Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
17 views

Relations, Graphs, and Functions

The document discusses relations, graphs, and functions. It defines relations as sets of ordered pairs and graphs as visual representations of relations plotted on a coordinate plane. Functions are a special type of relation where each element in the domain corresponds to only one element in the range. The document provides examples of determining the domain and range of relations and identifying whether a relation represents a function.

Uploaded by

adnanreshun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

Relations, Graphs, and Functions

The document discusses relations, graphs, and functions. It defines relations as sets of ordered pairs and graphs as visual representations of relations plotted on a coordinate plane. Functions are a special type of relation where each element in the domain corresponds to only one element in the range. The document provides examples of determining the domain and range of relations and identifying whether a relation represents a function.

Uploaded by

adnanreshun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Relations, Graphs, and Functions

ADNAN ALI
EMT (KMU)
Relations, Graphs, and Functions

The rectangular coordinate system consists of two real number lines


that intersect at a right angle. The horizontal number line is called the x-
axis, and the vertical number line is called the y-axis. These two number
lines define a flat surface called a plane, and each point on this plane is
associated with an ordered pair of real numbers (x, y). The first number is
called the x-coordinate, and the second number is called the y-coordinate.
The intersection of the two axes is known as the origin, which corresponds
to the point (0, 0).
The x- and y-axes break the plane into four regions called quadrants,
named using roman numerals I, II, III, and IV, as pictured. The ordered pair
(x, y) represents the position of points relative to the origin. For example,
the ordered pair (−4, 3) represents the position 4 units to the left of the
origin, and 3 units above in the second quadrant.
• we define a relation as any set of ordered pairs. In the context of algebra,
the relations of interest are sets of ordered pairs (x, y) in the rectangular
coordinate plane. Typically, the coordinates are related by a rule expressed
using an algebraic equation. For example, both the algebraic
equations y=|x|−2and x=|y|+1define relationships between x and y.
Following are some integers that satisfy both equations:
• Here two relations consisting of seven ordered pair solutions are obtained:
y=|x|−2 has solutions {(−3,1),(−2,0),(−1,−1),(0,−2),(1,−1),(2,0),(3,1)}
and
x=|y|+1 has solutions {(4,−3),(3,−2),(2,−1),(1,0),(2,1),(3,2),(4,3)}

• We can visually display any relation of this type on a coordinate plane by


plotting the points.
• The solution sets of each equation will form a relation consisting of
infinitely many ordered pairs. We can use the given ordered pair solutions
to estimate all of the other ordered pairs by drawing a line through the
given points. Here we put an arrow on the ends of our lines to indicate that
this set of ordered pairs continues without bound

• The representation of a relation on a rectangular coordinate plane, as


illustrated above, is called a graph. Any curve graphed on a rectangular
coordinate plane represents a set of ordered pairs and thus defines a
relation
• The set consisting of all of the first components of a relation, in this case
the x-values, is called the domain. And the set consisting of all second
components of a relation, in this case the y-values, is called
the range (or codomain). Often, we can determine the domain and range
of a relation if we are given its graph.
• Example 1
• Determine the domain and range of the following relation:

Solution:
The minimum x-value represented on the graph is −8 all others are larger. Therefore, the domain consists of all x-
values in the interval [−8,∞).[−8,∞). The minimum y-value represented on the graph is 0; thus, the range is [0,∞)

Answer: Domain: [−8,∞), range: [0,∞)


• Functions
• Of special interest are relations where every x-value corresponds to exactly
one y-value. A relation with this property is called a function.
• Example
• Determine the domain and range of the following relation and state
whether it is a function or not: {(−1, 4), (0, 7), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, −2)}
• Solution:
• Here we separate the domain (x-values), and the range (y-values), and
depict the correspondence between the values with arrows.
• The relation is a function because each
x-value corresponds to exactly one y-value.
• Answer: The domain is {−1, 0, 2, 3, 4} and the
range is {−2, 3, 4, 7}. The relation is a function.
• Example 3
• Determine the domain and range of the following relation and state
whether it is a function or not: {(−4, −3), (−2, 6), (0, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7)}
• Solution:
• The given relation is not a function because the x-value 3 corresponds to
two y-values. We can also recognize functions as relations where no x-
values are repeated.
• Answer: The domain is {−4, −2, 0, 3} and the range is {−3, 3, 5, 6, 7}. This
relation is not a function.
• Consider the relations consisting of the seven ordered pair solutions to y=|
x|−2and x=|y|+1.. The correspondence between the domain and range of
each can be pictured as follows:

• Notice that every element in the domain of the solution set of y=|x|
−2corresponds to only one element in the range; it is a function. The
solutions to x=|y|+1, on the other hand, have values in the domain that
correspond to two elements in the range. In particular, the x-value 4
corresponds to two y-values −3 and 3. Therefore, x=|y|+1does not define a
function.
• We can visually identify functions by their graphs using the vertical line
test. If any vertical line intersects the graph more than once, then the
graph does not represent a function.

The vertical line represents a value in the domain, and the number of
intersections with the graph represent the number of values to which it
corresponds. As we can see, any vertical line will intersect the graph of y=|
x|−2only once; therefore, it is a function. A vertical line can cross the graph
of x=|y|+1more than once; therefore, it is not a function. As pictured,
the x-value 3 corresponds to more than one y-value.
• Example 4
• Given the graph, state the domain and range and determine whether or not
it represents a function:

Solution:
From the graph we can see that the minimum x-value is −1 and the
maximum x-value is 5. Hence, the domain consists of all the real numbers in
the set from [−1,5].[−1,5]. The maximum y-value is 3 and the minimum is
−3; hence, the range consists of y-values in the interval [−3,3].
in addition, since we can find a vertical line that intersects the graph more
than once, we conclude that the graph is not a function. There are many x-
values in the domain that correspond to two y-values.
Answer: Domain: [−1,5][−1,5]; range: [−3,3][−3,3]; function: no
• THANK YOU

You might also like