ABSTRACT

This study investigates the mechanical properties of fly ash-based moss concrete, a

sustainable building material that combines the benefits of fly ash and natural moss. Fly ash,

a byproduct of coal combustion is utilized as a cement replacement to reduce environmental

impact. Incorporating moss into the concrete mix not only enhances its aesthetic appeal but

also potentially contributes to improved environmental conditions. The findings contribute to

advancing sustainable construction practices by exploring the feasibility of incorporating

natural elements into concrete while maintaining structural integrity.

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 CONTENT

Chapter No. Title Page No.

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Literature Gap
Chapter 4 Objectives
Chapter 5 Materials And Methodology
Chapter 6 Conclusion

Chapter 7 Reference

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Building development has been increasing to fulfill human needs and activities. A broad
range of housing, apartment, retail, and skyscraper developments in the world are mostly
constructed with concrete. Large-scale urban development has affected vegetation areas and
their properties (trees, shrubs, grasses, etc.) as these green areas give way to concrete blocks.
Urban development reduces the availability of green areas (Kiran et al., 2005). Hardened
areas in buildings such as roofs, walls, balconies, and other areas can be transformed into
plant vegetation areas and replace the grounded vegetation in a more sustainable building
(Johnston & Newton, 1993). Plants that are grown on, up, or against internal or external
walls of buildings or as freestanding structures are called vertical greenery (Mansor et al.,
2017). One building in Newbury changed its façade from basic concrete (which is
considered dull and unattractive) to vertical greenery, positively improving the aesthetic
performance of the building and improving air quality (Ord, 2017). To create successful
vertical greenery, the plant must be chosen carefully. Several plants hold their own soil or
artificial growing mediums, which most of these systems need for more complex façade
design (Rakhshandehroo et al., 2015). Other plants grow on the surfaces of building façades
as hybrid materials of living things and an object called living material. A plant that does not
require special care is moss. Moss can grow on wood panels without any light, water, or
specific care (Garty, 2003).
Moss is the second largest plant group after tall plants. The number of mosses is
approximately 18,000 species worldwide and 1,500 species in Indonesia. Indonesia is a
tropical country, characterized by high rainfall and year-round sunshine, allowing various
types of moss to grow. The vital roles of moss in environmental ecology include
contributions to the nutrient-and water cycle, the carbon exchange cycle, and protecting the
environment (Waldi, 2017). On the other hand, moss that grows on building materials tends
to cause deterioration and damage to the material (Lisci et al., 2003). Other studies show
that moss can provide benefits for historic buildings, for example protecting images of
carved petroglyphs, moisture regulators for fragile stone materials, etc. (Chiari & Cossio,
2002) In these studies, it was found that moss has the potential to be used as a plant that is
useful for buildings, so it is possible to be developed as research. This study aimed to

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engineer moss growth on the surface of precast concrete panels and analyze the mechanical
performance of these panels. The moss growth was calculated to examine the
successful growth.

Recent developments in the Construction field are becoming vast. This is mainly
because of the prevailing environmental conditions and pollution. Moss concrete is a form
of biological concrete which is being developed by a University in Spain. It involves the
growth of lichen, fungi, etc. on the surface of structures which helps in purifying the air by
absorbing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It consists of a usual concrete layer,
a waterproof layer that separates the inner part and the surface on which the growth of moss
will occur. The outer layer allows rainwater to penetrate which boosts the growth of such
organisms, while the inner portion remains water-proofed. Studies are being conducted to
know about the efficiency of this biological concrete and its durability.

1.1. MOSS AND ITS HISTORY

Bryophytes are considered the first plants that appeared in this world and are in
existence for about 400 billion years. These are non-vascular plants that do not have
any roots. There are a large number of fungi that exist in this world. Some may be
harmless and some may be malignant. The harmless species are usually selected for
moss concrete. The microbe should also have the ability to decrease air pollution and
maintain a cleaner and greener environment which is the need of the hour.
WHY MOSS CONCRETE? The advantage of moss concrete over several other
greening methods, such as living wall systems or rooted systems, is that moss
concrete needs little maintenance, and if used correctly, will be cheap and
efficient. The low weight of the mosses and the absence of roots will enable the
use of existing buildings and structures without re-evaluating the capacity of the
structure. This in comparison to several prefabricated roof and wall panels that
can soak up a lot of water which might lead to exceeding the load capacity.

