Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
CHEMICAL BONDING
SYNOPSIS - 1
INTRODUCTION
Elements form compounds and it is a universal law that any particle
(molecule, atom or ion), will tend to be in the minimum state of energy, if it
gets chance to do so. As the atoms of all elements (with the exception of
noble gases) have one to seven electrons in their valence shell, therefore,
they are not in the minimum state of energy. Thus, to attain or octet
structure in their valence shell, the participating atoms of the elements
redistribute their electrons in such a way that each atom has a stable
electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas.
1 Electronic configuration of Noble Gases:
Noble gases ar7e monoatomic in nature. They do not form molecules either
with their own atoms or react chemically with any other element. Why?
In order to answer the above, question, let us study electronic configuration
of the noble gases as illustrated in a given table:
Notice that with the exception of helium, which has two electrons in its
valence shell, all other noble gases have eight electrons in their valency
shells. Thus, we can say that helium has duplet configuration in its valence
shell, whereas all other noble gases have octet configuration in their valence
shells.
2 As all noble gases are chemically inactive, following conclusions can be
drawn:
(i) Duplet configuration of valence shell makes an element inactive.
(ii) Octet configuration of valence shell makes an element inactive.
2 Atomic number
PERIODS
CHEMICAL BONDING
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2
LITHIUM BERYLLIUM BORON CARBON NITROGEN FLUORINE NEON
7 9 11 12 14 19 20
p=3, n=4 p=4, n=5 p=5, n=6 p=6, n=6 p=7 n=7 p=8, n=8 p=9, n=10 p=10, n=10
244
Elec. conf. 2,1 Elec. conf. 2,2 Elec. conf. 2,3 Elec. conf. 2,4 Elec. conf. 2,5 Elec. conf. 2,6 Elec. conf. 2,7 Elec. conf. 2,8
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
3
SODIUM MAGNESIUM ALUMINIUM SILICON PHOSPHOROUS SULPHUR CHLORINE ARGON
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
p=11, n=12 p=12, n=12 p=13, n=14 p=14, n=14 p=15, n=16 p=16, n=16 p=17, n=18 p=18, n=22
Elec. conf. 2,8,1 Elec. conf. 2,8,2 Elec. conf. 2,8,3 Elec. conf. 2,8,4 Elec. conf. 2,8,5 Elec. conf. 2,8,6 Elec. conf. 2,8,7 Elec. conf. 2,8,8
19 20
K Ca
4
POTASSIUM CALCIUM
39 40
p=19, n=20 p=20, n=20
Elec. conf. 2,8,8,1 Elec. conf. 2,8,8,2
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING
WORK SHEET - 1
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
1. Duplet configuration is not found in:
1) Hydride ion 2) Hydrogen molecule
3) Lithium cation 4) Be+
2. Chemical bond implies:
1) Repulsion 2) Attraction
3) Attraction and repulsion balanced at a particular distance
4) Attraction and repulsion
3. Which inert gas has a duplet configuration in its valence shell?
1) Helium 2) Neon 3) Argon 4) Krypton
4. Cl + Cl Cl2 This is an example for:
1) Endothermic reaction 2) Exothermic reaction
3) Either exothermic or endothermic 4) Neither exothermic nor endothermic
5. “The duplet and octet configuration of electrons in the valence shell is most
stable and any atom having this configuration will be in minimum state of
energy”. This statement was given by:
1) Kossel and Lewis 2) Lewis and Debye
3) Kossel and London 4) Lewis and London
6. Chemical reactivity of an elements depends on:
1) Outer shell electronic configuration. 2) Reactivity of the nucleus.
3) Core electrons. 4) None of these
7. During bond formation potential energy of the system:
1) Increases 2) Decreases
3) Remain same 4) Cannot be predicted
8. Example of super octate molecule:
1) F3Cl 2) PCl5 3) IF7 4) All of these
9. The electronic configuration of Na+ is:
1) 2,8,1 2) 2,8 3) 2,8,2 4) 2,8,7
MULTI ANSWER TYPE
10. Which of the following statement is/are incorrect?
1) Products of endothermic reactions are more stable.
2) Products of exothermic reactions are more stable.
3) Products of both exothermic and endothermic reactions are equally stable.
4) None of the above.
