INTRODUCTION OF DISTRICT HOSPITAL

About Hospital
A district hospital typically is the major
health care facility in its region, with large
numbers of beds for intensive care, critical
care, and long-term care.
They are one of the well – Known
government hospital in ayodhya . Backed
with a vision to offer the best in patient
care and equipped with technologically
advanced healthcare facilities , they are
one of the upcoming names in the
healthcare .
The district hospital ayodhya provide
treatment to the pateints of their
neighbour districts patients like
Gonda,Basti,Sultanpur etc.
Location-Rekabganj chauraha,
shahadatganj road, Ayodhya cantt.
Facilities Provided By District Hospital

1. 24 hr Emergency
2. 24 hr Ambulance services
3. 24 hr admission
4. 24 hr canteen
5. Out patient department
 6. Internal patient department
7. Medical laboratory services
8. Pharmacy
9. Ultra sound services
10. Counselling
11. ICU department
12. X- RAY department
13. General words
14. Operation theatre
15. E.c.g department
16. Dressing department
17. TB ward
18. Pathology
19. Rabies Vaccination

Outpatient Department [ O.P.D ]

An outpatient department is the part of
hospital desigents . this department provides
diagnosis and carw for patients that do not
need to stay over night . It is on important
part of the overall running of the ground floor
of the hospital . Wheel chairs and stretchers
are available for non – ambulatory patient ,
labotories , the medical record office .
I was in OPD department under the guidance
of pharmacist sir with orthopadic surgen
dr.Gulab chand patel sir .
I have seen that nearly about 100-150
patients were come daily for the OPD in the
orthopadic department .
Patients was suffering from their joints pain
and trauma in their bones are treated by the
doctor and medicine is prescribed like
diclofenac sodium,calcium,B complex etc.
Dr.Gulabgand patel MBBS orthopadic.

GENERAL WORD

1. A general words is a large room where

people who needs medical treatments
stay in general word .
2. General words have a cubicle room
having six eight patient bed and toilet in
the wings .

SURGICAL WARD

1. Severely injured
2. Undergoing a surgery
3. Wounded
4. The surgical ward is divided into two
part

1. Male surgical ward

2. Female surgical ward

 PATHOLOGY
Pathology is a medical specialty that comfirms
the couses and nature of verious diseases by
testing and examining body tissues and fluids ;
This include biopsies , pap smears , blood and
urine . The goal of pathology examination of
tissue is to provide accurate , specific and
sufficiently comprehensive diagnoses to
enable the treating phyysician to develop an
optimal plan of treatment . There are
hundreds of varieties tumors, most with
characteristic biology , that require accurate
dianosis by pathologists .

TYPE OF PATHOLOGY

There are four type of payhology .

1. Anatomic pathology
2. Cytopathology
3. Forensic pathology
4. Molecular pathology
 PHARMACY

Hospital Pharmacy and Its Organization:

Hospital pharmacy is the health care
service, which comprises the art, practice,
and profession of choosing, preparing,
storing, compounding, and dispensing
medicines and medical devices, advising
healthcare professionals and patients on
their safe, effective, and efficient use.
Hospital pharmacy is a specialized
field of pharmacy which forms an
integrated part of patient health care
in a health facility. Hospital pharmacy
is a profession that strives to
continuously maintain and improve
the medication management and
 pharmaceutical care of patients to
the highest standards in a hospital
setting.

Hospital pharmacy performs several

functions/roles, following are the major
functions:
• Provide specifications for the purchase
of drugs, chemicals, biological, etc.
• Proper storing of drugs.
• Manufacturing and distribution of
medicaments such as; transfusion
fluids, parenteral products, tablets,
capsules, ointments, and stock
mixtures.
• Dispensing and sterilizing parenteral
preparations, which are manufactured
in hospitals.
• Dispensing of drugs as per the
prescriptions of the medical staff of the
hospital.
• Filling and labeling of all drug
containers from which medicines are
to be administered.
• Management of stores which includes;
purchase of drugs, proper storage
conditions, and maintenance of
records.
• Establishment and maintenance of
“Drug Information Centre”.
Pharmacist under whome I have done my
hospital training DRx kripa shankar sir

GENERAL WORD
General word is a common unit where
patients who are admitted share the same
room . The ward is equipped with health
monitoring system with one – to – one
care assistance for patient as required .
There are two type .
1. Medical
2. surgical

