Relation and Function

Junior High School – Phase D

A. Relation
Definition
A relation is a relationship between two sets of values. In math, the relation is between
the x-values and y-values of ordered pairs. Set A and set B called have a relation if the
member of the set are paired. The set of all x-values is called the domain, and the set of
all y-values is called the range.

Characteristic
Relations in the relational database model have the following characteristics:
• All entries in a certain row and column must have a single value (single value), or an
atomic value, not a repetition group.
• All entries in a particular column in the same relation must have the same type.
• Each column in a relation has a unique name.
• In a relation / table the same no two rows are identical.

Displaying Relation
To express relations you can use three ways, namely with mapping diagrams, sets of
ordered pairs, and Cartesian coordinates. The three forms are as follows.
a. Mapping diagram
This form of arrow diagram is a form that is commonly used in questions about
relationships. The main feature of the mapping diagram is the presence of two
separate columns where each column contains the corresponding set. Then, the two
columns are connected by arrows.
Example: We have set A and set B. Set 𝐴 is a set of the 5th grade hobbies list and set
𝐵 is a set of the 5th grade students.
𝐴 = {𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔}
𝐵 = {𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑎,𝐾𝑒𝑛, 𝑁𝑎𝑏𝑦}
The two sets above have a relation, namely “the hobby of”. If expressed in the form
of a mapping diagram, it will be as follows.
 b. Sets of Ordered Pairs
The set of ordered pairs states that each set consists of members of the sets A and B
sequentially or usually denoted (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵.
Example: We have set 𝐴 and set 𝐵. Set 𝐴 is a set of the 5th grade hobbies list and set
𝐵is a set of the 5th grade students.
𝐴 = {𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔}
𝐵 = {𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑎,𝐾𝑒𝑛, 𝑁𝑎𝑏𝑦}
The two sets above have a relation, namely “the hobby of”. If expressed in the form
of a set of ordered pairs, it will be as follows.
𝐶 = {(𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑎, 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔), (𝑁𝑎𝑏𝑦, 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔), (𝐾𝑒𝑛, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔)}

c. Graph
Cartesian coordinates have two axes, namely the 𝑋 and 𝑌 axes. You place each
member of the set at the appropriate point, provided that the set 𝐴 is on the 𝑋 axis and
the set 𝐵 is on the 𝑌 axis, as follows.
Example: We have set A and set B.
𝐴 = {1, 2, 3}
𝐵 = {1, 3, 6}
The two sets above have a relation, namely “one less than”. If expressed in the form
of a graph, it will be as follows

B. Function
Definition
The function or mapping from set A to set B is a paired relationship between every
member of set A with exactly one member of set B. To represent functions we use
lowercase letters, such as: 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ. So, we call the function 𝑓, function 𝑔, and function ℎ.

We denote the function 𝑓 from set 𝐴 to set :

𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵 or 𝑓 ∶ 𝑥 → 𝑦 with 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 (𝑓 ∶ 𝑥 → 𝑦 reads "function 𝑓 maps 𝑥 to 𝑦")
Another writing of the notation 𝑓 ∶ 𝑥 → 𝑦 in every (𝑥) = 𝑦 is called as a function formula
𝑓.
Characteristic
Let we have X set and B set then the relation of both set called a function when following
two requirements :
• Every member of set 𝑋 has a pair in set 𝐵
• Every member of set 𝑋 has exactly one pair from member of set 𝐵.

Concept of Domain, Codomain, and Range

a. Domain
A domain is a set whose members are the possible inputs of that function. In other
words, the members in the function domain are inputs to the function which causes
the function to have a value or be defined. Domains are denoted by letters 𝐷 and
labeled with their function notation.
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙
3 6
4 8
5 10
6 12
The table above has the domain 𝐷𝑓 = {3, 4, 5, 6}

b. Codomain
The codomain of a function is a set that contains all possible outputs of that function.
The codomain may contain members that are not outputs from the function, but all
possible outputs from the function must be contained in the codomain. Codomains are
denoted by letters 𝐾 and labeled with their function notation.

The mapping diagram above has the codomain 𝐾𝑓 =

{𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟, 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦, 𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒, 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒}.

c. Range
Range in function is all possible output values, where each number is the result of
input (the domain) into the formula or equation.
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙
3 6
 4 8
5 10
6 12
The range of the table is 𝑅𝑓 = (6, 8, 10, 12)

Displaying Function
The function can be expressed in the form of mapping diagrams, tabular form, sets of
ordered pairs, and Cartesian diagrams.
• Mapping Diagram
A mapping diagram is a diagram to represent a function which consists of two
parallel columns. The first column represents the domain of a function , and the other
column for its range. Lines or arrows are drawn from domain to range, to represent
the relation between any two elements.
Example:

Name is the first column so it is called the domain of a function and hobby is the
second column so it is called the codomain of a function. The arrow drawn represents
the relationship between students with their hobby.