1.2. MOSS CONCRETE, ALSO KNOWN AS GREEN CONCRETE

OR BIOLOGICAL CONCRETE, OFFERS BOTH MERITS AND
DEMERITS:

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MERITS OF MOSS CONCRETE:
1) Sustainability: Moss concrete is an eco-friendly alternative to traditional concrete
materials. The inclusion of moss in the concrete mix helps reduce carbon dioxide
emissions and contributes to improved air quality by absorbing pollutants and
particulate matter.
2) Aesthetics: The natural green appearance of moss adds a visually appealing and
unique aspect to architectural structures and landscapes. It can create a harmonious
and soothing atmosphere, especially in urban areas.
3) Thermal Regulation: Moss has insulating properties, helping to regulate temperature
and reduce energy consumption for heating and cooling. Moss concrete can
contribute to more energy-efficient buildings and sustainable thermal comfort.
4) Noise Reduction: Moss acts as a sound absorber, reducing noise pollution from
surrounding environments. This can be particularly beneficial in urban settings
where noise levels need to be controlled.
5) Biodiversity Enhancement: The incorporation of moss into concrete creates habitats
for small insects, birds, and other organisms, promoting biodiversity in urban areas
and supporting the ecosystem.
6) Low Maintenance: Moss requires very little maintenance once established. It does
not need mowing, watering, or chemical treatments, reducing the need for ongoing
care and associated costs.
7) Longevity: Properly installed and maintained moss concrete can have good
durability and longevity, comparable to traditional concrete materials. It can
withstand normal weather conditions and physical impacts if well cared for.

DEMERITS OF MOSS CONCRETE:

1) Growth Limitations: Moss requires specific growing conditions, such as high
humidity and shade. It may not flourish in all climates or building locations,
limiting its suitability in certain regions.
2) Installation Complexity: The installation process of moss concrete can be more
complex compared to regular concrete. It requires specific surface preparation,
moss integration techniques, and post-installation care, which require expertise and
attention to detail.

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 3) Limited Load-Bearing Applications: Moss concrete is primarily used for decorative
purposes or areas where moss's unique properties can be leveraged. It may not be
ideal for heavy load-bearing applications or structural elements.
4) Potential Aesthetic Changes: Over time, moss can undergo variations in growth
patterns and appearance. If left unattended, it may spread beyond desired areas or
develop unevenly, impacting the aesthetic appeal of moss concrete.
5) Limited Color Options: Moss naturally has a green color, limiting the design
versatility of moss concrete. Achieving specific color requirements may require
additional treatment or the use of artificial dyes, potentially affecting sustainability
and environmental benefits.

MOSS GROWTH
Materials –
 Existing sample of moss (dead or alive)Water
 Buttermilk
 A blender
 A paintbrush
Culture Media Preparation
There are four basic moss types. They are sheet moss, cushion moss, hair cap moss, and
rock cap moss. Cushion moss is the most common moss type on walls in the tropics.
Therefore, we used cushion moss which was grown on a brick wall as the existing moss
sample. The common method [50] used to grow moss in landscape architecture was used to
moss culture media preparation. Equal amounts of water and buttermilk were measured and
blended. Existing moss was added to the mixture; moss: liquid mixture ratio at 1: 4. All
ingredients were blended until a fine liquid mixture; until existing moss cannot be
separated. The mixture was painted as two layers 13 on one surface of the erec all sample
as 500 ml per square meter using a paintbrush. Wall samples were wetted with water twice
a day to prevent walls from drying shown in Figure 5.

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1.6 Fly ASH
Fly ash, flue ash, coal ash, or pulverized fuel ash (in the UK) – plurale tantum: coal
combustion residuals (CCRs) – is a coal combustion product that is composed of
the particulates (fine particles of burned fuel) that are driven out of coal-fired boilers together
with the flue gases. Ash that falls to the bottom of the boiler's combustion chamber
(commonly called a firebox) is called bottom ash. In modern coal-fired power plants, fly ash
is generally captured by electrostatic precipitators or other particle filtration equipment before
the flue gases reach the chimneys. Together with bottom ash removed from the bottom of the
boiler, it is known as coal ash.

Depending upon the source and composition of the coal being burned, the components of fly
ash vary considerably, but all fly ash includes substantial amounts of silicon dioxide (SiO2)
(both amorphous and crystalline), aluminum (Al2O3) and calcium oxide (CaO), the main
mineral compounds in coal-bearing rock strata.’

