The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design

for Wind and Earthquake Loads Resilience

Using ETABS, SAFE and AutoCAD
ACI318-19 & ASCE7-16

Eng. Sami Alezzo

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 1. One-Way Slabs.
2. Two-Way Slabs.
3. Two-Way Joist Slabs.

Outline
4. Beams.
5. One- Way Joist Slabs.
 One-Way Slab
7.3.1 Minimum slab thickness

7.3.1.1 For solid non-prestressed slabs not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely
to be damaged by large deflections, overall slab thickness ℎ shall not be less than the limits in Table 7.3.1.1,
unless the calculated deflection limits of 7.3.2 are satisfied.

Table 7.3.1.1 – Minimum thickness of solid non-prestressed one-way slabs

Support Condition Minimum 𝒉𝒉[𝟏𝟏]
Simply supported 𝑙𝑙/20
One end continuous 𝑙𝑙/24
Both end continuous 𝑙𝑙/28
Cantilever 𝑙𝑙/10

[1] Expression applicable for normal weight concrete and 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀. For other cases, minimum ℎ shall
be modified in accordance with 7.3.1.1.1 through 7.3.1.1.3 as appropriate.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 One-Way Slab

7.3.1 Minimum slab thickness

7.3.1.1.1 For 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 other than 420 MPa, the expressions in Table 7.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by
(0.4 + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 /700).

7.3.1.1.2 For non-prestressed slabs made of lightweight concrete having 𝒘𝒘𝒄𝒄 in the range of 1440 to
1840 kg/m3, the expressions in Table 7.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by the greater of (a) and (b):

( a ) 1.65 − 0.0003 𝑤𝑤𝑐𝑐

( b ) 1.09

7.3.2 Calculated deflection limits

7.3.2.1 For non-prestressed slabs not satisfying 7.3.1 and for prestressed slabs, immediate and time-
dependent deflections shall be calculated in accordance with 24.2 and shall not exceed the limits in
24.2.2.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 One-Way Slab

7.6.1 Minimum flexural reinforcement in non-prestressed slabs

7.6.1.1 A minimum area of flexural reinforcement, 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , of 0.0018 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 shall be provided.

7.6.3 Minimum shear reinforcement

7.6.3.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement,𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , shall be provided in all regions where 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 .

7.6.3.3 If shear reinforcement is required, 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 shall be in accordance with 9.6.3.4.

9.6.3.4 If shear reinforcement is required and torsional effects can be neglected according to 9.5.4.1, 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 shall be
in accordance with Table 9.6.3.4.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 One-Way Slab
9.5.4.1 If 𝑻𝑻𝒖𝒖 < ∅𝑻𝑻𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 , where 𝑻𝑻𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 is given in 22.7, it shall be permitted to neglect torsional effects. The minimum
reinforcement requirements of 9.6.4 and the detailing requirements of 9.7.5 and 9.7.6.3 need not be satisfied.

9.6.4 Minimum torsional reinforcement

9.6.4.1 A minimum area of torsional reinforcement shall be provided in all regions where 𝑻𝑻𝒖𝒖 ≥ ∅𝑻𝑻𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 in accordance
with 22.7.

9.6.4.2 If torsional reinforcement is required, minimum transverse reinforcement (𝑨𝑨𝒗𝒗 + 𝟐𝟐𝑨𝑨𝒕𝒕 )𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 /𝒔𝒔 shall be the
greater of (a) and (b):
𝑏𝑏
( a ) 0.062 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑤𝑤
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤
( b ) 0.35 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

9.6.4.3 If torsional reinforcement is required, minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement Aℓ,min shall be the lesser of
(a) and (b):

0.42 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 0.42 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.175𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
(a) − 𝑃𝑃ℎ (b) − 𝑃𝑃ℎ
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 One-Way Slab

7.7.2 Reinforcement spacing

7.7.2.1 Minimum spacing s shall be in accordance with 25.2.

25.2.1 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear spacing shall be at least the greatest of
25 mm, 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 , and (4/3) 𝒅𝒅𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 .

25.2.2 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or more horizontal layers, reinforcement in the
upper layers shall be placed directly above reinforcement in the bottom layer with a clear spacing between layers of
at least 25 mm.

