MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (CMMW)

CHAPTER

MATHEMATICAL 2
LANGUAGE &
SYMBOLS
Prepared by:

FERVIN D. SAMORTIN, M.A.

Instructor
The Language
of Relations
and Functions
At the end of this lesson, students must be
able to:
1. Review of the Cartesian coordinate
system.
2. Plot points in the coordinate system.
3. Differentiate between relation and
function.
4. Solve problems involving different types
of function.
5. Sketch the graph of different types of
function.
 THE
CARTESIAN
COORDINATE
SYSTEM
 THE CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

➢ The Cartesian coordinate system is used for representing the

relative positions of points in a plane, or in space through which
it can demonstrate various two-dimensional geometrical as well
as non-geometrical shapes.
➢ It is composed of a set of two intersecting lines. The horizontal
axis is commonly labeled as the 𝒙-axis and the vertical axis as
the 𝒚-axis.
➢ Any point in rectangular coordinate system is corresponding to
an ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦). The number 𝑥 is the 𝑥-coordinate or
abscissa and the number 𝑦 is the 𝑦-coordinate or ordinate.
 THE CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

➢ The two axes, 𝑥 and 𝑦, divides the rectangular coordinate system

in four sections that are known as quadrants (𝐼, 𝐼𝐼, 𝐼𝐼𝐼, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑉).

• Quadrant 𝐼: positive abscissa and positive ordinate (+, +)

• Quadrant 𝐼𝐼: negative abscissa and positive ordinate (−, +)
• Quadrant 𝐼𝐼𝐼: negative abscissa and negative ordinate (−, −)
• Quadrant 𝐼𝑉: positive abscissa and negative ordinate (+, −)
• Point of Origin: a point where the two axes cross (0, 0)
 RELATION

➢ A relation involves the association of an individual

or object with another individual or object. It is
also any set of one or more ordered pairs.
➢ The concept of relation involves pairing and the
manner or action by which the elements in a pair
are associated.
Relation Described by a Table
 Relation Expressed in Ordered Pairs

If the data in the table is

written in the form of a set 𝐻 of
ordered pairs such that the abscissa
is the hero’s surname and the
ordinate is the year when the hero
was born. Then 𝐻 is:

𝑯 = { 𝑹𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒍, 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟏 , 𝑩𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒐, 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟑 , 𝑴𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒊, 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟒 , 𝑨𝒈𝒖𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒅𝒐, 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟗 , 𝑺𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈, 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟏 }
Relation Expressed in Arrow Diagram

- capital cities - ASEAN countries

 Relation Expressed in Ordered Pairs

The elements in 𝑫 are

mapped onto the elements of 𝑹. If in
relation 𝑨, the abscissa is the capital
city and the ordinate is the
corresponding ASEAN country, then:
Note: One-to-one correspondence (every element of 𝐷 is paired with a unique
element of 𝑅)

𝑨 = { 𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒍𝒂, 𝑷𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 , 𝑲𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒂 𝑳𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒓, 𝑴𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒂 , 𝑱𝒂𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒂, 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒂 ,

𝑯𝒐 𝑪𝒉𝒊 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒉, 𝑽𝒊𝒆𝒕𝒏𝒂𝒎 , (𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒌𝒐𝒌, 𝑻𝒉𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒅)}

𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏: 𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒍𝒂, 𝑲𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒂 𝑳𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒓, 𝑱𝒂𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒂, 𝑯𝒐 𝑪𝒉𝒊 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒉, 𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒌𝒐𝒌

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆: {𝑷𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔, 𝑴𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒂, 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒂, 𝑽𝒊𝒆𝒕𝒏𝒂𝒎, 𝑻𝒉𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒅}
 Relation Expressed in Arrow Diagram

The relation between the elements

of 𝑿 and 𝒀 is said to be one-to-many
because each element of X is paired with
more than one element of Y.

Question 1: What is the set (named as set

𝑨) that illustrates in the diagram on the
right?

Question 2: Determine the domain and

range of the given set A.
 Relation Expressed in Arrow Diagram

Question 1: What is the set (named as set 𝑨) that illustrates

in the diagram on the right?
Answer:
A = { 𝟏, −𝟏 , 𝟏, 𝟏 , 𝟒, −𝟐 , 𝟒, 𝟐 , 𝟗, −𝟑 , 𝟗, 𝟑 }

Question 2: Determine the domain and range of the given

set A.

Answer:

Domain: {𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟗}

Range: {−𝟑, −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}

 Relation Expressed in Arrow Diagram

This arrow diagram shows many-

to-one correspondence. More than one
element of 𝑵 is paired with the same
element of 𝑺.

Question 1: What is the set (named as set

𝑩) that illustrates in the diagram on the
right?