The General Ward comprises 30 beds,

including a Close Observation Unit for
patients requiring a higher level of care.
Medical Services are provided by ward-based
doctors, and Visiting Medical Officers (VMOs),
including local General Practitioners who have
admitting rights

EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

The most seriously ill or injured patients will

be dealt with in this area , as it contains the
equipment and staff required for dealing with
immediately life – threatening illnesses and
injuries . In such situations . The time in
which the patient is treated is crucial . The
emergency Department is the first point of
contant for any critically ill patient , needing
immediate medical attention . Modern
Emergency Departments are managed by
qualified emergency physicians and nurses,
trained specifically for providing emergent
care to save a life or limb . A hospital facility
that is staffed 24 hours a day , 7 days a week ,
and provides unscheduled outpatient
immediate attention .

DRUG STORE ROOM

A pharmacy should have a sufficient

storage area to store the bulk quantity of
medicine which should be separate from
dispensing area . The storage area should
be equipped with storage cabinets or racks
. Keeping medicines on the floor can lead
to contaminations and breakage of
medicines . If not stored appropriately ,
medications can be exposed to varying
environmental changes , making them lose
their efficacy and potency . Pharmacy
stores should be dry and adequately
ventilated to prevent medicine
incompatibility reactions due to dust ,
moisture , and excessive sunlight . All
surveyed pharmacies in this study had a
dry
.

FIRST AID TREATMENT

First aid refers to the emergency or
immediate care you should provide
when a person is injured or ill until full
medical treatment is available. For minor
conditions , first aid care may be enough .
For serious problem , first aid care should
be continued until more advanced care
becomes available . Ther are many
situations that may require first aid , and
many countries have legislation ,
regulation , or guidance , which specifies a
minimum level of first aid provision in
certain circumstances . This can include
specifics training within schools .
Generally , five steps are associated with
first aid . First aid can include cleaning
minor cuts, scrapes, or scratches ; treating
a minor burn ; applying bandages and
dressing ; the use of non- prescription
medicine ; draining blisters ; removing
debris from the eyes , message and
drinking fluids to relives heat stress .
 INJECTION

Injection are among the most common

health care procedure with at least 16
billion administered In developing and
transitional countries each year . 95 % are
used in curative care ar as treatment for a
condition , 3 % are to providing
immunization / vaccination , and the rest
are used for other purpose , including
blood transfusions . Injections generally
administer a medication as a bolus { or
one – time } dose , but can also be used
for continuous drug administion . After
injection a medication may be designed
to be released slowly , called a depot
injection which can produced long –
lasting effects .
A injection necessarily couses a small
puncture wound to the body , and thus
may couses localized pain or infection .
The accurrence of these side effects varies
based on injection location , the
substance injected , needle gauge ,
procedure , and individual sensitivity.
Rarely , more serious side effect including
gangrene , sepsis , and nerve damage may
accur . Fear of needle , as called an
injection necessary causes a small
puncture wound to the body , and thus
may couse localized pain or infection . The
occurrence of these side effect including
ganggrene , sepsis , also called needle
phobia , is also common and may result in
anxiety and fainting before , during , or
after an injection . To prevent the localized
pain that accurs with injections the
injection site may be numbed or cooled
before injection and the person receiving
the injection may be distracted by a
conversation or similar means . To reduce
the risk of infection from injuctions ,
proper aseptic technique should be
followed to clean the injection site before
administration . If needles or sryinges are
reused between people , or if an
accidental needlestick accurs , there is a
risk of transmission of bloodborne
diseases such as HIV and hepatitis .
Unsafe injection praticles
contribute to the spread of bloodborne
diseases, especially in less – developed
countries . To combact this , safety syringes
exist which contain features to prevent
accidental needlestick injury and reuse of the
syring after it is used onces .

Dressing

A dressing or compress is a sterile pad

applied to a wound to promote healing
and protect the wound from further harm.
A dressing is designed to be in direct
contact with the wound, as distinguished
from a bandage, which is most often used
to hold a dressing in place. Many modern
dressings are selfadhesive. A dressing can
have a number of purposes, depending on
the type, severity and position of the
wound, although all purposes are focused
on promoting recovery and protecting
from further harm. Key purposes of a
dressing are:
• Stop bleeding – to help to seal the
wound to expedite
the clotting process;
• Protection from infection – to defend
the wound against germs and
mechanical damage;
• Absorb exudate – to soak up blood,
plasma, and other fluids exuded from
 the wound, containing it/them in one
place and
preventing maceration;
• Ease pain – either by a medicated
analgesic effect, compression or simply
preventing pain from further trauma;
• Debride the wound – to remove slough
and foreign objects from the wound to
expedite healing;
• Reduce psychological stress – to
obscure a healing wound from the
view of the patient and others.
Ultimately, the aim of a dressing is to
promote healing of the wound by
providing a sterile, breathable and moist
environment that
facilitates granulation and epithelializa
tion. This will then reduce the risk of
infection, help the wound heal more
quickly, and reduce scarring.[2]