7.7.2.3 For non-prestressed and Class T and C prestressed slabs with unbonded tendons, maximum spacing s of
deformed longitudinal reinforcement shall be the lesser of 3h and 450 mm.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 One-Way Slab
7.7.2.4 Maximum spacing, s, of reinforcement required by 7.5.2.3 shall be the lesser of 5h and 450 mm.

7.5.2.3 If primary flexural reinforcement in a slab that is considered to be a T-beam flange is parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the beam, reinforcement perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam shall be provided in
the top of the slab in accordance with (a) and (b). This provision does not apply to joist construction.
(a) Slab reinforcement perpendicular to the beam shall be designed to resist the factored load on the
overhanging slab width assumed to act as a cantilever.
(b) Only the effective overhanging slab width in accordance with 6.3.2 need be considered.

6.3.2.1 For non-prestressed T-beams supporting monolithic

or composite slabs, the effective flange width bf shall include
the beam web width 𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘 plus an effective overhanging flange
width in accordance with Table 6.3.2.1, where 𝒉𝒉 is the slab
thickness and 𝑺𝑺𝒘𝒘 is the clear distance to the adjacent web.

6.3.2.2 Isolated non-prestressed T-beams in which the flange

is used to provide additional compression area shall have a
flange thickness greater than or equal to 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘 and an
effective flange width less than or equal to 𝟒𝟒𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘 .

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 One-Way Slab

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 One-Way Slab

7.6.4 Minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

7.6.4.1 Reinforcement shall be provided to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses in accordance with 24.4.

24.4.3.1 Deformed reinforcement to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses shall conform to Table 20.2.2.4(a) and
shall be in accordance with 24.4.3.2 through 24.4.3.5.

24.4.3.2 The ratio of deformed shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be greater
than or equal to 0.0018.

24.4.3.3 The spacing of deformed shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of 5h and 450
mm.

24.4.3.4 At all sections where required, deformed reinforcement used to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses
shall develop 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 in tension.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Two-Way Slab

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Two-Way Slab

8.3.1 Minimum slab thickness

8.3.1.1 For non-prestressed slabs without interior beams spanning between supports on all sides, having a
maximum-ratio of long-to-short span of 2, overall slab thickness h shall not be less than the limits in Table 8.3.1.1,
and shall be at least the value in (a) or (b), unless the calculated deflection limits of 8.3.2 are satisfied:

(a) Slabs without drop panels as given in 8.2.4.... 125 mm

(b) Slabs with drop panels as given in 8.2.4......... 100 mm

For 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚 exceeding 550 MPa, the calculated deflection limits in 8.3.2 shall be satisfied assuming a reduced modulus
of rupture 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 = 0.41 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 .

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Two-Way Slab

Table 8.3.1.1 Minimum thickness of non-prestressed two-way slabs without interior beams (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)[1] :

Without drop panels [3] With drop panels [3]

Exterior panels Exterior panels
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 , 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 [2] Without edge beams With edge beams [4] Interior panels Without edge beams With edge beams [4] Interior panels
280 ℓn/33 ℓn/36 ℓn/36 ℓn/36 ℓn/40 ℓn/40
420 ℓn/30 ℓn/33 ℓn/33 ℓn/33 ℓn/36 ℓn/36
550 ℓn/27 ℓn/30 ℓn/30 ℓn/30 ℓn/33 ℓn/33

[1] 𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 is the clear span in the long direction, measured face-to-face of supports (mm).
[2] For 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 between values given in the table, minimum thickness shall be calculated by liner interpolation.
[3] Drop panels as given in 8.2.4.
[4] Slabs with beams between columns along exterior edges. Exterior panels shall be considered to be without edge
beams if 𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇 is less than 0.8.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Two-Way Slab

Figure: Minimum Thickness of Slabs without Interior Beams (Grade 60 Reinforcement):

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Two-Way Slab
8.2.4 A drop panel in a non-prestressed slab, where used to reduce the minimum required thickness in accordance
with 8.3.1.1 or the quantity of deformed negative moment reinforcement at a support in accordance with
8.5.2.2, shall satisfy (a) and (b):

