This document discusses different types of images and how to convert between image formats in MATLAB. It describes:
1) The main image types in MATLAB including indexed, intensity, binary, and RGB images.
2) How to separate the color channels of an RGB image.
3) Methods to convert between image formats and data types, such as converting between indexed and RGB formats using functions like ind2rgb(), or converting between double and uint8 formats using im2double() and im2uint8().
4) An example program to generate a mirror image of an input image by flipping the pixel values across the vertical axis.
This document discusses different types of images and how to convert between image formats in MATLAB. It describes:
1) The main image types in MATLAB including indexed, intensity, binary, and RGB images.
2) How to separate the color channels of an RGB image.
3) Methods to convert between image formats and data types, such as converting between indexed and RGB formats using functions like ind2rgb(), or converting between double and uint8 formats using im2double() and im2uint8().
4) An example program to generate a mirror image of an input image by flipping the pixel values across the vertical axis.
This document discusses different types of images and how to convert between image formats in MATLAB. It describes:
1) The main image types in MATLAB including indexed, intensity, binary, and RGB images.
2) How to separate the color channels of an RGB image.
3) Methods to convert between image formats and data types, such as converting between indexed and RGB formats using functions like ind2rgb(), or converting between double and uint8 formats using im2double() and im2uint8().
4) An example program to generate a mirror image of an input image by flipping the pixel values across the vertical axis.
This document discusses different types of images and how to convert between image formats in MATLAB. It describes:
1) The main image types in MATLAB including indexed, intensity, binary, and RGB images.
2) How to separate the color channels of an RGB image.
3) Methods to convert between image formats and data types, such as converting between indexed and RGB formats using functions like ind2rgb(), or converting between double and uint8 formats using im2double() and im2uint8().
4) An example program to generate a mirror image of an input image by flipping the pixel values across the vertical axis.
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DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
Experiment 4 Implementation of different types of images and conversion of images to different formats
CLO 1: Construct the experiments/projects of varying complexities
CLO 2: Use modern tools and languages.
CLO 3: Demonstrate an original solution of problem under discussion.
CLO 4: Work individually as well as in teams.
1: Images in MATLAB and the Image Processing Toolbox The basic data structure in MATLAB is the array, an ordered set of real or complex elements. This object is naturally suited to the representation of images, real-valued ordered sets of color or intensity data. MATLAB stores most images as two-dimensional arrays (i.e., matrices), in which each element of the matrix corresponds to a single pixel in the displayed image. (Pixel is derived from picture element and usually denotes a single dot on a computer display) For example, an image composed of 200 rows and 300 columns of different colored dots would be stored in MATLAB as a 200-by-300 matrix. Some images, such as RGB, require a three- dimensional array, where the first plane in the third dimension represents the red pixel intensities, the second plane represents the green pixel intensities, and the third plane represents the blue pixel intensities. This convention makes working with images in MATLAB similar to working with any other type of matrix data, and makes the full power of MATLAB available for image processing applications. For example, you can select a single pixel from an image matrix using normal matrix subscripting. I(2,15) .This command returns the value of the pixel at row 2, column 15 of the image I 1.1 Working with Images in MATLAB Images are most commonly stored in MATLAB using the logical, uint8, uint16 and double data types. You can perform many standard MATLAB array manipulations on uint8 and uint16 image data, including Basic arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Indexing, including logical indexing Reshaping, reordering, and concatenating Reading from and writing to MAT-files Using relational operators Certain MATLAB functions, including the find, all, any, conv2, convn, fft2, fftn, and sum functions, accept uint8 or uint16 data but return data in double-precision format. 1.2 Storage Classes in the Toolbox. By default, MATLAB stores most data in arrays of class double. The data in these arrays is stored as double-precision (64-bit) floating-point numbers. All MATLAB functions work with these arrays. For image processing, however, this data representation is not always ideal. The number of pixels in an image can be very large; for example, a 1000-by-1000 image has a million pixels. Since each pixel is represented by at least one array element, this image would require about 8 megabytes of memory. To reduce memory requirements, MATLAB supports storing image data in arrays as 8-bit or 16-bit unsigned integers, class uint8 and uint16. These arrays require one eighth or one fourth as much memory as double arrays.