11. Atoms attain the octet configuration:
(i) by transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.
(ii) by sharing of one or more electrons between two or more atoms.
1) ‘i’ is correct 2) ‘ii’ is correct
3) Both i and ii are incorrect 4) None of these
12. It was found that atoms having atomic numbers of 2, 10, 18, 36, 54, 86 are
very stable and do not show any chemical reactivity, these elements were
found to be gases and are called:
1) Inert gases 2) Diatomic gases
3) Monoatomic gases 4) Noble gases
SYNOPSIS - 2
ELECTRON THEORY OF VALENCY
A number of attempts were made to explain formation of chemical bonds in
terms of electrons, but it was only in 1916, Kossel and Lewis’ succeeded
independently in giving a satisfactory explanation. They proposed a theory,
based on electronic concept of atoms, known as “Electron theory of valency”.
The main postulates of this theory are:
1. The secret of stability of atoms: Atoms with eight electrons in the
outermost shell (two in the case of Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium and
Beryllium) are chemically more stable.
2. Cause of chemical reaction: The cause for chemical reaction is to
attai n stability. An atom achieves this by acquiring the octe t
configuration (inert gas configuration) in its outermost shell.
3. Type of electrons taking part in a chemical reaction (or) chemical
bonding: The electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom are
responsible for chemical reaction.
The outer most shell is called valency shell and hence the electrons present in it are
called valence electrons. The number of electrons taking part in a chemical reaction is
called valence of that element.
4. Attainment of nearest inert gas configuration: The atoms of various
elements achieve the nearest inert gas configuration, either by transfer
(losing or gaining) or by sharing of electrons with another atom.
This transfer or sharing of electrons results in the development of an
attractive force between the atoms, which holds the atoms together by
a bond.
Electron Dot structure of atoms - Lewis’ Symbols:
i) In the formation of any molecule or formula unit, only the electrons
present in the outermost shell are shown.
ii) The reason for not showing the inner shell electrons is that, they are
well protected and do not involve in chemical reaction.
iii) Therefore, valence electrons are considered for the formation of the
chemical bonds.
G.N. Lewis’ introduced simple symbols called Lewis’ symbols to denote the
valence electrons in an atom.
Lewis’ symbols: The symbol of the element, surrounded by the valence
electrons of its atom, represented in the form of dots around it, is known as
Lewis’ symbol or electron dot symbol.
Examples:
Number of
Atomic Lewis’ electrons in
S.No Element Symbol E.G.
Number Symbol valence
shell
1. Lithium Li 3 2, 1 Li 1
2. Carbon C 6 2, 4 C 4
3. Nitrogen
N 7 N 5
4. Chlorine
Cl 17 Cl 7
2, 8, 7
5. Calcium
Ca 20 Ca 2
2, 8, 8, 2
Note : Practice from 1 to 20 Lewis symbol of elements.
Significance of Lewis’ Symbols
(i) The number of dots present around the symbol, gives the number of
electrons present in the outermost shell i.e., number of valence electrons.
(ii) The number of electrons present in the outermost shell is the common
valency of the element.
The common valency of the element is equal to the number of dots around
the symbol (if the dots are < 4, then the valency is equal to the number of
dots and if the number of dots > 5, then the valency is 8 – number of
dots.)
For example: Li, Be, B and C have valencies 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively and
N, O and F have 3, 2, 1 respectively (i.e. 8 – number of dots).
WORK SHEET - 2
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
1. The maximum valency of an element with atomic number 7 is:
1) 2 2) 5 3) 4 4) 3
2. Chemical bond formation takes place when:
1) Energy is absorbed
2) Force of attraction overcome force of repulsion.
3) Force of repulsion overcome force of attraction.
4) Force of attraction equal to force of repulsion.
3. The force of attraction that holds the atoms or ions or molecules together is
known as:
1) Chemical bond 2) Gravitational pull
3) Nuclear pull 4) Magnetic pull
4. Atoms experience the following when they are brought closer.
1) Attractive forces 2) Repulsive forces
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None of these
2) A B C
B C
3) A
4) A B C
8. Nucleus of an element has 9 protons, its valency would be:
1) 1 2) 3 3) 2 4) 5
9. The Lewis’ symbols of three unknown elements are as follows : R A M
Predict the general valency of each element and groups to which they be-
long:
(R) (A) (M)
1) 2, IIA 1, VII A 3, VA
2) 2, IIA 7, VIIA 5, VA
3) 1, IA 3, VIIA 1, VA
4) 2, IIA 4, IVA 3, VIA
10. The Lewis’ symbols of three unknown elements are as following.
(i) X (ii) .Y.