(a) The drop panel shall project below the slab at least one-fourth of the adjacent slab thickness.
(b) (b) The drop panel shall extend in each direction from the centerline of support a distance not less
than one-sixth the span length measured from center-to-center of supports in that direction.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Two-Way Slab

8.2.5 A shear cap, where used to increase the critical section for shear at a slab-column joint, shall project below the
slab soffit and extend horizontally from the face of the column a distance at least equal to the thickness of the
projection below the slab soffit.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Two-Way Slab

8.3.1.2 For non-prestressed slabs with beams spanning between supports on all sides, overall slab thickness h shall
satisfy the limits in Table 8.3.1.2, unless the calculated deflection limits of 8.3.2 are satisfied.

Table 8.3.1.2 Minimum thickness of non-prestressed two-way slabs with beams

spanning between supports on all sides :
[𝟏𝟏]
𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ℎ, 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ≤ 0.2 8.3.1.1 applies (a)
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 0.8 + 1400
Greater (𝑏𝑏) 1 [2]
0.2 < 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ≤ 2
of: 36 + 5 𝛽𝛽 (𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 0.2)
125 (c)
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 0.8 + 1400
Greater (d)
𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 > 2
of: 36 + 9 𝛽𝛽
90 (e)

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Two-Way Slab

[1] 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 is the average value of 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 for all beams on edges of a panel.
[2] 𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 is the clear span in the long direction, measured face-to-face of supports (mm).
[3] β is the ratio of clear spans in long to short directions of slab.

8.3.1.2.1 At discontinuous edges of slabs conforming to 8.3.1.2, an edge beam with 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 ≥ 0.80 shall be provided,
or the minimum thickness required by (b) or (d) of Table 8.3.1.2 shall be increased by at least 10 percent in the
panel with a discontinuous edge.

8.3.1.4 If single- or multiple-leg stirrups are used as shear reinforcement, the slab thickness shall be sufficient to
satisfy the requirements for d in 22.6.7.1

22.6.7.1 Single- or multiple-leg stirrups fabricated from bars or wires shall be permitted to be used as shear
reinforcement in slabs and footings satisfying (a) and (b):
(a) d is at least 150 mm.
(b) d is at least 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 , where 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 is the diameter of the stirrups.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Two-Way Slab

8.3.2 Calculated deflection limits

8.3.2.1 Immediate and time-dependent deflections shall be calculated in accordance with 24.2 and shall not exceed
the limits in 24.2.2 for two-way slabs given in (a) through (c):

(a) Non-prestressed slabs not satisfying 8.3.1.

(b) Non-prestressed slabs without interior beams spanning between the supports on all sides and having a
ratio of long-to-short span exceeding 2.0.
(c) Pre-stressed slabs.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Two-Way Solid Slab

8.7.2 Flexural reinforcement spacing

7.7.2.1 Minimum spacing S shall be in accordance with 25.2.

25.2.1 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear spacing shall be at least the greatest of
25 mm, 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 , and (4/3) 𝒅𝒅𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 .

25.2.2 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or more horizontal layers, reinforcement in the
upper layers shall be placed directly above reinforcement in the bottom layer with a clear spacing between layers of
at least 25 mm.

8.7.2.2 For non-prestressed solid slabs, maximum spacing S of deformed longitudinal reinforcement shall be the
lesser of 2h and 450 mm at critical sections, and the lesser of 3h and 450 mm at other sections.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Two-Way Solid Slab

8.7.3 Corner restraint in slabs

8.7.3.1 At exterior corners of slabs supported by edge walls or where one or more edge beams have a value of 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓
greater than 1.0, reinforcement at top and bottom of slab shall be designed to resist 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 per unit width due to corner
effects equal to the maximum positive 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 per unit width in the slab panel.

8.7.3.1.1 Factored moment due to corner effects, 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 , shall be assumed to be about an axis perpendicular to the
diagonal from the corner in the top of the slab and about an axis parallel to the diagonal from the corner in the
bottom of the slab.

8.7.3.1.2 Reinforcement shall be provided for a distance in each direction from the corner equal to one-fifth the
longer span.