Suture

Sutures are used by your doctor to

close wounds to your skin or other tissues.
When your doctor sutures a wound, they’ll
use a needle attached to a length of “thread”
to stitch the wound shut.
There are a variety of available materials
that can be used for suturing. Your doctor
will choose a material that’s appropriate
for the wound or procedure .

Types of sutures
 The different types of sutures can be
classified in many ways.
. First, suture material can be classified as
either absorbable or nonabsorbable.
. Absorbable sutures don’t require your
doctor to remove them. This is because
enzymes found in the tissues of your body
naturally digest them.
Nonabsorbable sutures will need to be
removed by your doctor at a later date or
in some cases left in permanently.
. Second, the suture material can be
classified according to the actual structure
of the material. Monofilament sutures
consist of a single thread. This allows the
suture to more easily pass through tissues.
Braided sutures consist of several small
threads braided together. This can lead to
better security, but at the cost of increased
potential for infection.

Types of absorbable sutures

• Gut. This natural monofilament

suture is used for repairing internal
soft tissue wounds or lacerations. Gut
shouldn’t be used for cardiovascular or
neurological procedures. The body has
the strongest reaction to this suture
and will often scar over. It’s not
commonly used outside of
gynecological surgery.

• Polydioxanone (PDS). This synthetic

monofilament suture can be used for
many types of soft tissue wound repair
 (such as abdominal closures) as well as
for pediatric cardiac procedures.

• Poliglecaprone (MONOCRYL). This

synthetic monofilament suture is used
for general use in soft tissue repair.
This material shouldn’t be used for
cardiovascular or neurological
procedures. This suture is most
commonly used to close skin in an
invisible manner.

• Polyglactin (Vicryl). This synthetic

braided suture is good for repairing
hand or facial lacerations. It shouldn’t
be used for cardiovascular or
neurological procedures.
Types of nonabsorbable sutures

Some examples of nonabsorbable sutures

can be found below. These types of
sutures can all be used generally for soft
tissue repair, including for both
cardiovascular and neurological
procedures.

• Nylon. A natural monofilament suture.

• Polypropylene (Prolene). A synthetic

monofilament suture.

• Silk. A braided natural suture.

 • Polyester (Ethibond). A braided
synthetic suture.

PRESCRIPTION

A prescription, often abbreviated ℞ or Rx,

is a formal communication from a
physician or other registered healthcare
professional to a pharmacist, authorizing
them to dispense a specific prescription
drug for a specific patient. Historically, it
was a physician's instruction to an
apothecary listing the materials to be
compounded into a treatment—the
symbol ℞ (a capital letter R, crossed to
indicate abbreviation) comes from the first
word of a medieval prescription, Latin
recipere (lit. 'take thou'), that gave the list
of the materials to be compounded.
Prescriptions may be entered into an
electronic medical record system and
transmitted electronically to a pharmacy.
Alternatively, a prescription may be
handwritten on preprinted prescription
forms that have been assembled into
pads, or printed onto similar forms using a
computer printer or even on plain paper,
according to the circumstances. In some
cases, a prescription may be transmitted
orally by telephone from the physician to
the pharmacist. The content of a
prescription includes the name and
address of the prescribing provider and
any other legal requirements, such as a
registration number (e.g., a DEA Number
in the United States). Unique to each
prescription is the name of the patient. In
the United Kingdom and Ireland, the
patient's name and address must also be
recorded. Each prescription is dated, and
some jurisdictions may place a time limit
on the prescription.[7] In the past,
prescriptions contained instructions for
the pharmacist to use for compounding
the pharmaceutical product, but most
prescriptions now specify pharmaceutical
products that were manufactured and
require little or no preparation by the
pharmacist. Prescriptions also contain
directions for the patient to follow when
taking the drug. These directions are
printed on the label of the pharmaceutical
product.
The word prescription, from pre- ('before')
and script ('writing, written'), refers to the
fact that the prescription is an order that
must be written down before a drug can
be dispensed. Those within the industry
will often call prescriptions simply
"scripts".
A prescription is a legal document or order
written by a qualified health care
professional for diagnosis, prevention, or
treatment of a specific patient’s disease.
• Is written by a licensed practitioner
• Is written as part of a proper
physicianpatient relationship
• Is a legal document, “prima facie”
evidence in a court of law.

