Transmission line Protection

Sompol Chumnanvanichkul

Advantage of distance protection

Zs = 10 ohm 115 kV Measures Z, X, R correctly irrespective of system
conditions.
G
ZL = 4 ohm
Zs = 10 ohm

G F1
50 I s > 7380 A 50

I F1 = 115 x 103 / √3 ( 5+4) = 7380 A I s < 7380 A

If one source out of service

Zs = 10 ohm

G 50 F2
I s < 6640 A

I F2 = 115 x 103 / √3 x10 = 6640 A Is = ?

1
 Transmission line protection
Since the impedance of a transmission line
is proportional to its length, for distance
measurement it is appropriate to use a relay
capable of measuring the impedance of a
line up to a predetermined point. Such a
relay is called distance relay ( 21 ).

Transmission line protection

The basic principle of impedance measurement
( Z ) involves the comparison of the fault
current ( I ) with the voltage ( V ) “ seen ” by
the relay at the relaying point.
Zr = Vr / Ir

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 Transmission line protection
ZS Ir Z line

Vs 21 Vr Zr Z load

Impedance seen by relay Zr = Vr/Ir = Zline + Zload

( Zload > Zline )

Transmission line protection

ZS IF Z line

ZF

Vs 21 VF Z load

Impedance seen by relay Zr = VF/IF = ZF

Relay operate if ZF < Z when Z = setting

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 Transmission line protection

of
of
Operating condition or

Basic operation of distance relay

Transmission line protection A

B
C DISTANCE
RELAY

Ia

CT Ib
Ic
In
Va
Vb
Vc

CB FUSE
VT

4
Since the relay see current via CT and voltage
via VT, so actual impedance that relay seen is :
I1 / I2 Zp
G
21
VFP
V1 / V2 IFP

ZR = VR = VFP x V2 / V1
IR IFP x I2 / I1
ZR = VFP x I1 / I2
IFP V1 / V2

ZR = ZP x CT ratio
VT ratio

Transmission line protection

We use R-X diagram to represent the line
impedance:

Z = R + jX Ω

5
Relation between rectangular and polar form
Rectangular form Z = R + jX Ω
Polar form PƟ
R = P cos Ɵ
X = P sin Ɵ P =√ R2 + X2
Ɵ = tan-1 X/R

Transmission line protection

jX
P1 Ɵ1
P2 Ɵ2 Z1=R1+jX1
Z2=R2+jX2

Ɵ2 Ɵ1
R
Load area
Normally pf
-/+ 0.95 – 1.00
( +/- 20o )
R-X diagram

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 Transmission line protection
A B C D
R1+jX1 = Z1/ Ɵ1 R2+jX2 = Z2/ Ɵ2 R3+jX3 = Z3/ Ɵ3

jX
D
X3
Z3

C Ɵ3
X2
Z2
B Ɵ2
X1

Z1

Load area
A Ɵ1 R
R1 R2 R3

A B C
R1+jX1 = Z1/ Ɵ1 R2+jX2 = Z2/ Ɵ2

jX
C
X2

X1
B

A R
R1 R2
Load area
Load impedance change to fault impedance on R – X diagram

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Compare V restraint with IZ, operate if
V rest < IZ : no account taken of phase angles so
characteristic is a circle

jIX jX
IZ Z

V rest ZF
IR R

Divide by I

Relay operates for any ZF within the circle

Transmission line protection

A B C D
R1+jX1 = Z1/ Ɵ1 R2+jX2 = Z2/ Ɵ2 R3+jX3 = Z3/ Ɵ3

jX
C

B
R

8
Mho relay
Directional circular characteristic obtained by
introducing V polarising into the operate circuit.

Input to comparator
V restraint ( VF) from faulty phase
I operate ( IF) from faulty phase

V polarising
VF = self polarised
Or a
Vsound phase = fully cross-polarised combination
of these
VF + xVs.p. = partially cross-polarised
Vpre-fault = memory polarised

Transmission line protection

jX Z
Self polarised
mho
Was a very popular
characteristic, simple, less
sensitive to power swings than
impedance characteristic
Ɵ
R

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Phase comparator
Two inputs : S1 and S2
Operation when S2 lags S1 by between 900 and 2700
S2 S2

S2 S1
Operate
S2S2
Restrain when S2 is within +/- 900 of S1
S2 S2 Restrain
S2
S1

S2 S2

Trip condition : 900 < /S1-S2 < 2700

jIX
IZ
V1

V2
S1 = V + IZ
TRIP V3
S2 = V - IZ
IR

Voltage to relay = V
Current to relay = I
Replica impedance = Z
Setting = IZ
- IZ