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 Table 1 Physical properties of fly ash

Properties Fly Ash

Color grey

pH 8.40

Specific gravity 2.15

Liquid limit (%) 32

Plastic Limit (%) Non-plastic

Plasticity index (%) Non-plastic

Sand (%) (4.75 - 0.075 mm) 26.11

Silt (%) (0.075 – 0.002 mm) 70.89

Clay (%) (<0.002 mm) 3.00

FLY ASH

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Advantages of the fly ash
Cost-effective alternative to Portland cement.
Increases durability and workability of concrete.
Helps prevent cracking or expansion and reduces permeability.
Resistant to sulphates and alkali-aggregate reactions.
Recycles coal burning waste and reduces CO₂ emissions.

Disadvantages of fly ash

Slow Strength Gain : Once concrete changes to a solid state a few hours after pouring, but its
curing process takes longer. ...
Longer Setting Times. ...
Poor Air Content Control. ...
Seasonal Restrictions. ...
Color Inconsistency. ...
Size limitations. ...
Restricted Suitability.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

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1) Xiong, W., Tao, Y., Wang, P., Wu, K., & Chen, L. (2022). Impact of
Environmental Factors on the Formation and Development of Biological Soil Crusts
in Lime Concrete Materials of Building Facades. Applied Sciences, 12(6),
2974.This paper summarises the adverse effects of microbial growth on the surface
of structures made of lime concrete facades. In some cases, it led to discoloration of
the buildings. In general, lime concrete is susceptible to water permeability and may
develop micro-cracks at a faster rate when compared to conventional concrete. This
property of lime concrete will pave the way for accumulation of moisture which
leads to the growth of microbes.

2) [7] Mustafa, K. F., Prieto, A., & Ottele, M. (2021). The Role of Geometry on a
Self-Sustaining Bio-Receptive Concrete Panel for Facade Application.
Sustainability, 13(13), 7453. This paper enumerates the fact that how proper growth
mechanism of moss can help in making wonders instead of random or irregular
growth patterns. The geometry of these patterns plays a vital role in boosting the
growth of moss. After three weeks, it was found that the optimum range of
temperature for moss growth was found to be 20-24°C. These patterns were not
only efficient but were also aesthetically pleasing.

3) [1] Udawattha, C., Galkanda, H., Ariyarathne, I. S., Jayasinghe, G. Y., &
Halwatura, R. (2018). Mold growth and moss growth on tropical walls. Building
and Environment, 137, 268-279.This paper elaborates on the intrinsic properties of
various types of blocks that are currently in use for the Construction of buildings.
These properties include septicity, water absorption, organic matter content, etc. It
was observed that conventional bricks showed a higher moss growth rate when
compared to other building blocks and rough cement plaster showed negligible
growth rate. Also, tropical climate owes to an increased rate of moss growth.

4) Chairunnisa, I., & Susanto, D. (2018). Living Material as a Building Façade: The
Effect of Moss Growth toward Mechanical Performance on Pre-vegetated Concrete
Panels. International Journal of Technology (IJTech) Vol, 9.The authors of this
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 paper have compared the behaviour of pre-vegetated and non-pre-vegetated panels
made of concrete. For this research, three types of Bryophytes were grown on the
surface of concrete. Before growing the moss, the concrete surface was prepared
and conditioned. On the aspect of compressive strength, non-pre-vegetated panels
showed an increase in its strength when compared to pre-vegetated panels. But, it
was also observed that the tensile strength was affected due to the growth of moss
on concrete.

5) [2] Ramasubramani, R., Praveen, R., & Sathyanarayanan, K. S. (2016). Study on

the strength properties of marine algae concrete. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 4,
706-715.In this paper, marine brown algae are added at different percentages to
M25-grade concrete with a water-cement ratio of 0.5. A chemical reaction between
cement and algae occurs which makes the environment pollution-free. It resulted in
a compressive strength of 29.24 MPa, a split tensile strength of 4.6 MPa,and
flexural strength of 4.7 MPa for an algae quantity of 8% which has been selected as
the optimum range. An impact test was also conducted and the initial crack was
observed after 94 blows. Failure of the specimen was recorded after 96 blows for
the specimen with 8% of algae in it.

6) [4] Radu, D. M., Trautz, D., & Cantor, M. (2015). Moss: Decorative and
Ecological Potential in Landscape. ProEnvironment Promediu, 8(21).This paper
studies the possibilities of using moss in landscape architecture. Moss has the
capacity to grow faster and spread through larger areas. It can be grown on soil,
rocks, concrete and also on wooden surfaces. It can be used to enhance the aesthetic
view of a structure and thereby, helps in reducing pollution by aiding in the
purification of air.