(iii)
Z
Write their respective general valencies and the groups to which they be-
long. (i) (ii) (iii)
1) 3, IIIA 6, VI A 8, VIIIA
2) 2, IIA 2, IIA 8, VIIIA
3) 3, IIIA 2, VIA 0, VIIIA
4) 3, IIA 6, VIA 0, VIIIA
11. The Lewis’ symbols of three unknown elements are as follows:
COMPREHENSION TYPE
Electron theory of valency - Kossel and Lewis’ approach of bonding:
A number of attempts were made to explain formation of chemical bonds in
terms of electrons, but it was only in 1916, Kossel and Lewis’ succeeded
independently in giving a satisfactory explanation. They proposed a theory,
based on electronic concept of atoms, known as electron theory of valency.
18. “Highly electronegative halogens & highly electropositive alkali metals are
separated by noble gases.This fact in relation to chemical bonding was given
by:
1) Kossel 2) Langmuir 3) Lewis 4) Debye
19. Inert nature of noble gases can be explained by _______ theory.
1) Valence bond theory 2) Octet
3) Valence shell electron pair repulsion 4) None of the above
20. Electrons involved in bond formation are commonly called as________.
1) Valence electrons 2) Core electrons
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None of these
MATRIX MATCHING TYPE
21. Column-I Column-II
a) NH3 1) 4 bond pairs and no lone pairs on the central
atom
b) H2O 2) 2 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs
c) O2 3) 3 bond pairs and 1 lone pair
d) CCl4 4) 2 bond pairs and 4 lone pairs
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE
22. No. of valence electrons present in calcium atom is ___________
SYNOPSIS - 3
IONIC BOND AND ITS FORMATION:
Definition: The strong electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged
ions which are formed due to transfer of electrons one atom to another is
called ionic bond.
Electron transfer and the formation of ionic bonds:
Electron transfer from one atom to another results in the formation of charged
species, called ions. On losing electron(s), an atom has more protons than
electrons. So it forms a positively charged ion, called a cation.
X –1e – X 1+
Metallic atom (2,8,1) Cation (positive ion 2,8)
On gaining electron(s), an atom has more electrons than protons, so it forms
a negatively charged ion, called an anion.
Y +1e– Y 1–
Non-metallic atom (2,8,7 Anion (negative ion 2,8,8)
Elements which lose electrons are called electropositive elements and those
which gain electrons are called electronegative elements.
The cations and anions formed as a result of electron transfer are drawn
towards each other due to the electrostatic force (coulomb force) of attraction.
“Thus oppositely charged ions are bonded by an attractive force. (electrostatic
force) is called ionic bond or electrovalent bond”. They form an ionic bond or
an electrovalent bond.
1+ 1-
X
1+
Y
1–
X Y XY
Na + Cl [Na]1+ + [ Cl [ NaCl
Sodium Chlorine Sodium
atom atom Chloride
2,8,1 2,8,7
Atomic or orbit structural diagram:
+
+
Na-atom Cl -atom Na Cl
Ele.Con. : 2,8,1 Ele.Con. : 2,8,7 Ele.Con. : 2,8 Ele.Con. : 2,8,8
Before Combination After Combination
Formation of Magnesium chloride can be represented by:
Ionic Equation:
Mg – 2e – Mg 2 +
(Atom) (Cation)
(2,8,2) (2,8)
Cl
2+ 1–
Mg + [Mg] + 2[ Cl ] MgCl 2
Cl
[2,8,2] [2,8,7] Magnesium
Magnesium Chlorine Chloride
atom atom
+ +
++
Cl Mg Cl
Cl -atom Mg-tom Cl -atom Ele.Con. : 2,8,8 Ele.Con. : 2,8 Ele.Con. : 2,8,8
Ele.Con. : 2,8,7 Ele.Con. : 2,8,2 Ele.Con. : 2,8,7
3. Solubility:
Ionic compounds are soluble in water.
Reason : