfer function using Bode plot, Nyquist Plot & Root locus are
obtained using the MATLAB. The theoretical values and practical values are compared.

86
 Ex. No:
Date:

STUDY THE EFFECT OF P, PI, PID CONTROLLERS USING MAT LAB

Aim: To Study the effect of P, PI, PID controllers using Mat lab.

Choice of the Controller type

In so far were described proportional, integrative and derivative modes of the controllers
and a rational behind their use was explained. However, excerpt for a few tips, an attention was
not given to a question when to use different types of controllers. The rest of this section will
give some answers on that particular topic.

On-off Controller
On-off controller is the simplest controller and it has some important advantages. It is
economical, simple to design and it does not require any parameter tuning. If oscillations will
hamper the operation of the system and if controller parameter tuning is to be avoided, on-off
controller is a good solution. In addition, if actuators work in only two modes (on and off), then
it is almost always only controller that can be used with such actuators. That is a reason why on-
off controllers are often used in home appliances (refrigerators, washers etc.) and in process
industry when control quality requirements are not high (temperature control in buildings etc.).
Additional advantage of on-off controllers is that they in general do not require any maintenance.

P Controller
When P controller is used, large gain is needed to improve steady state error. Stable
system do not have a problems when large gain is used. Such systems are systems with one
energy storage (1st order capacitive systems). If constant steady state error can be accepted with
such processes, than P controller can be used. Small steady state errors can be accepted if sensor
will give measured value with error or if importance of measured value is not too great anyway.
Example of such system is liquid level control in tanks when exact approximate level of liquid
suffice for the proper plant operation. Also, in cascade control sometime it is not important if
there is an error inside inner loop, so P controller can a good solution in such cases.
Derivative mode is not required if the process itself is fast or if the control system as
whole does not have to be fast in response. Processes of 1st order react immediately on the
reference signal change, so it is not necessary to predict error (introduce D mode) or compensate
for the steady state error (introduce I mode) if it is possible to achieve satisfactory steady state
error using only P controller.

PD controller
It is well known that thermal processes with good thermal insulation act almost as
integrators. Since insulation is good and thermal losses are small, the most significant art of the
energy that is led to the system is used temperature rise. Those processes allow 18 for large gains
so that integral mode in the controller is not needed. These processes can be described as
different connections of thermal energy storages. Thermal energy is shifted from one storage into
another. In general, with such processes there is present a process dynamics with large inertia.
Since dynamics is slow, derivative mode is required for control of such processes. Integral mode
would only already slow dynamics make more slowly.

87
 The other reason for using PPD controllers in such systems are that is possible to
measure temperature with low level of noise in the measured signal. PD controller is often used
in control of moving objects such are flying and underwater vehicles, ships, rockets etc. One of
the reason is in stabilizing effect of PD controller on sudden changes in heading variable y(t).
Often a "rate gyro" for velocity measurement is used as sensor of heading change of moving
object.

PI controller
PI controllers are the most often type used today in industry. A control without D mode is
used when:
a) fast response of the system is not required
b) large disturbances and noise are present during operation of the process
c) there is only one energy storage in process (capacitive or inductive)
d) there are large transport delays in the system
If there are large transport delays present in the controlled process, error prediction is
required. However, D mode cannot be used for prediction because every information is delayed
till the moment when a change in controlled variable is recorded. In such cases it is better to
predict the output signal using mathematical model of the process in broader sense (process +
actuator). The controller structures that can be used are, for example, Otto-Smith predictor
(controller), PIP controller or so called Internal Model Controller (IMC).

An interesting feature of IMC is that when the model of the process is precise
(A = AM and B = BM), then a feedback signal eM = y – yM is equal to disturbance:

It follows that a control signal is not influenced by the reference signal and control
systems behaves as open loop. A usual problems with stability that arise when closed loop
systems are used are then avoided. Control system with IMC controller will be stable and if IMC
and process are stable. With the exact model of process IMC is actually a feed forward controller
and can designed as such, but, unlike feed forward controllers, it can compensate for unmeasured
disturbances because feedback signal is equal to disturbance, which allows suitable tuning of the
reference value of the controller.

If model of the process is not exact5 (AM = B), then feedback signal eM will
contain not only disturbance d but a modeling error, also. Thus, a feedback will
have its usual role, and stability problem can arise. This requires for parameters6 to be tuned
again so the stability is not lost.