7) Bertron, A. (2014). Understanding interactions between cementitious materials and

microorganisms: a key to sustainable and safe concrete structures in various
contexts. Materials and Structures, 47, 1787-1806. Microbes can lead to poor
quality of indoor air too. It may lead to skin irritations, allergies, infections in the
respiratory system, and other ailments. Methodologies are being developed to
examine the reactions between microbes and cementitious materials. The microbes
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 may lead from the action of organic acids due to the chemical reactions. Some
microbes may lead to the other Bio-deterioration of buildings.

8) Ecological Architecture According to Yeang (2011), sustainable ecological

architecture is architecture that is integrated with nature in all parts of building
construction. Therefore, sustainable buildings consist of living and non-living
material as components capable of forming ecosystems or maintaining existing
habitats. Ecological architecture focuses on how ecological factors affect
buildings, their inhabitants, and the surrounding environment, explaining the
influence of ecological building design and its balance with nature. There are
three components that influence ecological architecture, and one of them is an
ecological element (technology and material) (Attmann, 2010)
9) Materials in architecture visualize design concepts and ideas into forms that
influence spatial experience and provide a lively building (Farelly, 2009). Building
materials come from natural materials such as wood, bamboo, rattan, etc., which
can be directly used in building construction. Building materials are also derived
from earth materials such as minerals and stones that are used to mix materials such
as concrete, marble, iron, steel, and glass (Deplazes, 2005). This study focuses on a
material that is a hybrid between living material and a growing or planting medium
(Trafton, 2014).
10) Mosses have a negative influence on building materials because they produce oxalic
acid which can cause hydration in the material. Moss grows on historical buildings
and causes erosion in the building materials. The erosion of building materials
occurs due to the influence of weather and lack of maintenance (Lisci et al., 2003).

11) Research on overgrown moss on carved rocks in Wyoming showed that moss has
both a negative effect (damage to the surface of the material) and a positive effect
(protection from rainwater and light) on the material. Positively, moss on the stone
that is provided by water and light becomes moss habitat, moss then fills cracks in
the rock and indirectly coats the stone surface. Moss growth can be categorized as a
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negative value depending on the material properties—in this case, the size of the
holes, which are directly proportional to the increasing porosity and absorption of
water leading to cracking of the rock material (Chiari & Cossio, 2004;
Lisci et al., 2003).

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 CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE GAP
Exploration of Long-Term Moss Growth Dynamics in Concrete Bioreceptors:
While several studies have highlighted the initial success of moss colonization on concrete
surfaces, there is limited research that delves into the long-term growth dynamics, survival
rates, and potential factors that might hinder or promote continuous moss development
within concrete bioreceptors. This gap in knowledge inhibits our understanding of the
sustainability of moss-covered concrete structures as a green infrastructure solution in
urban environments.
Sustainability and Maintenance: To implement moss-covered concrete bioreceptors
effectively, it is essential to understand how mosses interact with the concrete substrate over
time, including aspects such as nutrient availability, water retention, and resistance to
environmental stressors. This knowledge is crucial for ensuring the longevity of the green
infrastructure and designing maintenance protocols that support ongoing moss growth.
Design Optimization: The long-term behavior of mosses within concrete bioreceptors can
influence design considerations such as substrate composition, structural features, and
irrigation systems. A more comprehensive understanding of sustained moss growth
dynamics can lead to optimized designs that maximize the environmental benefits provided
by the bioreceptors.
.

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 CHAPTER 4
OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this project are:
1.To design and construct concrete bioreceptors suitable for promoting moss growth.
To monitor the growth and establishment of mosses within the concrete bioreceptors.
2.To assess the potential benefits of moss-covered concrete bioreceptors in terms of air
quality improvement and thermal insulation.

CHAPTER 5

Material and Methodology

TESTING ON CEMENT

TEST ON FINE AGGREGATES

TEST ON COURSE AGGREGATES

TEST ON FLY ASH

DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIX AS PER: 10262-2019

ADDITION OF DIFFERENT PERCENTAGES DOSAGES OF CHEMICAL

PEG-400

MATERIAL AND BASIC TEST

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Test on Fly Ash
1. Finess of fly ash
2. Specific Gravity of fly ash

Testing on cement
1. Fineness of cement
2. Specific gravity of cement
3. Initial and Final setting of cement
4. Normal consistency of cement

Test on fine aggregates

1. Specific gravity
2. Sieve Analysis

Test on coarse aggregates

1. Specific gravity
2. Sieve Analysis

TESTS ON FLY ASH

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SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FLY ASH: 2720 (PART 3/Sec 1)-1980

AIM: To determine the specific gravity of the fly ash.

