4th Qa Physics

In physics, an electric power measure of the rate of electrical energy transfer by an electric circuit per
unit time. Denoted by P and measured using the SI unit of power is the watt or one joule per second.
Electric power is commonly supplied by sources such as electric batteries and produced by electric
generators.
WHAT IS ELECTRIC POWER
Electric power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transformed into an electrical circuit. Simply
put, it is a measure of how much energy is used in a span of time.
Symbol P
SI Unit Watt, joule per second
Scalar or Vector Scalar Quantity
Formula P=VI
ELECTRIC POWER FORMULA
The formula for electric power is given by
P = VI
were,
P is the power
V is the potential difference in the circuit
I is the electric current
Power can also be written as
P = I2R
P = V2/ R
The above two expressions are got by using Ohms law, Where, Voltage, current, and resistance are
related by the following relation
V = IR
Were,
• R is the resistance in the circuit.

• V is the potential difference in the circuit
• I is the electric current
POWER ENERGY FORMULA
Since power is the rate of energy consumption, energy can directly be calculated using
P=Et
Were,
E is the energy consumption (in Joules)
t is the time in seconds
P=VQt
Were,
• Q is the charge (in Coulombs)

• V is Potential difference in volts
• t is the time in seconds
ELECTRIC POWER PROBLEMS
Based on the information given above try the application problem given below:
Example:
A 9V battery is connected to a resistor having a resistance of 10 Ω. What is the current and power across
the resistor?
Solution:
I = V/R = 9/100 = 0.9 A
P = VI = 9 × 0.9 = 8.1 J/s or 8.1 W
Electrical Current
Electrical current is defined to be the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as
that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If
the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves
through the circuit over a long period of time.
Most electrical appliances are rated in amperes (or amps) required for proper operation, as are fuses and
circuit breakers.
Figure 9.2 The rate of flow of charge is current. An ampere is the flow of one coulomb of charge through an
area in one second. A current of one amp would result from 6.25×10186.25×1018 electrons flowing through
the area A each second.
Resistance
We now consider the resistance of a wire or component. The resistance is a measure of how difficult it is to pass
current through a wire or component. Resistance depends on the resistivity. The resistivity is a characteristic of
the material used to fabricate a wire or other electrical component, whereas the resistance is a characteristic of
the wire or component.
The unit of resistance is the ohm, Ω. For a given voltage, the higher the resistance, the lower the current.
DIELECTRICS
Dielectrics are insulators, plain and simple. The two words refer to the same class of materials
but are of different origin and are used preferentially in different contexts.
• Since charges tend not to move easily in nonmetallic solids it's possible to have "islands" of
charge in glass, ceramics, and plastics. The latin word for island is insula, which is the origin
of the word insulator. In contrast, charges in metallic solids tend to move easily — as if
someone or something was leading them. The latin prefix con or com means "with". A person
you have bread with is a companion. (The latin word for bread is panis.) To take something
with you on the road is to convey it. (The latin word for road is via.) The person you travel
with who leads the way or provides safe passage is a conductor. (The latin word for leader
is ductor.) A material that provides safe passage for electric charges is a conductor.
• Inserting a layer of nonmetallic solid between the plates of a capacitor increases its
capacitance. The greek prefix di or dia means "across". A line across the angles of a
rectangle is a diagonal. (The greek word for angle is gonia — γωνία.) The measurement
across a circle is a diameter. (The greek word for measure is metron — μέτρον.) The material
placed across the plates of a capacitor like a little nonconducting bridge is a dielectric.
The plastic coating on an electrical cord is an insulator. The glass or ceramic plates used to support
power lines and keep them from shorting out to the ground are insulators. Pretty much anytime a
nonmetallic solid is used in an electrical device it's called an insulator. Perhaps the only time the word
dielectric is used is in reference to the nonconducting layer of a capacitor.
Dielectrics in capacitors serve three purposes:
1. to keep the conducting plates from coming in contact, allowing for smaller plate separations
and therefore higher capacitances.
2. to increase the effective capacitance by reducing the electric field strength, which means
you get the same charge at a lower voltage; and
3. to reduce the possibility of shorting out by sparking (more formally known as dielectric
breakdown) during operation at high voltage.
WHAT'S GOING ON HERE
When a metal is placed in an electric field the free electrons flow against the field until they run
out of conducting material. In no time at all, we'll have an excess electron on one side and a deficit on
the other. One side of the conductor has become negatively charged and the other positively charged.
Release the field and the electrons on the negatively charged side now find themselves too close for
comfort. Like charges repel and the electrons run away from each other as fast as they can until they're
distributed uniformly throughout; one electron for every proton on average in the space surrounding
every atom. A conducting electron in a metal is like a racing dog fenced in a pasture. They are free to
roam around as much as they want and can run the entire length, width, and depth of the metal on a
whim.
Life is much more restrictive for an electron in an insulator. By
definition, charges in an insulator are not free to move. This is not
the same thing as saying they can't move. An electron in an
insulator is like a guard dog tied to a tree — free to move around,
but within limits. Placing the electrons of an insulator in the
presence of an electric field is like placing a tied dog in the
presence of a mailman. The electrons will strain against the field
as far as they can in much the same way that our hypothetical dog
will strain against its leash as far as it can. Electrons on the atomic
scale are more cloudlike than doglike, however. The electron is
effectively spread out over the whole volume of an atom and isn't
concentrated in any one location. A good atomic dog wouldn't be
named Spot, I suppose.
When the atoms or molecules of a dielectric are placed in an
external electric field, the nuclei are pushed with the field resulting in an increased positive charge on
one side while the electron clouds are pulled against it resulting in an increased negative charge on the
other side. This process is known as polarization and a dielectric material in such a state is said to
be polarized. There are two principal methods by which a dielectric can be polarized: stretching and
rotation.
Stretching an atom or molecule results in an induced dipole moment added to every atom or molecule.
Dielectric Constant
The dielectric constant k is the