88
PID controller
Derivative mode improves stability of the system and enables increase in gain K and decrease in
integral time constant Ti, which increases speed of the controller response. PID controller is used when
dealing with higher order capacitive processes (processes with more than one energy storage) when
their dynamic is not similar to the dynamics of an integrator (like in many thermal processes). PID
controller is often used in industry, but also in the control of mobile objects (course and trajectory
following included) when stability and precise reference following are required. Conventional autopilot
are for the most part PID type controllers.

Topology of PID controllers

There are a number of different PID controller structures. Different manufacturers design
controllers in different manner. However, two topologies are the most often case:
 parallel (non-interactive)
 series (interactive)
89
Parallel structure is most often in textbooks, so it is often called "ideal" or "textbook type". This
non-interactive structure because proportional, integral and derivative mode are independent on each
other. Parallel structure is still very rare in the market. The reason for that is mostly historical. First
controllers were pneumatic and it was very difficult to build parallel structure using pneumatic
components. Due to certain conservatism in process industry most of the controller used there are still in
serial structure, although it is relatively simple to realize parallel structure controller using electronics.
In other areas, where tradition is not so strong, parallel structure can be found more often.

Parallel PID topology

A parallel connection of proportional, derivative and integral element is called parallel or non-interactive
structure of PID controller. Parallel structure is shown in Fig.

It can be seen that P, I and D channels react on the error signal and that they are
unbundled. This is basic structure of PID controller most often found in textbooks. There are
other non-interactive structures.

90
RESULT:

Thus the effect of P, PI, PID controllers using Mat lab are studied.
91
Exp.No: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPENSATORS
Date :

AIM

To design a lag compensator in Bode plot (frequency domain) for the system whose transfer function

G(s) = K

s(s+4)(s+80)

FACILITIES REQUIRED

Matlab software

PROGRAM:

%BODE PLOT OF THE SYSTEM UNCOMPENSATED AND COMPENSATED (LAG)%

%Enter the numerator and denominator of the transfer

function num=[0 0 0 9600];

den=[1 84 320 0];

sys=tf(num,den)

body(s)

[Gm,Pm,Wcp,Wcg]=mar

gin (sys) margin (sys)

hold

%Enter the numerator and denominator of the

transfer function num=[0 0 0 63.9 30]

den=[0.042 3.52 13.68 1 0];

92
 sys=tf(num,den)

body(s)

[Gm,Pm,Wcp,Wcg]=ma

rgin(sys) margin(sys)

MANUAL CALCULATIONS

To calculate gain Kv

i) Bode plot of uncompensated system

Let s= jω

G(jω) = 9600 = 30

s(s+4)(s+80) jω(1+0.25 jω)(1+0.0125 jω)

Magnitude plot

The corner frequencies are ωc1=4rad/sec and ωc2= 80 rad/sec

Choose a low frequency ωl such that ωl< ωc1 and choose a high frequency ωh>
ωc3.
Let ωl=1 rad/sec and ωh=100 rad/sec

Term Corner Slope db/dec Change in slope

Frequency db/dec
rad/sec
30 -20

jω
1 4 -20 -20-20= - 40

(1+0.25jω)
1 80 -20 -40-20 = -60

( 1+0.0125 jω)

93
Calculate A at ωl, ωc1, ωc2, and ωh

Let A= | G(jω)| in db

At ω= ωl A= 20 log(30/1)=29.5db

ω= ωc1 , A=20log(30/4)=18db

ω= ωc2 A= -40log(80/4)+18= -34 db

ω= ωh A = -60log(100/80)+(-34) = - 40 db

These values are plotted in the semilog graph sheet taking frequency along the logarithmic scale and
magnitude in db along the linear scale

The phase angle of G(jω) as a function of ω is given by

Φ = ‹G(jω) = - tan-1 0.25ω -90 – tan-1 0.0125ω

ω 1 4 10 50 80 100

Rad/sec

Φ -104 -138 -164 -208 -222 -230

degrees

These values are plotted in the semi log graph sheet taking the same frequency as before along the
logarithmic scale and phase angle in degrees along the linear scale.

94
ii) Determination of phase margin of compensated system

Let, Φgc = Phase margin of G(jω) at gain cross over frequency

(ωgc) And γ = Phase margin of compensated system.