Question 2: Determine the domain and

range of the given set 𝑩.
 Relation Expressed in Arrow Diagram

Question 1: What is the set (named as set 𝑩) that illustrates in

the diagram on the right?

Answer:

B = { −𝟑, 𝟑 , −𝟐, 𝟐, , −𝟏, 𝟏 , 𝟎, 𝟎 , 𝟏, 𝟏 , 𝟐, 𝟐 , 𝟑, 𝟑 }

Question 2: Determine the domain and range of the given set 𝑩.

Answer:

Domain: {−𝟑, −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}

Range: {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}
 FUNCTION

➢ A function is a special type of relation in which every input

is paired with exactly one output, or a set of ordered pairs
of numbers 𝑥, 𝑦 , in which “no” two distinct ordered pairs
have the same first number.
➢ The set of all admissible values of 𝒙 is called the domain of
the function, and the set of all resulting values of 𝒚 is called
the range of the function.
➢ In other words, for it to be a function, the 𝑥-coordinate/
abscissa of an ordered pair must be unique from the other.
If not, then it is just a mere relation.
 FUNCTION

Examples:

A. Tell whether each of the following is a function or just a mere relation:

1. 𝐴 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,8), … }
2. 𝐵 = {(−8,7), (−3,7), (2,7), (7,7), (12,7)}
3. 𝐶 = {(1,1), (2,4), (3,9), (4,16), … }
4. 𝐷 = {… (−2,4), (−1,1), (0,0), (1,1), (2,4)}
5. 𝐸 = {(𝑎, 1), (𝑏, 2), (𝑐, 3), (𝑑, 4), (𝑒, 5)}
B. Is the following sets of ordered pairs considered functions? Explain.
1. 𝐹 = { 0, −5 , 1, −4 , 2, −3 , 3, −2 , 4, −1 , (5,0)}
2. 𝐺 = { −1, −7 , 1,0 , 2, −3 , 0, −8 , 0,5 , (−2, −1)}
 FUNCTION

Examples:

C. Given the following situations, which are considered functions?

1. Rule which assigns to each person his/her birth month.

𝑯 = { 𝑨𝒈𝒖𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒅𝒐, 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 , 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒛𝒐𝒏, 𝑨𝒖𝒈𝒖𝒔𝒕 , 𝑶𝒔𝒎𝒆ñ𝒂, 𝑺𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 ,

𝑳𝒂𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒍, 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 , 𝑹𝒐𝒙𝒂𝒔, 𝑱𝒂𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒚 , 𝑸𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒐, 𝑵𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 ,

𝑴𝒂𝒈𝒔𝒂𝒚𝒔𝒂𝒚, 𝑨𝒖𝒈𝒖𝒔𝒕 , 𝑮𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒂, 𝑵𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 , 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒍, 𝑺𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 ,

𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔, 𝑺𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 , 𝑨𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒏𝒐, 𝑱𝒂𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒚 , 𝑹𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒔, 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 ,

𝑬𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒂, 𝑨𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒍 , (𝑨𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒚𝒐, 𝑨𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒍)}

 FUNCTION

Examples:

2. Rule which assigns to the month of December to some famous celebrities.

𝑱 = { 𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓, 𝑴𝒆𝒍 𝑮𝒊𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒏 , 𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓, 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝑺𝒑𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒈 ,

𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓, 𝑹𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒚 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒏 , 𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓, 𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑷𝒊𝒕𝒕 ,

𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓, 𝑻𝒊𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝑾𝒐𝒐𝒅𝒔 , (𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓, 𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒕 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒏𝒆𝒚)}

 FUNCTION

Examples:

D. Which mapping represents a function?

 FUNCTION

Examples:

E. Which relation mapping represents a function?

 VERTICAL LINE TEST FOR A FUNCTION

➢ A relation is a function if a vertical line drawn

through its graph, passes through only one point.
➢ If the vertical line intersects the graph in exactly
one point, then the relation is a function.
Otherwise, it is just a mere relation.
➢ If a vertical line cuts the graph of a relation in
more than one point, then the relation does not
represent a function.
VERTICAL LINE TEST FOR A FUNCTION
 VERTICAL LINE TEST FOR A FUNCTION

Examples: Tell whether the given graph is a function or not.