relative permittivity of a dielectric material. It is
an important parameter in
characterizing capacitors. It is unfortunate that
the same symbol k is often used for Coulomb's
constant, so one must be careful of this
possible confusion. It is more typical of physics
texts to use the form 1/4πε0 for Coulomb's
constant.
Capacitance
A capacitor is a device which stores electric charge. Capacitors vary in shape and size, but the basic
configuration is two conductors carrying equal but opposite charges (Figure 1). Capacitors have many
important applications in electronics. Some examples include storing electric potential energy, delaying
voltage changes when coupled with resistors, filtering out unwanted frequency signals, forming
resonant circuits and making frequency-dependent and independent voltage dividers when combined
with resistors.
Figure 1 Basic configuration of a capacitor.

In the uncharged state, the charge on either one of the conductors in the capacitor is zero. During the
charging process, a charge Q is moved from one conductor to the other one, giving one conductor a
charge +Q , and the other one a charge . A potential difference is created, with the positively charged
conductor at a higher potential than the negatively charged conductor. Note that whether charged or
uncharged, the net charge on the capacitor as a whole is zero.
The simplest example of a capacitor consists of two conducting plates of area, which are parallel to
each other, and separated by a distance d, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 A parallel-plate capacitor

Experiments show that the amount of charge Q stored in a capacitor is linearly proportional to , the
electric potential difference between the plates. Thus, we may write
Q C= | ∆V |
where C is a positive proportionality constant called capacitance. Physically, capacitance is a
measure of the capacity of storing electric charge for a given potential difference ∆V. The SI unit of
capacitance is the farad (F):
1 F = 1 farad = 1 coulomb/volt = 1 C/V
A typical capacitance is in the picofarad (1 pF = 10-12) to millifarad range, (1 mF = 10-3 F = 1000 μF;
1 μF = 10-6 F).
Figure 1.2 (a) shows the symbol which is used to represent capacitors in circuits. For a polarized
fixed capacitor which has a definite polarity, Figure 1.2 (b) is sometimes used.
Figure 1.2 Capacitor symbols.