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Trip condition : 900 < /S1-S2 < 2700
jX
Z
ZF1

ZF2
TRIP ZF3

when V = IZF
Dividing by I ;
S1 = ZF + Z
-Z S2 = ZF - Z

Transmission line protection

jX

Offset mho & Len

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 A B C
R1+jX1 = Z1/ Ɵ1 R2+jX2 = Z2/ Ɵ2

jX
HR C
X2
Zone2

X1
B

Zone1
HR
Total
Z

A R
R1 R2

High resistance on R – X diagram

Transmission line protection

jX zone3

zone2

zone1

Zo
ne
1&
2
R

Quadrilateral
zone3

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 Transmission line protection
A B
ZL
G
21 HR

jX
B HR

R
A

Quadrilateral and HR

Three Quadrilateral Zones

(Zone 3 can be set forward
directional if required) X

Z2
Power swing
blocking band

Z1

Z3 Directional Line

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 Distance relay characteristics
jX

X3 T3

X2 T2
X1B T1B
X1 T1

R1 R1B R2 R3 R

R1E

ZONE CHARACTERISTICS

Distance relay characteristics

Impedance Mho Offset mho

Lenticular Quadrilateral Polygon

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 Transmission line protection
What happen if we set zone 1 as 100% line?
Z1A

A B Z1B C

Z1B

Z1C

Zone1 Error

Transmission line protection

Zone1 can over trip ( overreach ) due to :
- CT, PT error
- Impedance data and calculation error
- Relay error
So zone1 should not set 100 % line

15
 Transmission line protection
Stepped distance protection
- 3 zone of protection, zone1, zone2, zone3
- 3 difference tripping time Z3A+T3A
Z2A+T2A
Z1A
Z3B+ T3B
Z2B+ T2B
A B Z1B C

Z1B
Z2B+ T2B
Z3B+ T3B Z1C
Z2C+T2C
Z3C+ T3C

A B C D
R1+jX1 = Z1/ Ɵ1 R2+jX2 = Z2/ Ɵ2 R3+jX3 = Z3/ Ɵ3

jX
D
X3
Zone3
C
X2

Zone2
B
X1
Zone1

A R
R1 R2 R3

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 A B C D Zone3
R1+jX1 = Z1/ Ɵ1 R2+jX2 = Z2/ Ɵ2 R3+jX3 = Z3/ Ɵ3
B
Zone2
jX C
D Zone1
C
Zone3
A Zone2
C B

Zone1
Zone2 B
BA
Zone1
A

A R

A B C D
R1+jX1 = Z1/ Ɵ1 R2+jX2 = Z2/ Ɵ2 R3+jX3 = Z3/ Ɵ3

jX
D

A R

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 A B C D
R1+jX1 = Z1/ Ɵ1 R2+jX2 = Z2/ Ɵ2 R3+jX3 = Z3/ Ɵ3

jX
D

A R

Transmission line protection

Example criteria
Zone1 = 85 % line , instantaneous trip
Zone2 = 120 % line , delay trip 0.35 s or 100% line + 50%
next shortest line, delay trip 0.5 s
Zone3 = 150 % line or 100% line +120 % next longest line
delay trip 1 s
( Delay 0.35 s for 230/500 kV, 0.5 s for 115 kV )

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 Ex Calculation of 21
Data
- Base voltage =115 kV
- Base MVA = 100 MVA
- CT ratio = 800/5
- PT ratio 115/115 kV/V
- Conductor type : 477 MCM AAC – 590 A

Data
- Length of line AB = 70 km, line BC = 30 km, line BD = 50 km
- Impedance data :
AB : Z1= Z2 = 9.7 + j29.1 Ωp , Z0 = 25.4 + j101 Ωp
BC : Z1= Z2 = 5.8 + j16.9 Ωp
BD : Z1= Z2 = 8 + j25 Ωp
C
21 D
A B

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Multiply by 0.16, so
AB : Z1= Z2 = 1.55 + j4.65 Ωs , Z0 = 4 + j16.1 Ωs
= 4.91 71.5° Ωs
BC : Z1= Z2 = 0.92 + j2.7 Ωs
BD : Z1= Z2 = 1.28 + j4 Ωs
Setting
Zone 1 = 85% line AB = 4.17 71.5° Ωs
Zone2 = 120% line AB = 5 71.5° Ωs , 0.5 sec
Zone3 = 100% line AB + 120% line BD = 9.94 71.9° Ωs ,1 sec

jX

zone3
zone2
B
zone1

71.5°
R
A

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Earth fault compensate

Kn = ( Z0 – Z1 ) / 3Z1

= 2.51 + j11.51 = 11.78 77.6°

4.67 + j13.97 14.73 71.5°

= 0.799 6.15°

Tele Protection

21
 Transmission line protection
Because zone 1 cannot clear fault at the end
of line ( 15-20 % ), fault must be cleared by
zone 2 with delay time T2. Too slow!
To solve this problem ‘ communication system ’
is required.