From the bode plot of uncompensated system we found that Φ gc = -

168deg Now γ = 180 + Φgc = 180-168=12 deg

The system requires a phse marginof atleast 33 degrees but the available phase margin is 12 degrees and
so lag compensation should be employed to improve the phase margin.

iii) Choose a suitable value for the phase margin of compensated system.

The desired phase margin, γo = 33 deg

Phase margin of compensated system, γo =

γd + € Let initial choice of €= 5 deg

γo = γd + € = 33 + 5 =38 degrees

iv) Determine the new gain crossover frequency

Let ωgc = New gain cross over frequency and Φgc = phase of G(jω) at ωgc

Now γo = 180 + Φgcn

Φgcn = γo – 180 = 38 – 180 = -142 deg

From the bode plot the frequency corresponding to a phase of -142deg is 4.7

rad/sec New gain crossover frequency ωgcn = 4.7 rad/sec

v) Determine the parameter β

From the bode plot, the db magnitude at ω gcn is 16 db

Therefore Mag of G(jω) = 16 db

Also Agcn = 20 log β

Agcn
β = 10

β=6.3

95
vi) Determine the transfer function of lag compensator.

The zero of the compensator is placed at a frequency one-tenth of ωgcn

Zero of the lag compensator, z c =

1/T T = 10/ ωgcn = 2.13

Pole of the lag compensator pc =

1/ βT pc = (6.3*2.13) = 1/13.419

Transfer function of lag compensator Gc(s) = (s+1/T)/(s+1/ βT)

= 6.3(1+2.13s)/(1+13.419s)

vii) Determine the open loop transfer function of the compensated system

1/6.3 6.3(1+2.13s) 30 s(1+0.25s)(1+0.0125s)

(1+13.419s)

The gain of the compensator is nullified by introducing an attenuator in series with the compensator, as
shown in the diagram.
Open loop transfer function of compensated system

Gc(s) = 1 * 6.3(1+2.13s) * 30
6.3 (1+13.419s) s(1+0.25s)(1+0.0125s)

= 30(1+2.13s)

96
s(1+13.419s)(1+0.25s)(1+0.0125s)

97
 viii) Determine the actual phase margin of compensated system.

Gc(s) = 30(1+2.13jω)

jω (1+13.419 jω)(1+0.25 jω)(1+0.0125 jω)

Let Φ0 = Phase of G(jω) and Φgc0 = phase of Gc(jω) at ω =

ωgcn Φgc0 = tan-1 (2.13 * 4.7) - 90 – tan-1(13.419*4.7) –

tan-1(0.25 * 4.7) - tan-1(0.0125 * 4.7) = -147degrees

Actual phase margin of compensated system γo = 180 + Φgcn = 180 – 147 =33 degree

sd)OUTPUT:

Transfer function:
9600

--------------------
s^3 + 84 s^2 + 320 s

Gm = 2.8000
Pm = 13.2591

Wcp = 17.8885

Wcg = 10.5470

Current plot heldnum = 0 0 0 63.9000

30.0000 Transfer function:

63.9 s + 30

------------------------------------
0.042 s^4 + 3.52 s^3 + 13.68 s^2 + s
Gm =15.7613
Pm = 39.3844

Wcp = 16.9235

97
Wcg = 3.5782

e)PLOT

98
RESULT:

Thus the lag and lead compensator are designed

99
Exp No:
Date :

TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC SHUNT

GENERATOR

AIM

To determine the Transfer function of separately excited DC shunt generator

a)APPARATUS REQUIRED

APPARATUS
S.NO TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

(0-10A)&
1 Ammeter MC
(0-2)A Each 1

2 Ammeter MI (0-300MA 1

3 Voltmeter MC (0-300V 1

4 Voltmeter MI (0-300v) 1

5 Rheostat Wire winding 300,1.7 A 1

6 Rheostat Wire winding 500,1.2 A 1

7 1Variac - 230 /(0-270) 1

100
b)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

101
c)EXPRESSION FOR THEROTICAL VALUE:

Generator EMF Constant (Kg) =Eg /If volt

Field resistance(Rt) = V f / It

Effective resistance (R eff ) =VL /Ii

Where

VL =change in load voltage in volts

Ii = change in load current in

2
amps Load resistance RLL =PL/I

RL =load resistance in ohm PL = power at load

IL =total current in amps
Field inductance
F (Lf)