 VERTICAL LINE TEST FOR A FUNCTION

If an imaginary line (black

broken line) was drawn on the
graph, it shows that it intersects at
exactly one point. Thus, this graph
is a function.
 VERTICAL LINE TEST FOR A FUNCTION

Using vertical line test, it

shows that when an imaginary
vertical line was drawn on the
graph, it intersects more than one
point. Thus, this graph is a not a
function.
 FUNCTION NOTATION

➢ Functions are denoted by any letter in the English

alphabet. But the letters 𝐹, 𝐺, 𝐻, and their lower
case counterparts 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ are the most commonly
used notations for functions.
➢ If 𝑥 is an element in the domain of a function (𝑓),
then the notation 𝑓(𝑥), reads as "𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥", is used
to represent the corresponding elements in the
range.
 THE NOTATION 𝒇(𝒙)

➢ The function notation 𝒇(𝒙) means the value of the function 𝒇

at number 𝒙.
➢ The domain of the function serves as the input value of the
rule or correspondence. The rule of the function processes
these values to provide the range or output.
➢ If 𝒚 is the value of 𝒇 at 𝒙, or 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙), 𝒙 is called the
independent variable since any element of the domain can
replace it, and 𝒚 is called the dependent variable because its
value depends on the value of the independent variable 𝒙.
THE NOTATION 𝒇(𝒙)
 THE NOTATION 𝒇(𝒙)

Examples:
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3. Find:
 THE NOTATION 𝒇(𝒙)

1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3. Find:

 THE NOTATION 𝒇(𝒙)

4
2. Let 𝐹(𝑥) = 2 . Find:
𝑥 −1
 INTERVAL NOTATIONS

• The open interval from 𝑎 to 𝑏, denoted by 𝑎, 𝑏 , is defined by

11 INTERVAL NOTATIONS

• The closed interval from 𝑎 to 𝑏, denoted by [𝑎, 𝑏], is defined by

11 INTERVAL NOTATIONS

• The interval half-open on the left, denoted by 𝑎, 𝑏 , is defined by

11 INTERVAL NOTATIONS

• The interval half-open on the right, denoted by 𝑎, 𝑏 , is defined by

11 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
1. 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 is a function that has the same output value no
matter what your input value is. It is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑐, where 𝑐 is a constant.

Example #1: Sketch the graph and find

the domain and range of the function
𝑦 = 3.

Domain: −∞, +∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

Range: {𝑦|𝑦 = 3}
11 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

Example #2: Sketch the graph

and find the domain and range of
the function 𝑦 = 10.

Domain: −∞, +∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

Range: {𝑦|𝑦 = 10}
11 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

2. 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 is the simplest type of function whose graph

is a 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒. Its highest degree is 1.

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏

where: 𝑚 is the slope of the line

𝑏 is the 𝑦-intercept
 11 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

Example #1: Sketch the graph and

determine the domain and range of the
function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1, [−3, 2].

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: −3, 2 𝑜𝑟 − 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: −10, 5 𝑜𝑟 − 10 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 5
 11 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

Example #2: Sketch the graph and

determine the domain and range of
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 or 𝑦 = 6 − 2𝑥.

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: −∞, +∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: −∞, +∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
11 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

3. 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 is any equation in a form 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐,

where 𝑎 ≠ 0 and its graph is called a 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎. Its highest degree is 2.
i. If 𝑎 > 0, the parabola opens upward and has a minimum point or
value at the vertex.
ii. If 𝑎 < 0, the parabola opens downward and has a maximum point or
value at the vertex.
The vertex of the parabola is given by the equation
−𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏 2 −𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏 2
𝑥= 𝑦= 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥: , 4𝑎
2𝑎 4𝑎 2𝑎
11 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

Examples:

1. Sketch the graph and determine

the vertex, domain and range of
a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ; and b. 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 .
11 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
Examples #1: (Continuation)
11 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
Examples #1: (Continuation)

a. Domain: −∞, +∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

Range: 0, +∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≥ 0}
*Since 𝑎 is positive, the parabola opens
upward.
b. Domain: −∞, +∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: −∞, 0 𝑜𝑟 {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≤ 0}
*Since 𝑎 is negative, the parabola opens
downward.
11 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

Example #2: Sketch the graph and

determine the vertex, domain and range
of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6.
11 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
Example #2 (Continuation):

Domain: −∞, +∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

−1 1
Range: , +∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 ≥ − 4}
4

*Since 𝑎 is positive,
the parabola opens upward.
11 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
4. 𝑪𝒖𝒃𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 is any equation of the
form 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 3 +𝑏𝑥 2 +𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑, 𝑎 ≠ 0.
Example # 1: Determine the domain and
range and sketch the graph of

𝑦 = 𝑥3

Domain: −∞, +∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

Range: −∞, +∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
11 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
Example # 2: Determine the domain
and range and sketch the graph of
𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥3

Domain: −∞, +∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

Range: −∞, +∞ 𝑜𝑟 {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
 DOMAIN & RANGE OF DIFFERENT
11 FUNCTIONS
SALAMATH!