Parts of the Prescription:

1. Date
2. Patient Information
3. Superscription
4. Inscription
5. Subscription
6. Signa
7. Signature lines, signature, degree,
brand name indication
8. Prescriber information
9. DEA (Drug enforcement
administration) if required
10. Refills
11. Warnings/label
 DIAGNOSTIC REPORT

A system diagnostics report is a part of

Performance Monitor that details the
status of local hardware resources, system
response times, and processes on the local
computer along with system information
and configuration data. This report
includes suggestions for ways to maximize
performance and streamline system
operations. The diagnostic process is the
method by which health professionals
select one disease over another,
identifying one as the most likely cause of
a person’s symptoms. Symptoms that
appear early in the course of a disease are
often more vague and undifferentiated
than those that arise as the disease
progresses, making this the most difficult
time to make an accurate diagnosis.
Reaching an accurate conclusion depends
on the timing and the sequence of the
symptoms, past medical history and risk
factors for certain diseases, and a recent
exposure to disease. The physician, in
making a diagnosis, also relies on various
other clues such as physical signs,
nonverbal signals of distress, and the
results of selected laboratory and
radiological and other imaging tests. From
the large number of facts obtained, a list
of possible diagnoses can be determined,
which are referred to as the differential
diagnosis. The physician organizes the list
with the most likely diagnosis given first.
Additional information is identified, and
appropriate tests are selected that will
narrow the list or confirm one of the
possible diseases.
The diagnostic process proceeds as
follows: First, a patient experiences a
health problem. The patient is likely the
first person to consider his or her
symptoms and may choose at this point to
engage with the health care system. Once
a patient seeks health care, there is an
iterative process of information gathering,
information integration and interpretation,
and determining a working diagnosis.
Performing a clinical history and interview,
conducting a physical exam, performing
diagnostic testing, and referring or
consulting with other clinicians are all
ways of accumulating information that
may be relevant to understanding a
patient's health problem. The information-
gathering approaches can be employed at
different times, and diagnostic information
can be obtained in different orders. The
continuous process of information
gathering, integration, and interpretation
involves hypothesis generation and
updating prior probabilities as more
information is learned. Communication
among health care professionals, the
patient, and the patient's family members
is critical in this cycle of information
gathering, integration, and interpretation.
The working diagnosis may be either a list
of potential diagnoses (a differential
diagnosis) or a single potential diagnosis.
Typically, clinicians will consider more than
one diagnostic hypothesis or possibility as
an explanation of the patient's symptoms
and will refine this list as further
information is obtained in the diagnostic
process. The working diagnosis should be
shared with the patient, including an
explanation of the degree of uncertainty
associated with a working diagnosis. Each
time there is a revision to the working
diagnosis, this information should be
communicated to the patient. As the
diagnostic process proceeds, a fairly broad
list of potential diagnoses may be
narrowed into fewer potential options, a
process referred to as diagnostic
modification and refinement (Kassirer et
al., 2010). As the list becomes narrowed to
one or two possibilities, diagnostic
refinement of the working diagnosis
becomes diagnostic verification, in which
the lead diagnosis is checked for its
adequacy in explaining the signs and
symptoms, its coherency with the
patient's context (physiology, risk factors),
and whether a single diagnosis is
appropriate. When considering invasive or
risky diagnostic testing or treatment
options, the diagnostic verification step is
particularly important so that a patient is
not exposed to these risks without a
reasonable chance that the testing or
treatment options will be informative and
will likely improve patient outcomes.

CONCLUSION

The trining in a hospital gives us a

conclusion that the training in the hospital
was really necessary as it not only helped
us to see how a hospital operates , but it
also helped me to learn basic function of it
like first aid care , how to give injection
and dispensing of drugs etc . The
conclusion drawn out can be that I have
finally learn as to how important role a
hospital plays in peoples ’ lives and that
the hospital staff can go any means to save
them since its their duty . Since District
Hospital receives only I rupees per
patient , so it also shows us their good
deed towards mankind and to their service
. It help me to enhance my knowledge
regarding the various equipments that are
being used in the medical field in modern
times . The details study of the
instruments helped me understand . In my
view duration of OPD consultation
depends greatly on your experiences .