1.3 Types of Images in the Toolbox
The Image Processing Toolbox supports four basic types of images:
1: Indexed Images: An indexed image consists of a data matrix, X, and a colormap matrix, map. The data matrix can be of class uint8, uint16, or double. The colormap matrix is an m-by-3 array of class double containing floating-point values in the range [0,1]. Each row of map specifies the red, green, and blue components of a single color. An indexed image uses direct mapping of pixel values to colormap values. The color of each image pixel is determined by using the corresponding value of X as an index into map. The value 1 points to the first row in map, the value 2 points to the second row, and so on. A colormap is often stored with an indexed image and is automatically loaded with the image when you use the imread function. However, you are not limited to using the default colormap--you can use any colormap that you choose. The figure below illustrates the structure of an indexed image. The pixels in the image are represented by integers, which are pointers (indices) to color values stored in the colormap. The following figure depicts an indexed image. Example 1 :
[X,map] = imread('trees.tif');
imshow(X,map),title('Indexed image')
2: Intensity Images An intensity image is a data matrix, I, whose values represent intensities within some range. MATLAB stores an intensity image as a single matrix, with each element of the matrix corresponding to one image pixel. The matrix can be of class double, uint8, or uint16.While intensity images are rarely saved with a colormap, MATLAB uses a colormap to display them. The elements in the intensity matrix represent various intensities, or gray levels, where the intensity 0 usually represents black and the intensity 1, 255, or 65535 usually represents full intensity, or white. The figure below depicts an intensity image of class double. Example 2:
I = imread('rice.png')
imshow(I) 3: Binary Images In a binary image, each pixel assumes one of only two discrete values. Essentially, these two values correspond to on and off. A binary image is stored as a logical array of 0's (off pixels) and 1's (on pixels). The figure below depicts a binary image. Example 3: A = imread('cameraman.tif'); B=im2bw(A) imshow(B)
4: RGB Images An RGB image, sometimes referred to as a true-color image, is stored in MATLAB as an m-by-n-by-3 data array that defines red, green, and blue color components for each individual pixel. RGB images do not use a palette. The color of each pixel is determined by the combination of the red, green, and blue intensities stored in each color plane at the pixel's location. Graphics file formats store RGB images as 24-bit images, where the red, green, and blue components are 8 bits each. This yields a potential of 16 million colors. The precision with which a real-life image can be replicated has led to the commonly used term true-color image. An RGB array can be of class double, uint8, or uint16. In an RGB array of class double, each color component is a value between 0 and 1. A pixel whose color components are (0,0,0) is displayed as black, and a pixel whose color components are (1,1,1) is displayed as white. The three-color components for each pixel are stored along the third dimension of the data array. For example, the red, green, and blue color components of the pixel (10,5) are stored in RGB(10,5,1), RGB(10,5,2), and RGB(10,5,3), respectively. The following figure depicts an RGB image of class double.
Example 4: C = imread('ngc6543a.jpg'); %imread returns a 650-by-600-by-3 array, C.
Image(C) %Display the image.
Example 5 : RGB = imread('peppers.png');
imshow(RGB)
You can think of an RGB image as a "stack" of three gray-scale images. These gray-scale images are commonly called the component images.
imshow(RGB(:,:,1)),title('Red component image')
imshow(RGB(:,:,2)),title('Green component image')
imshow(RGB(:,:,3)),title('Blue component image')
2- How to Seprate the 3 Channels of an RGB Image
% Extract the individual red, green, and blue color channels. redChannel = rgbImage(:, :, 1); greenChannel = rgbImage(:, :, 2); blueChannel = rgbImage(:, :, 3); Each one of those arrays is just a simple monochrome gray scale array, and will appear as gray scale if you use imshow(). If you want to see it appear in the color of the color channel that it represents then you'd have to either use cat() to make an RGB image out of it: z = zeros(size(redChannel)); redAppearingImage = cat(3, redChannel, z, z); imshow(redAppearingImage);
Example 6: img = imread('peppers.jpg'); figure, imshow(img) red = img(:,:,1); green = img(:,:,2); blue = img(:,:,3); a = zeros(size(img, 1), size(img, 2)); % m = size(obj,dim) returns the length of the dimension specified by the scalar dim. For example, size(obj,1) returns the number of rows. just_red = cat(3, red, a, a); figure, imshow(just_red) just_green = cat(3, a, green, a); figure, imshow(just_green) just_blue = cat(3, a, a, blue); figure, imshow(just_blue)
3: How to convert between different formats
The following table shows how to convert between the different formats given above.
Operation: Matlab command:
Convert between intensity/indexed/RGB format to binary format. dither()
Convert between intensity format to indexed format. gray2ind()
Convert between indexed format to intensity format. ind2gray()
Convert between indexed format to RGB format. ind2rgb()
Convert a regular matrix to intensity format by scaling. mat2gray()
Convert between RGB format to intensity format. rgb2gray()
Convert between RGB format to indexed format. rgb2ind()
4: How to convert between double and uint8 When you store an image, you should store it as a uint8 image since this requires far less memory than double. When you are processing an image (that is performing mathematical operations on an image) you should convert it into a double. Converting back and forth between these classes is easy. I=im2double(I); converts an image named I from uint8 to double. I=im2uint8(I); converts an image named I from double to uint8.
5: MIRROR IMAGE GENERATION
The following program produces mirror image of the image passed to it and also displays both the original and mirror image
Example 7: temp =a(i,k) result(i,k)
a=imread('pout.tif'); a(i,k) a(i,j)
[r,c]=size(a); for i=1:1:r k=1; for j=c:-1:1 temp=a(i,k); result(i,k)=a(i,j); result(i,j)=temp; k=k+1; end end subplot(1,2,1),imshow(a) subplot(1,2,2),imshow(result)
ORIGINAL IMAGE MIRROR IMAGE
LAB TAKS:
TASK 1: Write a MATLAB code that reads a gray scale image given as an input and generates the following resultant image given below.
Your output should be like the one given below
Task 2: Read an RGB image and separate it into red, green and blue channels. Display the original image, the R, G, B channels images and then combine the three channels to make a RGB image and show it.