PROCEDURE:

• Weigh the dry and empty specific gravity of the bottle along with the lid.
• Fill the bottle full with distilled water and take the weight
• Fill the bottle full with kerosene and take the weight.
• Fill the bottle with 1/3th of FLY ASH and add kerosene to it and care should be taken
that no air bubbles are present in the bottle.

Fig.3.2 Specific gravity bottle

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Empty weight of specific gravity bottle(W1) =60gm

2. Weight of specific gravity bottle+ 1/3rd of FLY ASH(W2) = 75gm

3. Weight of specific gravity bottle+ 1/3rd of FLY ASH + weight of kerosene(W3) = 155gm

4. Weight of specific gravity bottle+ weight of kerosene(W4) = 145m

5. Weight of specific gravity bottle+ weight of water(W5) = 165 gm

Specific gravity of kerosene =

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 140−65
¿ =0.75
165−65

(W 2−W 1)
Specific gravity of cement = X 0.75
( W 2−W 1 )−(W 3−W 4)

(85−65)
= X 0.75
( 85−65 )−(150−140)

= 2*0.75
=1.5
RESULT: The specific gravity of given sample of FLY ASH is 1.5

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FINENESS OF FLY ASH

AIM: To determine the fineness of FLY ASH

APPARATUS: 90-micron sieve, weighing balance.

PROCEDURE:

• Take 100 grams of fly ash.

• Put it on a white sheet & roll it over by tamping rod to clear the lumps.
• After rolling the cover of the fly ash, fly ash has to be sieved by a 90-
micron sieve
• The fly ash which is passing through 90 microns. Sieve is taken for
conduction of equipment
• As per standard the value should be less than 10% which is retained on
the 90-micron sieve.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Weight of given sample of FLY ASH (W1) = 100 gms

2. Weight of fly ash retained on 90µIS sieve (W3) =85gms

3. Weight of fly ash passed (W2) = 15gms

W2
Finess of FLY ASH = X 100
W1

15
= X 100=15 %
100

Result: The fineness of the given sample of FLY ASH is 15%

TESTS ON CEMENT AND ITS PROPERTIES

(53 GRADE OPC CEMENT is considered)
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SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT: 2720 (PART 3/Sec 1)-1980

AIM: to determine the specific gravity of the cement

PROCEDURE:

• Weigh the dry and empty specific gravity of bottle along with lid.
• Fill the bottle full with distilled water and take the weight.
• Fill the bottle full with kerosene and take the weight.
• Fill the bottle with 1/3th of cement and add kerosene to it and care should be taken that no air
bubbles are present in the bottle.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Empty weight of specific gravity bottle(W1) =61.5gm

2. Weight of specific gravity bottle+ 1/3rd of cement(W2) = 89gm

3. Weight of specific gravity bottle+ 1/3rd of cement + weight of kerosene(W 3) = 162.0gm

4. Weight of specific gravity bottle+ weight of kerosene(W4) = 142.0gm

5. Weight of specific gravity bottle+ weight of water(W5) = 160 gm

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CALCULATIONS:

Specific gravity of kerosene =

(142−61.5)
= (160−61.5) = 0.817

(𝑾𝟐−𝑾𝟏)
Specific gravity of cement = × 0.817
(𝑾𝟐−𝑾𝟏)−(𝑾𝟑−𝑾𝟒)

= ×0.817

= 2.99

RESULT: The specific gravity of cement is 2.99

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FINENESS OF CEMENT (IS: 4031 (PART 1))
AIM: To determine the fineness of cement

APPARATUS: 90-micron sieve, weighing balance.

PROCEDURE:

• Take 500gms of cement

• Put it in a white sheet & roll it over by tamping rod to clear the lumps.
• After rolling cover the cement, cement has to be sieved by 90-micron sieve
• The cement which is passing through 90 microns. Sieve is taken for conduction of equipment
• As per standard the value should be less than 10% which are retained on 90-micron sieve.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Weight of given sample of cement (W1) = 100 gms

2. Weight of cement retained on 90µIS sieve (W2) = 5 gms

w2
Finess of cement = × 100
w1
5
= × 100 = 5 % < 10%
100
RESULT: The fineness of given sample of cement is 5%

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STANDARD CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT (IS: 4031 (PART IV))
AIM: To determine the standard consistency of the cement paste.

APPARATUS: Vicat apparatus confirming to IS: 5513-1976, Balance, standard weights and gauging

trowel.

PROCEDURE:

Standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency (The amount of water
expressed as percentage by mass of the dry cement) which will permit the vicat plunger to penetrate
to a point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the vicat mould when the cement paste is tested as
described below.