8.7.3.1.3 Reinforcement shall be placed parallel to the diagonal in the top of the slab and perpendicular to the
diagonal in the bottom of the slab. Alternatively, reinforcement shall be placed in two layers parallel to the sides of
the slab in both the top and bottom of the slab.

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 Two-Way Solid Slab

Notes:
1. Applies when B-2 or B-2 has 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 > 1.0
2. Maximum bar spacing 2ℎ, Where ℎ = slab thickness.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Two-Way Solid Slab

8.7.6 Shear reinforcement – stirrups

8.7.6.1 Single-leg, simple-U, multiple-U, and closed stirrups shall be permitted as shear reinforcement.

8.7.6.3 If stirrups are provided, location and spacing shall be in accordance with Table 8.7.6.3

Table 8.7.6.3 First stirrup location and spacing limits

Maximum distance
Direction of measurement Description of measurement
or spacing, mm
Distance from column face to first
𝑑𝑑/2
stirrup
Perpendicular to column face
𝑑𝑑/2
Spacing between stirrups

Spacing between vertical legs of

Parallel to column face 2𝑑𝑑
stirrups

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 Two-Way Solid Slab

Fig. R8.7.6(d)—Arrangement of stirrup shear reinforcement, interior column.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Two-Way Solid Slab

Fig. R8.7.6(e)—Arrangement of stirrup shear reinforcement, edge column.

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 Two-Way Solid Slab

Fig. R8.7.6(a)-(c)—Single- or multiple-leg stirrup-type slab shear reinforcement.

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 Two-Way Solid Slab

8.7.7 Shear reinforcement – headed studs

8.7.7.1 Headed shear stud reinforcement shall be permitted if placed perpendicular to the plane of the slab.

8.7.7.1.1 The overall height of the shear stud assembly shall be at least the thickness of the slab minus the sum of (a)
through (c):

(a) Concrete cover on the top flexural reinforcement

(b) Concrete cover on the base rail
(c) One-half the bar diameter of the flexural tension reinforcement

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 Two-Way Solid Slab
8.7.7.1.2 Headed shear stud reinforcement location and spacing shall be in accordance with Table 8.7.7.1.2.

Table 8.7.7.1.2- Shear stud location and spacing limits

Maximum
Direction of
Description of measurement Condition distance or
measurement
spacing, mm
Distance from column face to
All 𝑑𝑑/2
peripheral line of shear studs
Non-prestressed
Perpendicular to 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 ≤ 0.5∅ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 3d/4
Slab with
column face Constant spacing between
Non-prestressed
peripheral lines of shear studs 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 > 0.5∅ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 d/2
Slab with
Prestressed slabs conforming to 22.6.5.4 3d/4
Parallel to column Spacing between adjacent shear
face studs on peripheral line nearest to All 2d
column face

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Fig. R8.7.7—Typical arrangements of headed shear stud reinforcement and critical sections.
 Two-Way Joist Slab ( Waffle Slab )

8.8.1 General

8.8.1.1 Non-prestressed two-way joist construction consists of a monolithic combination of regularly spaced ribs
and a top slab designed to span in two orthogonal directions.

8.8.1.2 Width of ribs shall be at least 100 mm at any location along the depth.

8.8.1.3 Overall depth of ribs shall not exceed 3.5 times the minimum width.
8.8.1.4 Clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750 mm.
8.8.1.5 𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 shall be permitted to be taken as 1.1 times the value calculated in 22.5.

8.8.1.6 For structural integrity, at least one bottom bar in each joist shall be continuous and shall be anchored to
develop 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 at the face of supports.

8.8.1.7 Reinforcement area perpendicular to the ribs shall satisfy slab moment strength requirements, considering
load concentrations, and shall be at least the shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area in accordance with 24.4.

8.8.1.8 Two-way joist construction not satisfying the limitations of 8.8.1.1 through 8.8.1.4 shall be designed as slabs
and beams.
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 Two-Way Joist Slab ( Waffle Slab )

8.8.2 Joist systems with structural fillers

8.8.2.1 If permanent burned clay or concrete tile fillers of material having a unit compressive strength at least equal
to 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 in the joists are used, 8.8.2.1.1 and 8.8.2.1.2 shall apply.