The capacitance C is a constant for a given capacitor: it does not depend on Q or V. its value
depends only on the structure and dimensions of the capacitor itself. For a parallel capacitor whose
plates have area A and are separated by a distance d of air the capacitance is given by
This relation make sense intuitively: a larger A means that for a given number of charges, there will
be less repulsion between them, so we expect that more charge can be held on each plate. And a
greater separation d means the charge on each plate exerts less attractive force on the other plate,
so less charge is drawn from the battery, and the capacitance is less.
Calculating Capacitors.
Example:
1. Calculate the capacitance of a capacitor whose plate are 20 cm x 3.0 cm and are separated by
a 1.0 mm gap.
Step 1: Calculate the Area:
A = (20 x 10-2 m) (3.0 x 10-2 m) = 6.0 x 10-3 m2
Step 2: The capacitance C is then:
𝐴
𝐶 = 𝜀𝜊
𝑑
𝐴 −12 2 2
6.0 × 10−3 𝑚2
𝐶 = 𝜀𝜊 = (8.85 × 10 𝐶 /𝑁. 𝑚 )
𝑑 1.0 × 10−3 𝑚
6.0 × 10−3 𝑚2
𝐶 = (8.85 × 10−12 𝐶 2 /𝑁. 𝑚2 )
1.0 × 10−3 𝑚
𝑪 = 𝟓𝟑 𝒑𝑭
2. A parallel plate capacitor has square plates of side 5 cm and separated by a distance of 1 mm.
(a) Calculate the capacitance of this capacitor. (b) If a 10 V battery is connected to the capacitor,
what is the charge stored in any one of the plates? (The value of εo = 8.85 x 10-12 Nm2 C-2)
Solution
(a) The capacitance of the capacitor is
= 221.2 ×10-13 F
C = 22. 12 ×10-12
F = 22 .12 pF
(b) The charge stored in any one of the plates is Q = CV, Then
= 22.12 ×10-12 ×10
= 221.2 ×10-12
C = 221.2 pC
Electric Potential Energy
We can consider the potential energy of any charge using the gravitational analogy. Suppose
you have a uniform electric field at the left with oppositely charged plates and Earth's surface where
gravitational field is also uniform.
This time, we place a test charge q in the electric field and a body with mass m in the
gravitational field. Thus, the charge is now acted upon by an electric force and gravitational force.
If we want to move the test charge to plate B, a force must be applied to push against the force
of the electric field. When a force F is acted on a particle from points a to b, the work 𝑋a→b done is
given by a line integral.
where dl is the infinitesimal displacement along the path and 𝜙 is the angle between the force
and displacement along the path. If the force applied is conservative, the work done can be
expressed as potential energy U. Thus
If 𝑋a→b is positive, 𝑉a is greater than 𝑉b, ∆𝑉 is negative, potential energy decreases. For
instance, when mass m falls towards the Earth's surface, gravity does positive work, but the
gravitational potential energy decreases. If the mass was tossed upward, the gravity does negative
work and potential energy increases.
Whether the test charge in the electric field is positive or negative, the potential energy
increases if the test charge moves opposite to the direction of the electric force. Potential energy
decreases if the charge moves in the same direction as the electric force. Similarly, the gravitational
potential energy increases if the body moves upward or against the direction of gravitational force and
decreases if it moves downward or in same direction with gravitational force.
Electric Potential Energy of Two Point Charges
The electric potential energy between two-point charges is given as:
where r is the distance of separation, qq0 are the values of 2 charges. The electric potential energy is
expressed as Nm or Joules (J).
For electric potential energy with several test charges, this is expressed as:
Example 1:
A point charge q1 = +2.80 µC is at origin. How far should the second point charge of +5.20 µC be
placed to have electric potential energy of 0.600 J?
Chapter 2
Capacitance and
Dielectrics
Chapter 2:
Capacitance and Dielectrics
What is a capacitor?
• A capacitor is an electronic
component that stores electric
charge (and electric energy)
• A simple version of a capacitor is
the parallel-plate capacitor; it
consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulating material
• The insulating material is called a
dielectric in this context.
Chapter 2:
Parallel-plate capacitor
conducting plates 3. Neutral atoms on other
1. Battery (not shown) plate are made up positive
pushes charges out + - and negative charges
+ -
I→ + - I→
+ -
2. Positive charges + -
4. Negative charges are attracted
accumulates on first + -
and stay behind, while positive
plate; dielectric does + -
charges are repelled and move out
not let them through
giving rise to the current on other
side
dielectric
Chapter 2:
We can’t go on like this