Transmission line protection

Teleprotection scheme
1. Permissive underreach transfer trip ( PUTT )

2. Permissive overreach transfer trip ( POTT )

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 Transmission line protection
1. Permissive underreach transfer trip ( PUTT )
- Send carrier by zone 1
- High speed trip ( by pass T2 ) when
zone 2 start and carrier received

Permissive Underreach Scheme

SEND LOGIC : Z1
TRIP LOGIC : Rx + Z2
TX TX
RX RX
0 0
100 100

& &
Z1 Z1
Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 1
T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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Permissive Underreach Scheme
END
ZONE
Z3G
Z2G
Z1G
A G H J

Z1H
Z2H
Z3H
END
ZONE

Permissive Underreach Scheme

Z3G
Z2G
Z1G
A G Z2+RX H J

Z1H
Z2H
Z3H

INTERNAL FAULT

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 Transmission line protection
2. Permissive overreach transfer trip ( POTT )
- Send carrier by zone 2
- High speed trip ( bypass T2 ) when
zone 2 start and carrier received

Permissive Overreach Scheme

SEND LOGIC : Z2
TRIP LOGIC : Rx + Z2
f2 f1
TX TX
RX f1 f2
RX

& &

Z1 Z1
Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 1
T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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Permissive Overreach Scheme
END
ZONE
Z3G
Z2G
Z1G
A G H J

Z1H
Z2H
Z3H
END
ZONE

Permissive Overreach Scheme

Z3G
Z2G
Z1G
A G Z2+RX Z2+RX H J

Z1H
Z2H
Z3H

INTERNAL FAULT

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 Transmission line protection
Benefit of teleprotection
- clear fault 100% line as fast as zone 1
- no more over trip
- also initiate recloser as zone 1

Transmission line protection

Other functions in distance relay
* Power swing blocking
* Fuse failure
* Switch onto fault ( SOTF )

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 POWER SWING BLOCKING

Power Swing is the oscillation of power system from

Fault clearing
Change of power flow by switching
Loss of Synchronism between 2 systems

When Power Swing happens all generators try to

balance themselves to the new condition if they can, that
PSW is stable but if they can’t, it’ll go to unstable swing.

POWER SWING BLOCKING

Unstable power swing jX Stable power swing
X4 T4
X3 T3

R
X2
T2 LOAD AREA
X1B T1B
t
X1 T1

R1 R1B R2 R3 R4

R
R1E

POWER SWING CHARACTERISTIC

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 POWER SWING BLOCKING

distance relay operate by detect impedance

in its zone, and sometime voltage and
current in the system are disturbed by fault.
System impedance also change and if
impedance move into relay’s zone, It’s trip.

Wrong operation!

POWER SWING BLOCKING

To prevent this situation, relay use PSB.

By detect rate of change of the impedance
( dz/dt ), relay will know which one is fault
which one is power swing and block itself
to trip…

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POWER SWING BLOCKING
jX
X4 T4
X3 T3

R
X2
T2 LOAD AREA
X1B T1B

X1 T1
t
FAULT R1 R1B R2 R3 R4

R
R1E

POWER SWING CHARACTERISTIC

Traveling time < t

POWER SWING BLOCKING

jX
X4 T4
X3 T3

R
X2
T2 LOAD AREA
X1B T1B

X1 T1
t
PSW R1 R1B R2 R3 R4

R
R1E

POWER SWING CHARACTERISTIC

Traveling time > t

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 Transmission line protection
Fuse failure
Distance relay calculate impedance by the
ratio of voltage to current. If voltage goes to zero,
impedance will be zero also. Zero impedance
means fault is very close to distance relay and
should trip the transmission line.

Transmission line protection

PT fuse blows can make distance relay see
‘zero impedance’ in spite of no fault in high
voltage system. Distance relay use ‘ zero sequence
concept’ to protect itself from misoperation.
- dV/dt without dI/dt ( 3 phases )
- 3V0 without 3I0 (1-2 phases )

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 Transmission line protection
Switch OnTo Fault ( SOTF )
For safty in transmission line maintenance, the
line should be grounded for all 3 phases. After
finish the job, sometime ground are forgotten to
remove from line. When CB is closed, it closed to
fault.