8.8.2.1.1 Slab thickness over fillers shall be at least the greater of one-twelfth the clear distance between ribs and 40
mm.

8.8.3 Joist systems with other fillers

8.8.3.1 If fillers not complying with 8.8.2.1 or removable forms are used, slab thickness shall be at least the greater
of one-twelfth the clear distance between ribs and 50 mm.

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 Beams

9.3.1 Minimum beam depth

9.3.1.1 For non-prestressed beams not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely to be
damaged by large deflections, overall beam depth h shall satisfy the limits in Table 9.3.1.1, unless the
calculated deflection limits of 9.3.2 are satisfied.

Table 7.3.1.1 – Minimum depth of non-prestressed beams

Support Condition Minimum 𝒉𝒉[𝟏𝟏]
Simply supported 𝑙𝑙/16
One end continuous 𝑙𝑙/18.5
Both end continuous 𝑙𝑙/21
Cantilever 𝑙𝑙/8

[1] Expression applicable for normal weight concrete and 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀. For other cases, minimum ℎ shall
be modified in accordance with 9.3.1.1.1 through 7.3.1.1.3 as appropriate.

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 Beams

9.3.1.1.1 For 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 other than 420 MPa, the expressions in Table 9.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by
(0.4 + 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 /700).

7.3.1.1.2 For non-prestressed beams made of lightweight concrete having 𝒘𝒘𝒄𝒄 in the range of 1440 to
1840 kg/m3, the expressions in Table 9.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by the greater of (a) and (b):

( a ) 1.65 − 0.0003 𝑤𝑤𝑐𝑐

( b ) 1.09

7.3.2 Calculated deflection limits

9.3.2.1 For non-prestressed beams not satisfying 9.3.1 and for prestressed beams, immediate and time-
dependent deflections shall be calculated in accordance with 24.2 and shall not exceed the limits in
24.2.2

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 Beams

9.6.1 Minimum flexural reinforcement in non-prestressed beams

9.6.1.1 A minimum area of flexural reinforcement,𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , shall be provided at every section where
tension reinforcement is required by analysis.

9.6.1.2 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 shall be the larger of (a) and (b), except as provided in 9.6.1.3. For a statically determinate
beam with a flange in tension, the value of 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 shall be the smaller of 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 and 2𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 . The value of 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 shall be
limited to a maximum of 550 𝑀𝑀𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎.

0.25 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
(a) 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

1.4
(b) 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

9.6.1.3 If 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 provided at every section is at least one-third greater than 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 required by analysis, 9.6.1.1
and 9.6.1.2 need not be satisfied.

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9.6.3 Minimum shear reinforcement
9.6.3.1 For non-prestressed beams, minimum area of shear reinforcement, 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , shall be provided in
all regions where 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 > 0.083∅𝝀𝝀 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄 𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘 𝒅𝒅 except for the cases in Table 9.6.3.1. For these cases, at least
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 shall be provided where 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 > 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 .

Table 9.6.6.1- Cases where 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 is not required if 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ≤ 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐

Beam type Conditions
Shallow depth h ≤ 250 mm
h ≤ greater of 2.5tf or 0.5bw
Integral with slab and
h ≤ 600 mm

Constructed with steel fiber-reinforced h ≤ 600 mm

normal-weight concrete conforming to and
26.4.1.5.1(a), 26.4.2.2(i), and 26.12.7.1(a)
and with fc′ ≤ 40 MPa 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ≤ 0.17∅𝜆𝜆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑

One-way joist system In accordance with 9.8

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9.6.3.4 If shear reinforcement is required and torsional effects can be neglected according to 9.5.4.1,
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 shall be in accordance with Table 9.6.3.4.

Table 9.6.3.4- Required 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Beam type 𝑨𝑨𝒗𝒗,𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 ⁄𝒔𝒔

𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤
0.062 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 (a)
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
Non-prestressed Greater of:
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤
0.35 (b)
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

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9.6.4 Minimum torsional reinforcement

9.6.4.1 A minimum area of torsional reinforcement shall be provided in all regions where 𝑻𝑻𝒖𝒖 ≥ ∅ 𝑻𝑻𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 in
accordance with 22.7.