1. There are positive conducting plates 3. When the push from the
charges coming from battery is equal to the push
the battery + - back from the plate, the
+ - capacitor stops charging
I→ + - I→
+ -
2. There are positive + -
4. The bigger the push from the
charges on the first + -
battery (i.e., voltage), the more
plate. Like charges + -
charge goes onto the plate. The
repel. voltage and charge are
proportional.
PHY 202 (Blum)
dielectric
Chapter 2:
What is a capacitor?
•The capacitance, C, of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the charge on
either conductor to the potential difference between the conductors.
Q
C
V
•The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F).
•The farad is a large unit, typically you will see microfarads (mF) and picofarads (pF).
•Capacitance will always be a positive quantity
•The capacitance of a given capacitor is constant.
•The capacitance is a measure of the capacitor’s ability to store charge .
• The capacitance of a capacitor is the amount of charge the capacitor can store per unit of
potential difference.
Chapter 2:
Farad
• The standard unit of capacitance is the farad (F).
• A farad is quite large, usually you see
• millifarad mF (1 mF = 10-3 F)
• microfarad F (1  F = 10-6 F)
• nanofarad nF (1 nF = 10-9 F)
• picofarad pF (1 pF = 10-12 F)
Chapter 2:
Capacitance Q=VC
• The capacitance is a measure of how easy it is to put charge
on the plates, it is
• directly proportional to the surface area of the plates, bigger plates
can hold more charge
• inversely proportional to the distance between the plates, the
interaction between the positive and negative charges is greater
when they are closer
• dependent on the material (dielectric) separating the plates, having
a good insulator between them is like their being further apart
Chapter 2:
Capacitive keyboards
• Capacitive keyboards detect which key was pressed by
looking at changes in capacitance.
• Under each key are two oppositely charged plates ( a
capacitor).
• Pressing a key moves its upper plate closer to its lower
plate, changing its capacitance, and hence changes the
amount of charge the plates can hold for a given
voltage.
• The keyboard circuitry detects this change and sends
the appropriate information (interrupt request and
ASCII code) to the CPU.
Chapter 2:
DRAM
• Capacitors can be put on integrated circuit (IC)
chips.
• Together with transistors, they are used in dynamic
random-access memory (D-RAM).
• The charge or lack thereof of the capacitor
corresponds to a stored bit. Since these capacitors
are small, their capacitance is pretty low.
• DRAM has to be recharged (refreshed) thousands
of times per second or it loses its data.
Chapter 2:
Power Supply
• Large capacitors are used in the power
supplies of computers and peripherals.
• The capacitors (along with diodes) are
used in rectifying: turning the alternating
current (AC) into smoothed out direct
current (DC).
• Capacitors do the smoothing part.
Chapter 2:
Parallel Plate Capacitor

•Each plate is connected to a terminal of the
battery.
• The battery is a source of potential
difference.
•If the capacitor is initially uncharged, the battery
establishes an electric field in the connecting
wires.
Chapter 2:
Capacitance – Isolated Sphere

•Assume a spherical charged conductor with radius a.
•The sphere will have the same capacitance as it would if
there were a conducting sphere of infinite radius,
concentric with the original sphere.
•Assume V = 0 for the infinitely large shell
Q Q R
C= = = = 4πεo a
V keQ / a ke
•Note, this is independent of the charge on the sphere and
its potential.
Chapter 2:
Capacitance – Parallel Plates

•The charge density on the plates is σ = Q/A.
• A is the area of each plate, the area of each plate is equal
• Q is the charge on each plate, equal with opposite signs
•The electric field is uniform between the plates and zero elsewhere.
•The capacitance is proportional to the area of its plates and inversely
proportional to the distance between the plates.
Q Q Q εo A
C= = = =
V Ed Qd / εo A d
Chapter 2:
Capacitor Geometry C A C
1
d
The capacitance of a A = area of plate
capacitor depends on d = distance beteween plates
HOW you make it. A
C
d
 o = constant of proportionality
 o = vacuum permittivity constant
C2
 o = 8.85x10−12
Nm 2
o A
C=
d
Chapter 2:
Capacitor Problems
What is the AREA of a 1F capacitor that has a plate separation
of 1 mm?
A Is this a practical capacitor to build?
C = o
D NO! – How can you build this then?
−12 A
1 = 8.85x10 The answer lies in REDUCING the
0.001 AREA. But you must have a
CAPACITANCE of 1 F. How can
A= 1.13x108 m2 you keep the capacitance at 1 F
and reduce the Area at the same
time?
Sides = 10629 m
Chapter 2:
Capacitor Problems
The plates of a parallel plate capacitor are separated at 1.0 mm apart.
What is the capacitance in the air if the plate is 10 cm?
A
C = o
D
−12 A
1 = 8.85x10
0.001
A=
Sides =
Chapter 2:
Circuit Symbols
•A circuit diagram is a simplified
representation of an actual circuit.
•Circuit symbols are used to represent the
various elements.
•Lines are used to represent wires.
•The battery’s positive terminal is indicated
by the longer line.
Chapter 2:
Capacitors in parallel
• Recall that things in parallel have the same
voltage
• And the charge is split between the

capacitors. The charge has a choice, some
will go onto one capacitor, the rest on the
other.
Chapter 2:
• Individual capacitors obey basic equation
Q1 = C1 V and Q2 = C2 V
• Equivalent capacitor obeys basic equation
Qtotal = Ceq V
• The total charge is the sum of the individual charges
Qtotal = Q1 + Q2
• Solve basic equations for Q’s and substitute
Ceq V = C1 V + C2 V
• Divide by common factor V
Ceq = C1 + C2
Chapter 2:
Find the total capacitance for three capacitors connected in
series, given their individual capacitances are 1.000, 5.000, and
8.000 μF.
Chapter 2:
Some Uses of Capacitors

Defibrillators
• When cardiac fibrillation occurs, the
heart produces a rapid, irregular
pattern of beats
• A fast discharge of electrical energy
through the heart can return the
organ to its normal beat pattern.
Chapter 2:
Capacitors with Dielectrics

• A dielectric is a nonconducting material that, when placed
between the plates of a capacitor, increases the capacitance.
• Dielectrics include rubber, glass, and waxed paper
• With a dielectric, the capacitance becomes C = κCo.
• The capacitance increases by the factor κ when the dielectric
completely fills the region between the plates.
• κ is the dielectric constant of the material.
Chapter 2:

• For a parallel-plate capacitor, C = κ (εoA) / d
• In theory, d could be made very small to create a very large
capacitance.
• In practice, there is a limit to d.
• d is limited by the electric discharge that could occur though the
dielectric medium separating the plates.
• For a given d, the maximum voltage that can be applied to a
capacitor without causing a discharge depends on the
dielectric strength of the material.
Chapter 2:

Dielectrics provide the following advantages:
• Increase in capacitance
• Increase the maximum operating voltage
• Possible mechanical support between the plates
• This allows the plates to be close together without touching.
• This decreases d and increases C.
Chapter 2:
Some Dielectric Constants and Dielectric Strengths

Chapter 2
Current and Resistance

CHAPTER 2:
WHAT IS ELECTRIC CURRENT
Electric current I is the rate of the flow
of charge Q through a cross-section A
in a unit of time t.
Q 1C
I = 1A=
t 1s
CHAPTER 2:
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Example 1. The electric current in a wire is 6 A. How
many electrons flow past a given point in a time of 3 s?
q
I = ; q = It q = (6 A)(3 s) = 18 C
t
Recall that: 1 e- = 1.6 x 10-19 C, then convert:
CHAPTER 2:
CONVENTIONAL CURRENT
+ - Imagine a charged capacitor with Q = CV
+ - that is allowed to discharge.
+ -
Electron Electron flow: The direction of e-
e- flow flowing from – to +.
+
Conventional flow Conventional current: The motion

of +q from + to – has same effect.
CHAPTER 2:
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
Power lines Battery Wind generator

CHAPTER 2:
WATER ANALOGY TO EMF
CHAPTER 2:
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT SYMBOLS
Electrical circuits often contain one or more resistors grouped
together and attached to an energy source, such as a battery.
The following symbols are often used:
Ground Battery Resistor

CHAPTER 2:
ELECTRIC RESISTANCE
• Suppose we apply a constant potential difference of 4 V to the
ends of geometrically similar rods of, say: steel, copper, and
glass.
• The current in glass is much less than for steel or iron,

suggesting a property of materials called electrical
resistance R.
CHAPTER 2:
OHM’S LAW
• Ohm’s law states that the current I through a given conductor
is directly proportional to the potential difference V between
its end points.
Ohm ' s law : I  V
• Ohm’s law allows us to define resistance R and to write
the following forms of the law:
V V
I= ; V = IR; R=
R I
CHAPTER 2:
OHM’S LAW
• Example 2. When a 3-V battery is connected to a light, a
current of 6 mA is observed. What is the resistance of the light
filament?
The SI unit for electrical resistance is the

ohm, Ω:
1V
1=
1A
CHAPTER 2:
OHM’S LAW
• What is the voltage if a resistance of 25 Ω produces a current
of 250 amperes
V=IxR
V = (250) (25)
V= 6250 Volts
CHAPTER 2:
OHM’S LAW
• What resistance would produce a current of 120 amps from a
6-V battery?
R=V÷ I
R = (6) ÷ (120)
R = 0.05 Ohms (Ω)
CHAPTER 2:
OHM’S LAW
• What is the current produced by a voltage of 240 V through a
resistance of 0.2 Ω
I=V÷ R
I = (240) ÷ (0.2)
I = 1200 Amps
CHAPTER 2:
LABORATORY CIRCUIT SYMBOLS