Transmission line protection

Distance relay use healthy voltage for reference, so
when close into 3 phase fault , no voltage reference
at all. It’s possible that all the zones are not trip!.
Memory feature is now used to make high speed trip
instead. It’s SOTF….

- Close into Fault ( CIF ) or Line pick up

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 SWITCH ON TO FAULT
A B

21
A B
Manual Close

21
A B

21 SOTF

A B
SWITCH ON TO FAULT

A 21 21
B

A 21 Z1 Z1 21 B
Auto-reclose

A 21 21
B

21 SOTF 21

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 STUB PROTECTION
500 kV BUS NO.2
LINE

Pickup Current

Phase = 120% line rating current

Ground = 30% line rating current
51S 21
Operating time = 100 ms.

.
500 kV BUS NO.1

Transmission line protection

Auto recloser relay ( 79 )
- Close circuit breaker after tripped by distance relay
( only trip by high speed zone )
- Single or multi shots
- Single or three poles
- Dead time and reclaim time should be set properly
- Helpful for temporary fault

34
DEAD TIME

is the time before AR will close CB back to

the system after trip by protection. Dead time
is waiting for air insulation to get back to
normal condition. ( 1 s, 10 s )
RECLAIM TIME

is the time waiting for CB is ready to close –

trip again. ( 15 s, 30 s )

t=0 t = Dead time t = Reclaim time

AR Blocked AR normal
Trip CB Close CB

Trip & reclose

Dead time

35
 Transmission line protection
Synchrocheck relay ( 25 )
- Supervise recloser relay befor close circuit
breaker by check voltage level, frequency, and
phase angle at both sides of circuit breaker
(Sync. Function , BH-LH or LL-LB)

- Only check voltage level for charge line function

( voltage check Function, BH-LD or DL-LB )

AUTO-RECLOSING AND SYNCHROCHECK RELAY

A B

79 PT LINE PT LINE 79
25 25
PT BUS PT BUS

36
Synchrocheck
Minimum voltage = 80% Vn

Voltage difference = 20% Vn

Angle difference = 25 degree

Slip frequency < 200 mHz

Voltage Check

Dead Level : V < 30% Vn

Hot Level : V > 80% Vn

AUTO-RECLOSE OPERATION

1. Relay initiate

2. No blocking signal to Auto-reclose relay

3. Signal from Synchrocheck relay

4. 79CO “ON”

5. CB ready

37
 Back up Protection
Principle of Breaker failure
Measure the duration of fault current from the
instance at which any relay operates to trip
circuit breaker. If current is still flowing after
preselected time delay, it is considered that the
circuit breaker has failed to trip.

Back up Protection
Principle of Breaker failure
Normally breaker failure timer should less than
zone 2 timer of distance relay at remote end
substation to limit the tripping area only in
substation that breaker fail.

38
 Back up Protection POSITIVE

Element of Breaker failure RELAY INITIATE

50BF

1. Main protection operate ( initiate ) 62BF

2. Current detector operate ( 50BF) BFCO

3. Breaker fail timer operate ( 62BF) 86BF

4. On this function by cut off switch ( BFCO)

NEGATIVE

Back up Protection
Function of Breaker failure
When breaker fail to trip, the tripping and
interlocking of all other circuit breakers
connected to the failed circuit breaker will be
initiated. Another lockout relay, 86BF, is
required.

39
 Back up Protection
MAIN BUS

1 2 3

4
MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS

MAIN BUS NO.1

Back up Protection
1 4 7

2 5 8

3 6 9

MAIN BUS NO.2

BREAKER AND A HALF

40
MAIN BUS NO.1
Back up Protection
1 4 7

2 5 8

3 6 9

MAIN BUS NO.2

BREAKER AND A HALF

Back up Protection
4

1 2 3 5 6

BREAKER COUPLER

41
 Back up Protection
4

1 2 3 5 6

BREAKER COUPLER

A
Back up Protection
B

1 4
2 5
Communication link
3 6

DIRECT TRANSFER TRIP with BF

42
 A
Back up Protection
B

1 4
2 5
Communication link
3 6

DIRECT TRANSFER TRIP with BF

Setting Breaker Failure Relay

50BF
Phase current pick up = 100 % I FL

Ground current pick up = 30 % I FL

62BF
Time delay = 300 ms (115 kV)
200 ms (230, 500 kV)

43
The end

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