Where XF=(IF2-R 2)

XF=2fL

TRANSFER FUNCTION

Eg(S)/Ef(S)=[(Kg /Rf)/(1+(Lf/Rf)S]

Vt(S)/Ef(S)=[(Eg/Rf)/{ 1+(Lf/Rf)S{1+(Reff/RL)}

d)PRECAUTION

 The field rheostat should be minimum resistance position

 The motor armature rheostat should be maximum resistance position
 At the time of starting the motor should be no load condition

102
e)PROCEDURE

To Find Out Generator Emf Constance Kg

 Connection are given as per the circuit diagram
 By using starter start the motor ,the motor is made run at rated speed by using
adjusting the motor field and armature rheostat
 Field current increase in step by step and take down corresponding generator voltage
is notes
 The speed is kept constant throughout the experiment
 After bringing the rheostat to their original position the supply is switched off

To find the impedance

 Connection are given as per the circuit diagram
 Using single phase variac the supply voltage is varied
 The corresponding reading are noted for the different value of field voltage
 From the reading calculated the field impendence value

f)TABULATION

Open circuit test Load test

S.No
Field Field Generator Field Load Load
Voltage current voltage resistance current voltage

Units VF(Volts) IF(Amps) Eg(Votls) RF(ohms) IL(Amps) VL(Amps)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

103
To Find The Field Impendence

S.No Field Voltage Field current Filed impendence

VF(Volts) IF(Amps) Z= VF/ IF

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

g)MODEL GRAPH

Open circuit characteristics:

Gr voltage

Eg

Iy

Field current
104
Lsoad test Characteristics

Load voltage

VL

I

Load current

RESULT:

Thus the transfer function of separately excited DC generator are determined.

105
 Exp No:
Date
TRANSFER FUNCTION OF ARMATURE AND FIELD
CONTROLLED DC MOTOR

AIM

To determine the Transfer function of armature controlled DC shunt

motor

a)APPARATUS REQUIRED

APPARATUS
S.NO TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

(0-15A)&
1 Ammeter MC
(0-2)A Each 1

2 Ammeter MC (0-10)A 1

3 Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1

4 Voltmeter MC (0-300V 1

5 Voltmeter MI (0-300v) 1

300,1.7
6 Rheostat Wire winding
A& Each 1

7 Rheostat Wire winding 50,5A

500,1.2 A 1

8 1Variac - 230 /(0-270) 1

9 Techometer - - 1

b)EXPRESSION FOR THEORETICAL VALUE:

1. Inertia Constant
I=[(Vav*Iav)/(Nav*ΔN)]*[(60/2π)2)*[(t1*t2)/t1-t2]Kg-m2

106
Where

Vav

=(V1+V2)/2 Iav

=(I1+I2)/2 Nav

=(N1+N2)/2

ΔN= Small change in speed (ie N1-N2)

T1=Time for fall of speed from 1500 to 750 rpm in no load condition in
second T2= Time for fall of speed from 1500 to 500 rpm in load
condition in second
2.
Viscus Friction Coefficient (F)= (2/60)2*(J/2)*(N12~N22)
Where
J = Inertia Constant in kg-m2
=Angular displacement in rad/sec
 =(2 Nav/60)

3. Back EMF constant (Kh)=(V-IaRa)/(2πNav/60)

4. Torque T=(S1~S2)(R+t/2)(9.81)in nm

5. Motor gain constant

(Km)=KT/Rat Where
Tm=(K1KfIf)Ia Tm =KTIa
Where KT is the motor torque constant

Back EMF of the emf of the motor is proportional to speed

Eb dθ/dt

Eb Kbdθ/dt

Where Kb =is the back emf constant

Loop equation of armature circuit E=Lad(Ia)/dt+RaIa+Eb

Torque equation J= d2θ/dt2+F. dθ/dt=Tm=KTIa

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Taking Laplace transfer function of equation Eb(S)=Kb

Sθ (S) LaSIa(S)+RaIa(S)=E(S)=Eb(S)

(LaS+Ra)Ia(S)=E(S)-Eb Sθ (S)

Ia(S)=E(S)-Eb Sθ (S)/ (LaS+Ra)