(i) Take 350 gms of cement and prepare a paste of cement with a weighed quantity of potable
or distilled water (100ml) taking care that the time of gauging is not less than 3 minutes, nor more
than 5 minutes. The gauging time shall be counted from the time of adding water to the dry cement
until commencing to fill the mould.

(ii) Fill the mould with this paste, the mould resting upon a non-porous plate. After completely
filling mould, smoothen the surface of the paste, making it level with the top of the mould. The
mould may be slightly shaken to expel air.

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(iii) Place the test block in mould, together with the non-porous plate under the rod attached
with the plunger. Lower the plungers gently to touch the surface of the test blocks and release it
quickly, allowing it to sink into the paste.

(iv) Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water and test as described above until the
amount of water necessary for the standard consistency as defined is obtained.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Weight of cement = 350 gms

2. Amount of water added = × 350 = 84 ml

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl. Weight of cement % of water Amount of water Depth of

added penetration
No

1 350 24 84 38

2 350 26 91 37

3 350 28 98 30

4 350 30 105 25

5 350 32 112 15

6 350 34 119 5

RESULT: Standard consistency of cement = 34%

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SETTING TIME OF CEMENT (IS: 4031 (PART IV)
AIM: To determine setting time of cement

APPARATUS: Vicat apparatus confirming to IS: 5513-1976, Balance, standard weights and gauging
trowel.

PROCEDURE:
Preparation of test block:
• Prepare a neat cement paste by gauging 350 grams of cement with 0.85 times the water
required to give a paste of Standard consistency.

• Potable or distilled water shall be used in preparing the paste.

• The paste shall be gauged in the manner & under the conditions prescribed in the
determination of the consistency of standard cement paste.

• Start a stopwatch at the instant when water is added to the cement.

• Fill the mould with the Cement paste gauged above the mold resting on a nonporous plate.

• Fill the mould Completely nonporous plate and smooth off the surface of the paste making it
level with the top of the mound. The cement block thus prepared in the mould is the test

block.

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Determination of initial setting time:

• Place the test blocks confined in the mould & rest it on the non-porous plate, under the rod
bearing initial setting needle, lower the needle gently contact with the surface of test block &
quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block.

• In the beginning, the needle will completely pierce the test block

• Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact with the test block and
released as described above, fails to pierce the block to a point 5 to 7 mm measured from
the bottom of the mold shall be the initial setting time

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Weight of cement = 350 gms

2. Standard consistency of cement (p) = 34%
3. Amount of water added (ml) = 0.85×p × Weight of cement
= 0.85×0.34 × 350
= 101 ml
TABULAR COLUMN:

SL NO WEIGHT OF AMOUNT OF DEPTH OF SETTING

CEMENT (gms) WATER ADDED PENETRATION TIME
(ml) (mm) (minutes)

1 350 101 0 5
2 350 101 0 10
3 350 101 0 15
4 350 101 0 20
5 350 101 1 25
6 350 101 3 30
7 350 101 4 35
8 350 101 4 40
9 350 101 4 45
10 350 101 7 50
Initial setting time of cement = T2-T1
= 50-5
= 45 minutes

RESULT: Initial setting time for the given sample of cement = 45 minutes

TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATE

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SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATE IS: 2720 (PART 4)-1985

AIM: To determine fineness modulus of fine aggregate

APPARATUS: Test Sieves conforming to IS: 460-1962 Specification of 4.75 mm. 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm.
600-micron, 300-micron, 150-micron, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch. etc.

PROCEDURE:

• The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving.

• Measure the sample on weighing balance.

• Arrange sieve in descending order of size from the larger sieve on the top.

• Put the sample in upper sieve and shake manually or by sieve shaker for 10
minutes. Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure.

• After 10 minutes stop the shaker and separate, he sieves from the apparatus.

• Measure the weight of the particles retained in each sieve and note them in the
table • Calculate the percentage of weight retained on each sieve

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OBSERVATIONS:
IS sieve Weight Cumulative
retained on percentage of Cumulative percentage
sieve (g) Weight percentage passing
retained (%) retained (%)

4.75mm 0 0 0 100

2.36mm 20 4 4 96

1.18mm 80 16 20 80

600µm 145 29 49 51

300µm 150 30 79 21

150µm 75 15 94 6

pan 30 6 100 0

TOTAL = 500 gms = 346 gms

The fineness modulus is calculated by using the following formula

Fineness modulus = 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 % 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 retained

𝟏𝟎𝟎
346
= = 3.46
100

RESULT: The fineness modulus of a given sample of sand is 3.46

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE (IS: 2383(PART 3)-1963)

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 AIM: To determine the specific gravity of fine aggregate.