9.6.4.2 If torsional reinforcement is required, minimum transverse reinforcement (𝑨𝑨𝒗𝒗 + 𝟐𝟐𝑨𝑨𝒕𝒕 )𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 /𝒔𝒔 shall
be the greater of (a) and (b):

𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤
( a ) 0.062 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤
( b ) 0.35
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

9.6.4.3 If torsional reinforcement is required, minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement 𝑨𝑨𝒍𝒍,𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 shall be the lesser
of (a) and (b):

0.42 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 0.42 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.175𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
(a) − 𝑝𝑝ℎ (b) − 𝑝𝑝ℎ
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

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9.7.2 Reinforcement spacing

9.7.2.1 Minimum spacing s shall be in accordance with 25.2.

25.2.1 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear spacing shall be at least the greatest of
25 mm, 𝒅𝒅𝒃𝒃 , and (4/3) 𝒅𝒅𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 .

25.2.2 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or more horizontal layers, reinforcement in the
upper layers shall be placed directly above reinforcement in the bottom layer with a clear spacing between layers of
at least 25 mm.

9.7.2.3 For non-prestressed and Class C prestressed beams with h exceeding 900 mm, longitudinal skin
reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed on both side faces of the beam for a distance h/2 from the
tension face. Spacing of skin reinforcement shall not exceed s given in 24.3.2, where 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 is the clear cover
from the skin reinforcement to the side face. It shall be permitted to include skin reinforcement in
strength calculations if a strain compatibility analysis is made.

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9.7.2.3 For non-prestressed and Class

C prestressed beams with h exceeding
900 mm, longitudinal skin
reinforcement shall be uniformly
distributed on both side faces of the
beam for a distance h/2 from the
tension face. Spacing of skin
reinforcement shall not exceed s given
in 24.3.2, where 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 is the clear cover
from the skin reinforcement to the side
face. It shall be permitted to include
skin reinforcement in strength
calculations if a strain compatibility
analysis is made.
Fig. R9.7.2.3—Skin reinforcement for beams
and joists with h > 900 mm.

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24.3.2 Spacing of bonded reinforcement closest to the tension face shall not exceed the limits in
Table 24.3.2, where cc is the least distance from surface of deformed or prestressed reinforcement to
the tension face. Calculated stress in deformed reinforcement, 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 , and calculated change in stress in
bonded prestressed reinforcement, ∆𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 , shall be in accordance with 24.3.2.1 and 24.3.2.2,
respectively.

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9.7.6 Transverse reinforcement

9.7.6.2 Shear

9.7.6.2.1 If required, shear reinforcement shall be provided using stirrups, hoops, or longitudinal bent
bars.

9.7.6.2.2 Maximum spacing of legs of shear

reinforcement along the length of the member and
across the width of the member shall be in
accordance with Table 9.7.6.2.2.

22.5.1.2 Cross-sectional dimensions shall be

selected to satisfy Eq. (22.5.1.2)

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ≤ ∅ 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + 0.66 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑

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22.5.5 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 for non-prestressed members
22.5.5.1 For non-prestressed members, 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 shall be calculated in accordance with Table 22.5.5.1 and
22.5.5.1.1 through 22.5.5.1.3.

22.5.5.1.1 𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 shall not be taken greater than

0.42𝜆𝜆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑.

22.5.5.1.2 In Table 22.5.5.1, the value of

𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢 ⁄6𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 shall not be taken greater than 0.05𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 .

22.5.5.1.3 The size effect modification factor, 𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 ,

shall be determined by:

2
𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 =
1+0.004 𝑑𝑑

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𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑
The beam’s nominal steel shear strength is calculated by: 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 =
𝑠𝑠

The designer usually calculate the required 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 and then determine the stirrup size and spacing, so
𝑉𝑉
equation is rearranged as: 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 ⁄𝑠𝑠 = 𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑

𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑
The required stirrup spacing to satisfy strength requirement is: 𝑠𝑠 ≤
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠
where the required nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement: 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ⁄∅ − 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐

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𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ⁄2 No shear reinforcement required 9.6.3.1

Minimum shear 𝑑𝑑
∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ⁄2 < 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠 ≤ ≤ 600𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 9.6.3.1
reinforcement 2

∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ⁄2 < 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + ∅ 0.33 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑

Non-prestressed 𝑠𝑠 ≤ ≤ 600𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ⁄2 < 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ≤ 3 ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 9.7.6.2.2
3ℎ
𝑠𝑠 ≤ ≤ 600𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Prestressed 4
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 ≤ 0.33 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑

∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + ∅ 0.33 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 < 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + ∅ 0.66 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 Non-prestressed 𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠 ≤ ≤ 300𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
4
3∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 < 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ≤ 5 ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 9.7.6.2.2
Prestressed 3ℎ
𝑠𝑠 ≤ ≤ 300𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
0.33 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 < 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 ≤ 0.66 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 8
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + ∅ 0.66 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 > 5 ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 Increase cross section 22.5.1.2

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 > 0.66 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑

 Stirrup spacing, S
Required shear Required shear
Case
strength, 𝐕𝐕𝐮𝐮 reinforcement, 𝑨𝑨𝒗𝒗
Required Maximum

1 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ⁄2 None --- ---

𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 • Along the length:

0.062 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑠𝑠
0.062 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤
2
≤ 600𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ⁄2 < 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 • Across the width:
0.35𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑠𝑠
0.35𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ d ≤ 600𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

 For 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ≤ ∅ 0.33 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑

o Along the length:

𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ ≤ 600𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2

o Across the width:

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠 ∅ 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ d ≤ 600𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
∅ 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐
3 ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 < 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 < 5 ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
 For 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 > ∅ 0.33 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 o Along the length:

𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ ≤ 300𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
4

o Across the width:

𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ ≤ 300𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2

4 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 > 5 ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 Increase cross section

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9.7.6 Transverse reinforcement

9.7.6.3 Torsion

9.7.6.3.1 If torsional reinforcement shall be closed stirrups satisfying 25.7.1.6 or hoops.

9.7.6.3.3 Spacing of transverse torsional reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of 𝑃𝑃ℎ /8 and 300 mm.

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9.2.4.4 For torsional design according to 22.7, the overhanging flange width used to calculate 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 , 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 , and 𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
shall be in accordance with (a) and (b):

(a) The overhanging flange width shall

include that portion of slab on each side of the
beam extending a distance equal to the
projection of the beam above or below the
slab, whichever is greater, but not greater than
four times the slab thickness.

(b) The overhanging flanges shall be

neglected in cases where the parameter
𝐴𝐴2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 for solid sections or 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔2 �𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 for
hollow sections calculated for a beam with
flanges is less than that calculated for the
same beam ignoring the flanges.

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For beams cast monolithically with

slab, a portion of the slab may be able
to contribute to tortional resistance. The
overhanging flange width 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 permitted
to be used in the calculations of 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
and 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 is given in ACI 9.24.4.
ℎ𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 �
4ℎ

Where:
ℎ𝑏𝑏 is the greater of the projection of
the beam above or below the slab.

Figure: Torsional section properties 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 for interior and
edge beams cast monolithically with the slab.

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22.7.2 Limiting material strengths

22.7.2.1 The value of 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 used to calculate 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡 and 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 shall not exceed 8.3 MPa .

22.7.2.2 The values of 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 and 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 for longitudinal and transverse torsional reinforcement shall not exceed
the limits in 20.2.2.4.

R22.7.2.2 The upper limit of 420 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 on the values of 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 and 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 used in design is intended to control
diagonal crack width.

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22.7.4 Threshold torsion

22.7.4.1 Threshold torsion 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡 shall be calculated in accordance with Table 22.7.4.1(a) for solid cross
sections and Table 22.7.4.1(b) for hollow cross sections, where 𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢 is positive for compression and
negative for tension.

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22.7.5 Cracking torsion

22.7.4.1 Cracking torsion 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 shall be calculated in accordance with Table 22.7.5.1for solid cross
sections and hollow cross sections, where 𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢 is positive for compression and negative for tension.

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22.7.6 Torsional strength

22.7.6.1 For non-prestressed and prestressed members, 𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛 shall be the lesser of (a) and (b):

where 𝐴𝐴0 shall be determined by analysis, θ shall not be taken less than 30 degrees nor greater than 60
degrees; 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 is the area of one leg of a closed stirrup resisting torsion; 𝐴𝐴𝑙𝑙 is the area of longitudinal
torsional reinforcement; and 𝑃𝑃ℎ is the perimeter of the centerline of the outermost closed stirrup.

22.7.6.1.1 In Eq. (22.7.6.1a) and (22.7.6.1b), it shall be permitted to take 𝐴𝐴0 equal to 0.85𝐴𝐴0ℎ .

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22.7.1 General

22.7.1.1 If 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 < ∅𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡 , it shall be permitted to neglect torsional effects.

22.7.3 Factored design torsion

22.7.3.1 If 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 ≥ ∅𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 is required to maintain equilibrium, the member shall be designed to resist 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 .

22.7.3.2 In a statically indeterminate structure where 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 ≥ ∅𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and a reduction of 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 can occur due to
redistribution of internal forces after torsional cracking, it shall be permitted to reduce 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 to ∅𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 , where
the cracking torsion 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 is calculated in accordance with 22.7.5.

22.7.3.3 If 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 is redistributed in accordance with 22.7.3.2, the factored moments and shears used for design
of the adjoining members shall be in equilibrium with the reduced torsion.

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 Beams

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Beams

22.7.7 Cross-sectional limits

22.7.7.1 Cross-sectional dimensions shall be selected such that

(a) or (b) is satisfied:

(a) For solid sections

2 2
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 𝑃𝑃ℎ 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐
+ ≤ 𝜑𝜑 + 0.66 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 1.7𝐴𝐴2𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑

(a) For hollow sections

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 𝑃𝑃ℎ 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 ′

+ ≤ 𝜑𝜑 + 0.66 𝑓𝑓
𝑐𝑐
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 1.7𝐴𝐴2𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 Beams

22.7.7 Cross-sectional limits

22.7.7.1.2 For hollow sections where the wall thickness
varies around the perimeter, Eq. (22.7.7.1b) shall be evaluated
at the location where the term

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 𝑃𝑃ℎ

+
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 1.7𝐴𝐴2𝑜𝑜𝑜
is a maximum.

22.7.7.2 For hollow sections where the wall thickness is

less than 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜𝑜 ⁄𝑃𝑃ℎ , the term 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 𝑃𝑃ℎ ⁄1.7𝐴𝐴2𝑜𝑜𝑜 in Eq. (22.7.7.1b)
shall be taken as 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 ⁄1.7𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 , where 𝑡𝑡 is the thickness of the
wall of the hollow section at the location where the stresses
are being checked.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 One-Way Joist Slab

9.8.1 General
9.8.1.1 Non-prestressed one-way joist construction consists of a monolithic combination of regularly spaced ribs
and a top slab designed to span in one direction.
9.8.1.2 Width of ribs shall be at least 100 mm at any location along the depth.

9.8.1.3 Overall depth of ribs shall not exceed 3.5 times the minimum width.

9.8.1.4 Clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750 mm.

9.8.1.5 𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 shall be permitted to be taken as 1.1 times the value calculated in 22.5.
8.8.1.6 For structural integrity, at least one bottom bar in each joist shall be continuous and shall be anchored to
develop 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 at the face of supports.

8.8.1.7 Reinforcement area perpendicular to the ribs shall satisfy slab moment strength requirements, considering
load concentrations, and shall be at least the shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area in accordance with 24.4.

9.8.1.8 One-way joist construction not satisfying the limitations of 9.8.1.1 through 9.8.1.4 shall be designed as slabs
and beams.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

 One-Way Joist Slab

9.8.2 Joist systems with structural fillers

8.8.2.1 If permanent burned clay or concrete tile fillers of material having a unit compressive strength at least equal
to 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 in the joists are used, 9.8.2.1.1 and 9.8.2.1.2 shall apply.

9.8.2.1.1 Slab thickness over fillers shall be at least the greater of one-twelfth the clear distance between ribs and 40
mm.

9.8.3 Joist systems with other fillers

8.8.3.1 If fillers not complying with 9.8.2.1 or removable forms are used, slab thickness shall be at least the greater
of one-twelfth the clear distance between ribs and 50 mm.

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

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Presented by: Eng. Sami Alezzo