Then

Ia S2θ (S)+ESθ (S)=Im(S)

KT`=ΔT/ΔIa

5.Motor time constant Ta=La/Ra

Where Xa= (Za2-Ra2)

Xa=(2 /la) La=Xa/2 f

6.Transfer function =Q(S)/E(S)

=KT/Ra.t S[1+(La/Ra)S][1+(T/F(S)+(KtKh/Raf)

Theory

Ra=Armature resistance in ohms

La=inductance of the winding in

Henry Ia=Armature current in

amps

If= Field current in amps

E = Applied voltage

Eb = Back emf in volts

Tm=Torque developed by motor in Nm

θ= angular displacement of Motor shaft in radiation

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 J=Equivalent moment of inertia of motor and load referred to motor shaft
I0=Equivalent Viscous friction Co-Efficient of motor and load referred to

motor shaft in N-m/rad/sec

Air gap flux φ is proportional to the field current because the DC motor
Should operate in linear magnetization curve application

θ If Kf If

(Is2+fs) θ(S)=Im(S)=KTIa(S)

(Is2+fs) θ(S)=KT[E(S)-KbS θ(S)/La(S)+Ra)]

(Is2+fs) θ(S)= [KT E(S)/ La(S)+Ra)]-[ KT KbS θ (S)/La(S)+Ra)]

(Is2+fs) θ(S)+ [ KT KbS θ (S)/La(S)+Ra)]= [KT E(S)/ La(S)+Ra)]

[(Is2+fs) θ(S) La(S)+Ra)+ KT KbS θ (S)/La(S)+Ra)]= [KT E(S)/ La(S)+Ra)]

θ(S)/ E(S)= KT/[(Is2+fs) (La(S)+Ra)+KKbS]

θ(S)/ E(S)= KT/[S(Is2+fs) (La(S)+Ra)KTKb]

θ(S)/ E(S)= KT/[IS(FRa(S)[1+(I/F)(S)(1+(La(S)+Ra S)+ KT Kb /FRa]

c)PRECAUTION
The field rheostat should be minimum resistance position
The motor armature rheostat should be maximum resistance position

d)PROCEDURE
 Connection are made as per circuit diagram
 The DC supply is giving by closing of DPST switch
 The motor is made to run at the rate speed by adjusting the field rheostat
 The DPDT switch is brought to the original position the time taken for falling of
speed from 1500 rate
 Once again the DPDT switch is brought to the position 1,2 then the motor is made
to run at rate speed
 Then the DPDT switch is changed into position 1,2
 Then I and F is calculated by using the formula

TO FIND TORQUE CONSTANT

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  Connection are made as per circuit diagram
 The DC supply is giving by closing of DPST switch
 The field current is kept constant
 The motor made to run at rate speed
 The various value of the spring balance reading noted
 Torque is calculated and plotted from the graph by adjusting the slop ,torque
constant KT Determine

TO FIND BACK EMF CONSTANT

 Connection are made as per circuit diagram

 The DC supply is giving by closing of DPST switch
 The motor made to run at rate speed
 At rated speed the supply voltage and armature Value reading are noted
 The back EMF constant calculated
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE

 Connection are made as per circuit diagram

 The DC supply is giving by closing of DPST switch by adjusting the load rheostat
the various value of Ia Vs Va are noted
 The armature resistance value to be calculated by applying suitable formula

TO FIND ARMATURE INDUCTANCE

 Connection are made as per circuit diagram

 Using single phase variac the supply voltage is varied
 The corresponding reading of Ia are noted for different value of applied voltage
 The Za And La are calculated by using the formula

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e)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

f)TABULATION

S.No Load Time At 150RPM At 500 RPM

condition for fall
at speed V1 I1 V1 I1

UINTS Votls Amps Votls Amps

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S.No Field Armature Spring Balance Reading Torque
Current current

S1 S2 S1-S2

S.No Armature Armature Speed N Back

Current Voltage RPM EMF
Amps Volts constant
Volts/Amps

g)MODELT GRAPH
in NM

ΔT

ΔIa

Armature
current

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 Circuit Diagram

TABULATION

Voltage (Va) Current (Ia) Ra=Va/Ia

S. No
Volts Amps Ohms

RESULT:

Thus the transfer functions of armature and field controller DC motor are determined.
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