PROCEDURE:
• Take the weight of the empty pycnometer bottle and let the weight as WI gm.
• Fill the pycnometer with dry sand till it reaches 1/3rd height or volume of the pycnometer
then weigh by balance. Let the weight be W2 gm.

• Then fill the pycnometer completely with water and let its weight be W3 gm.

• Wash the pycnometer and fill it completely with water let its weight W4 gm.

• Calculate the specific gravity using formula.

Fig 3.7 Pycnometer

apparatus

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Mass of empty pycnometer (W1) = 620gm

2. Mass of pycnometer + 1/3 dry sand (W2) = 1074 gm

3. Mass of pycnometer + 1/3 dry sand+ water (W3) = 1793 gm

4. Mass of pycnometer + water (W4) = 1517 gm

Specific gravity of fine aggregate = ( 𝑾𝟐−𝑾𝟏)

(𝑾𝟐−𝑾𝟏)−(𝑾𝟑−𝑾𝟒)

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 (1074−620)
=2.55
( 1074−620 )−(1793−1517)

RESULT: The specific gravity of given sample of fine aggregate is 2.55

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TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE:

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON AGGREGATE

(IS: 2383(PART 3)-1963)

PROCEDURE:

• Take 2 kg of aggregate sample of passing 20 mm and retained in 12.5 mm sieve size.

• Wash the sample thoroughly to remove finer particles and dust.

• Place the sample in a wire basket and immerse it in distilled water at a temperature
between 22°C and 32°C with a cover of at least 5 cm of water above the top of the basket.

• Remove the entrapped air by lifting the basket containing the sample 25 mm above the base
of the tank and allowing it to drop per second, care being taken to see that the sample is
completely immersed in water during the operation.

• Remove the basket and aggregate from water and allow to drain for a few minutes.

• Empty the aggregate from the basket to a shallow tray.

• Immerse the empty basket in water bucket 25 times and then the weight in water (W2).

• Then using cloth to drain the surface moisture of the coarse aggregate and take the weight
(W3).

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OBSERVATION:

• Weight of dry aggregate (W) =2000g

• Weight of basket in water (W1) = 750gm

• Weight of basket in water + aggregate (W2) = 2000gm

• Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate=(W3) = 2003gm

• Weight of saturated aggregate (Ws) = (W2-W1) = 1250 gm

CALCULATIONS: SPECIFIC

w
GRAVITY =
( w 3−ws)

2000
= =2.65
(2003−1250)
( w 3−w ) x 100
WATER ABSORPTION = = 0.15%
2000

RESULT: (a) The specific gravity of given sample of course aggregate is 2.65

(b)The amount water absorption by the given sample of coarse aggregate is 0.15%

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SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

AIM: To determine the particle size distribution of coarse aggregate.

APPARATUS: Test Sieves conforming to IS: 460-1962 Specification of 80 mm. 40mm, 20 mm. 10
mm, 4,75 mm, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch. etc.

PROCEDURE:

• The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving. This may be
achieved either by drying at room temperature or by heating at a temperature of 100 to
110°C. The air-dry sample shall be weighed and sieved successively on the appropriate sieves
starting with the largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the sieves are clean before use.
• Each sieve shall be shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than a trace passes, but
in any case, for a period of not less than two minutes. The shaking shall be done with a
varied motion, backward sand forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and anti-clockwise,
and with frequent jarring, so that the material s kept moving over the sieve surface in
frequently changing directions.
• Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure: Lumps of fine materials
present may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of the sieve.
• completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve together with any mater cleaned
from the mesh, shall be weighed.

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TABULAR COLUMN

IS sieve Weight retained percentage of Cumulative Cumulative

on sieve (gms) Weight retained percentage percentage
(%) retained (%) passing (%)

63 0 0 0 100
50 0 0 0 100
40 0 0 0 100
25 85 1.7 1.7 98.3
20 785 15.7 17.4 82.6
16 2305 46.1 63.5 36.5
12.5 1420 28.4 91.9 8.1
10 330 6.6 98.5 1.5
6.3 40 0.8 99.3 0.7
pan 35 0.7 100 0
TOATAL = 5000 gms = 472.3 gms

The fineness modulus is calculated by using the following formula

Total cumulative % weight retained 472.3

Fineness modulus = 100
= 100
= 4.72

RESULT: The fineness modulus of given sample of aggregate is 4.72

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 RESULTS

CEMENT
MATERIAL CEMENT
Colour Grey
Grade OPC 53
Specific gravity 2.99
Fineness 5%
Standard consistency 34 %
Initial setting time 45 minutes

FINE AGGREGATE

MATERIAL RIVER SAND

Specific gravity 2.55
Fineness modulus 3.46

COARSE AGGREGATE

MATERIAL COARSE AGGREGATE

Specific gravity 2.65
Fineness modulus 3.46

FLY ASH

MATERIAL FLY ASH

Colour Off white powder
Specific gravity 1.5
Fineness 15%

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 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

In this project, basic concrete tests were conducted to assess the compatibility of concrete
with moss growth in bioreceptors. The results indicate that the designed concrete mix offers a
promising environment for moss establishment and development. The concrete's effective
moisture retention and drainage properties create conducive conditions for moss growth.

While the study's focus was limited to concrete characteristics, it is evident that moss-covered
concrete bioreceptors have the potential to enhance urban aesthetics and contribute to urban
greening. The visual appeal of moss-adorned concrete structures highlights the synergy
between nature and urban design.

However, this study only scratches the surface, and further research is recommended to
explore concrete-moss interactions in greater detail. Investigating factors like pH levels,
nutrient content, and long-term sustainability will provide a more comprehensive
understanding of the relationship. Additionally, studying the environmental benefits
associated with moss-covered concrete surfaces, such as air quality improvement and
temperature regulation, should be a future research priority.

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 Chapter 7
REFERENCES

 ASTM C109 / C109M-16a, Standard Test Method for Compressive

Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube
Specimens), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016,
Available Online at https://www.astm.org/Standards/C109 Attmann, O.
2010. Green Architecture: Advanced Technologies and Materials.
McGraw-Hill: New York.
 Baikerikar, A., 2014. A Review on Green Concrete. Journal of Emerging
Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), Volume 1(6), pp. 472–
474 Berge, B., 2009. The Ecology of Building Materials. 2nd Edition,
Burlington, MA: Elsevier Berry, M., Cross, D., Stephens, J., 2009.
Changing the Environment: An Alternative “Green” Concrete Produced
without Portland Cement. In: 2009 World of Coal Ash (WOCA)
Conference.
 Chiari G., Cossio R., 2002. Ethyl Silicate Treatment's Control by Image
Treatment Procedure, in I Silicati Nella Conservazione: Indagini,
Esperienze e Valutazioni per il Consolidamento dei Manufatti Storici, ed
Appolonia L., editor. (Torino: Associazione Villa dell'arte), pp. 147–156
 Chiari G., Cossio R., 2004. Lichens on Wyoming Sandstone: Do They
Cause Damage? In Biodeterioration of Stone Surfaces: Lichens and
Biofilms as Weathering Agents of Rocks and Cultural Heritage, ed. L.L. St.
Clair and M.R.D. Seaward, pp. 99–114, Dordrecht, Netherlands, and
London: Kluwer Academic Publishers

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 Dawood, E.T., Ramli, M., 2008. Rational Mix Design of Lightweight
Concrete for Optimum Strength. In: 2 nd International Conference on
Built Environment in Developing Countries (ICBEDC 2008)
 Graduate Program, University Islam Negeri Raden Intan, Lampung,
Indonesia. Windadri, F.I., 2009. Keragaman Lumut pada Marga Pandanus
di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, Banten (Diversity of Moss Pandanus
Venus at National Garden Ujung Kulon, Banten). Jurnal Natur Indonesia,
Volume 11(2), pp. 89–93
 Richards, P. W., 1984. The Ecology of Tropical Forest Bryophytes. 2 nd
Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Trafton, A., 2014.
Engineers design ‘living materials’. Available Online at
http://news.mit.edu/2014/engineers-design-living-materials, Accessed
on September 14th, 2017
 (Kiran et al., 2005)
 (Johnston & Newton, 1993)
 (Mansor et al., 2017 )
 ( Ord, 2017)
 (Rakhshandehroo et al., 2015)
 (Garty , 2003)
 (Waldi, 2017)
 (Lisci et al., 2003)
 (Chiari & Cossio, 2002)

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Code Books

• IS 4031-4 (1988): Methods of physical tests for hydraulic

cement, Part 4: Determination of consistency of standard

cement paste [CED 2: Cement and Concrete]
• IS 2386-1 (1963): Methods of Test for Aggregates for

Concrete, Part I: Particle Size and Shape [CED 2: Cement

and Concrete]

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