Joins that are compliant with the SQL:1999 standard include the following: Cross joins Natural Joins USING Clause Full (or two-sided) outer joins Arbitrary join conditions for outer joins Copyright (c) 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Joins that are compliant with the SQL:1999 standard include the following: Cross joins Natural Joins USING Clause Full (or two-sided) outer joins Arbitrary join conditions for outer joins Copyright (c) 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Joins that are compliant with the SQL:1999 standard include the following: Cross joins Natural Joins USING Clause Full (or two-sided) outer joins Arbitrary join conditions for outer joins Copyright (c) 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.
After completing this lesson, you should be able to do
the following: • Write SELECT statements to access data from more than one table using equijoins and non- equijoins • Join a table to itself by using a self-join • View data that generally does not meet a join condition by using outer joins • Generate a Cartesian product of all rows from two or more tables
in the two tables that have the same name. • It selects rows from the two tables that have equal values in all matched columns. • If the columns having the same names have different data types, an error is returned.
data types do not match, the NATURAL JOIN clause can be modified with the USING clause to specify the columns that should be used for an equijoin. • Use the USING clause to match only one column when more than one column matches. • Do not use a table name or alias in the referenced columns. • The NATURAL JOIN and USING clauses are mutually exclusive.
are in multiple tables. • Use table prefixes to improve performance. • Use column aliases to distinguish columns that have identical names but reside in different tables. • Do not use aliases on columns that are identified in the USING clause and listed elsewhere in the SQL statement.
• Use table aliases to improve performance. SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, d.location_id, department_id FROM employees e JOIN departments d USING (department_id) ;
• The join condition for the natural join is basically
an equijoin of all columns with the same name. • Use the ON clause to specify arbitrary conditions or specify columns to join. • The join condition is separated from other search conditions. • The ON clause makes code easy to understand.
• In SQL:1999, the join of two tables returning only
matched rows is called an inner join. • A join between two tables that returns the results of the inner join as well as the unmatched rows from the left (or right) tables is called a left (or right) outer join. • A join between two tables that returns the results of an inner join as well as the results of a left and right join is a full outer join.
– A join condition is omitted – A join condition is invalid – All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the second table • To avoid a Cartesian product, always include a valid join condition.