CHAPTER 2:
FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE
1. The length L of the material. Longer materials have greater
resistance.
2. The cross-sectional area A of the material. Larger areas offer

LESS resistance.
CHAPTER 2:
FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE
3. The temperature T of the material. The higher temperatures
usually result in higher resistances.
4. The kind of material. Iron has more electrical resistance than

a geometrically similar copper conductor.
CHAPTER 2:
RESISTIVITY OF A MATERIAL
• The resistivity r is a property of a material that determines its
electrical resistance R.
• Recalling that R is directly proportional to length L and
inversely proportional to area A, we may write:
L RA
R= or =
A L
• The unit of resistivity is the ohm-meter (Ωm)

CHAPTER 2:
RESISTIVITY OF A MATERIAL
• Example 3. What length L of copper wire is required to produce a
4 Ωm resistor? Assume the diameter of the wire is 1 mm and
that the resistivity  of copper is 1.72 x 10-8 Ω.m .
A = 7.85 x 10-7 m2
L
R=
A
Required length is:

CHAPTER 2:
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT
• For most materials, the resistance R changes in proportion to the
initial resistance Ro and to the change in temperature ∆t.
Change in resistance: R =  R0 t
• The temperature coefficient of resistance, a is the change

in resistance per unit resistance per unit degree change of
temperature.
R 1
= ; Units: 0
R0 t C
CHAPTER 2:
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT
• Example 4. The resistance of a copper wire is 4.00 Ωm at 20°C.
What will be its resistance if heated to 80°C? Assume that  =
0.004 /C°.
R = Ro + R
CHAPTER 2:
CALCULATING POWER
• Using Ohm’s law, we can find electric power from any two of the
following parameters: current I, voltage V, and resistance R.
2
V
P = VI ; P = I R; P =
2
R
CHAPTER 2:
CALCULATING POWER
• Example 5. A power tool is rated at 9 A when used with a circuit
that provides 120 -V. What power is used in operating this tool?
• Example 6. A 500-W heater draws a current of 10 A. What is

the resistance?
R = 5.00 
CHAPTER 2:
RESISTOR
• A passive electrical component with the primary function to limit
the flow of electric current.
CHAPTER 2:
RESISTOR
• A passive electrical component with the primary function to
limit the flow of electric current
• Example 6. A 500-W heater draws a current of 10 A. What is

the resistance?
R = 5.00 
CHAPTER 2:
TYPES OF RESISTOR
• FIXED RESISTORS • VARIABLE RESISTORS • DEPENDENT ON
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
• Potentiometer • Thermistor
• Rheostat • Photo Resistor
• Trimpot • Varistor
• Magneto
• Strain Gauge
CHAPTER 2:
TYPES OF RESISTOR
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
• Magneto
• Strain Gauge
CHAPTER 2:
TYPES OF RESISTOR
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
• Magneto
• Strain Gauge
CHAPTER 2:
TYPES OF RESISTOR
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
• Magneto
• Strain Gauge
CHAPTER 2:
TYPES OF RESISTOR
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
• Magneto
• Strain Gauge
CHAPTER 2:
TYPES OF RESISTOR
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
• Magneto
• Strain Gauge
CHAPTER 2:
TYPES OF RESISTOR
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
• Magneto
• Strain Gauge
CHAPTER 2:
4 BAND RESISTOR COLOR CODE

CHAPTER 2:
CHAPTER 2:
CHAPTER 2:
A resistor is
coded as Grey,
Red, Gold,
Gold. Convert
this color
code.
CHAPTER 2:
Generate the color

code for the following
resistors:
1. Yellow, Violet,
Green, Silver.
2. Orange, White,
Red, No Color
Chapter 2