• Tabular Form
An array of values is a list of numbers to which a function is applied. It relates a
number to the value obtained by the function and gives an idea of its relation.
Example : 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 | − 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 6, 𝑥 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑅}
Solution : Firstly, we must determine the domain of 𝑓(𝑥). 𝐷𝑓 = {−1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Then we find the values or range by substituting the domain to the formula 𝑓(𝑥).
So, we have 𝑅𝑓 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13}
After that, we can input it into the table. The table shown below.
𝑥 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2𝑥 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
𝑓(𝑥) 10 3 5 7 9 11 13
Note :
Blue row : domain
Orange : function
Green : codomain
• Sets of Ordered Pair
Sets of ordered pairs are a pair set formed by two elements that are separated by a
comma and written inside the parentheses. The order of the elements has a certain
importance in an ordered pair. It means (𝑥, 𝑦) may not be equal to (𝑦, 𝑥) all the time.
So, we get (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (𝑦, 𝑥)
The first element which is written in the front of the comma mark is the domain and 𝑦
is the second element which is written in the behind of the comma mark is the range
so the position can't be changed. Let's look at the example below :
Let 𝑓 denoted by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥² + 3
𝑥 𝒚
2 11
3 21
4 35

The first row is the domain as the first element of the set ordered pair and the second
row is the range as the second element of the set ordered pair. So, it can be written as
: 𝑓(𝑥) = {(2,11), (3,21), (4,35)}

• Cartesian Diagram
We can represent functions graphically by plotting points on a coordinate plane. The
coordinate plane is a grid formed by a horizontal number line and a vertical number
line.
The horizontal number line is called x-axis and the vertical line is called the y-axis.
We can represent each value of a function as a point on the plane by representing the
value as a distance along the axis and the value as a distance along the axis.
Example :
Some students in class P measure their shoe size and they get the data result that
Anna has a shoe size of 33, Belle has a shoe size of 31, Chloe has a shoe size of 35,
Dee has a shoe size of 32, Eric has a shoe size of 30, and Fyn has a shoe size of 31.
Exercises
1. Determining the value of the function which is denoted by 𝑓 ∶ 𝑥 → 𝑦 or
formulated by 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑦 is to determine the value of 𝑦 or (𝑥) if the value of 𝑥 is
given.
Example :
A function is denoted by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥² − 9. Determine the value of function where
𝑥 = 6!
Solution :
Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 – 9 and 𝑥 = 6, then
𝑓(6) = 62 – 9 𝑓(6)
= 36 – 9 𝑓(6)
= 25.
So, the value of function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥² − 9 where 𝑥 = 6 is 25.

From an example above, we can conclude that the function values can be found by
substituting domain variables at other values. Since the domain is 𝑥, then the
whole function formulas that contain the variable 𝑥 are converted to the
appropriate value of domain replacement. So, to find the value of function :
- Substitute the input variable in the formula with the value provided.
- Calculate the result

2. Let a function is expressed by the formula 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1 and the result are
(−5, 1, 7, 13), determine the domain and range of the following statement!
Solution :
a. The domain of function refers to "all the values" that go into a function. So that,
to find the domain, we can write as :
1.) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
 ⇔ −5 = 3𝑥 + 1
⇔ −5 − 1 = 3𝑥
⇔ −6 = 3𝑥
⇔ −2 = 𝑥.
2.) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
⇔ 1 = 3𝑥 + 1
⇔ 1 − 1 = 3𝑥
⇔ 0 = 3𝑥
⇔ 0 = 𝑥.
3.) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
⇔ 7 = 3𝑥 + 1
⇔ 7 − 1 = 3𝑥
⇔ 6 = 3𝑥 + 1
⇔ 2 = 𝑥,
4.) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
⇔ 13 = 3𝑥 + 1
⇔ 13 − 1 = 3𝑥
⇔ 12 = 3𝑥
⇔ 4 = 𝑥.
So we have the domain of (𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1 is {−2, 0, 2, 4}.

3. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 9, so what is the value of 𝑓(4)?

Solution:
Given 𝑥 = 4, so we get
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 9
𝑓(𝑥) = 3(4) 2 + 5(4) − 9
𝑓(𝑥) = 3(16) + 20 − 9
𝑓(𝑥) = 48 + 20 − 9
𝑓(𝑥) = 59.
So, we get the value of 𝑓(4) is 59.

4. The following mapping diagram is the relation "father of" from set 𝐴 to set 𝐵.

Express this relation in the form of a set of ordered pairs!

Solution:
The relation shown in the arrow diagram above can be expressed as a set of
ordered pairs. It will be as follows. 𝐶 = {(𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑔𝑎, 𝑅𝑎𝑘𝑎), (𝑊𝑎ℎ𝑖𝑑,
𝑆𝑖𝑠𝑘𝑎), (𝑊𝑎ℎ𝑖𝑑, 𝑁𝑎𝑦𝑎), (𝐹𝑎𝑑ℎ𝑖𝑙, 𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑙)}.