CHAPTER 2:
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
— Electric potential energy is the

energy that is needed to move a
charge against an electric field. You
need more energy to move a charge
further in the electric field, but also
more energy to move it through a
stronger electric field.
CHAPTER 2:
CHAPTER 2:
CHAPTER 2:
CHAPTER 2:
If the force applied is conservative, the work done can
be expressed as potential energy U.
A–– charge
A chargemoved
movedaway
away from
from aa ++ charge
chargegains
gainsP.E.
P.E.
CHAPTER 2:
Electric Potential Energy of Two Point Charges
The electric potential energy between two-point charges is
given as:
For electric potential energy with several test charges, this is

expressed as:
CHAPTER 2:
Example:
A point charge q1 = +2.80 μC is at origin. How far should the second
point charge of +5.20 μC be placed to have electric potential energy of
0.600 J?
CHAPTER 2:
Example:
A point charge q1 = +2.80 μC is at origin. How far should the second point charge of +5.20 μC be
placed to have electric potential energy of 0.600 J?
CHAPTER 2:
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Electric potential, the amount of work needed to move a unit charge

from a reference point to a specific point against an electric field.
CHAPTER 2:
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
When we divide both sides of the equation relating work done by the
electric force from points a to b by q0 to represent it as work per unit
charge.
CHAPTER 2:
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
CHAPTER 2:
EXAMPLE
Find the potential at a distance of 6 cm from a –5 nC charge.
kQ (9 x 10 9 Nm2
)(−5 x 10 -9
C)
V= =
C 2
r (0.06 m)
Negative V at
Point P : VVP == -750
-750 V
V
P
What would be the P.E. of a –4 C charge

placed at this point P?
U = qV = (-4 x 10-6 C)(-750 V); U

U == 3.00
3.00 mJ
mJ
Since
Since P.E.
P.E. isis positive,
positive, EE will
will do
do ++ work
work ifif qq isis released.
released.
CHAPTER 2:
EXAMPLE
A point charge has a charge of 8.00 x 10-11 C. At what distance from the point
charge is the electrical potential at 24.0 V?
CHAPTER 2:
Electric Potential from an Electric Field
Determining electric potential from electric field is given by:
where electric field can be expressed as Volt/meter or

Newton/Coulomb.
CHAPTER 2:
Electric Potential from an Electric Field

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In physics, an electric power measure of the rate of electrical energy transfer by an electric circuit per

SI Unit Watt, joule per second

Scalar or Vector Scalar Quantity

ELECTRIC POWER FORMULA

The formula for electric power is given by

• R is the resistance in the circuit.

• Q is the charge (in Coulombs)

ELECTRIC POWER PROBLEMS

Dielectrics in capacitors serve three purposes:

WHAT'S GOING ON HERE

The dielectric constant k is the

Figure 1 Basic configuration of a capacitor.

Figure 1.1 A parallel-plate capacitor

Figure 1.2 Capacitor symbols.

(a) The capacitance of the capacitor is

= 22.12 ×10-12 ×10

Electric Potential Energy of Two Point Charges

The electric potential energy between two-point charges is given as:

We can’t go on like this

Parallel Plate Capacitor

Capacitance – Isolated Sphere

Capacitance – Parallel Plates

• And the charge is split between the

Some Uses of Capacitors

Capacitors with Dielectrics

Capacitors with Dielectrics

Capacitors with Dielectrics

Some Dielectric Constants and Dielectric Strengths

Current and Resistance

Conventional flow Conventional current: The motion

Power lines Battery Wind generator

The following symbols are often used:

Ground Battery Resistor

• The current in glass is much less than for steel or iron,

The SI unit for electrical resistance is the

LABORATORY CIRCUIT SYMBOLS

2. The cross-sectional area A of the material. Larger areas offer

4. The kind of material. Iron has more electrical resistance than

• The unit of resistivity is the ohm-meter (Ωm)

Required length is:

• The temperature coefficient of resistance, a is the change

• Example 6. A 500-W heater draws a current of 10 A. What is

• Example 6. A 500-W heater draws a current of 10 A. What is

4 BAND RESISTOR COLOR CODE

Generate the color

Electric Potential Energy

— Electric potential energy is the

For electric potential energy with several test charges, this is

Electric potential, the amount of work needed to move a unit charge

What would be the P.E. of a –4 C charge

U = qV = (-4 x 10-6 C)(-750 V); U

where electric field can be expressed as Volt/meter or

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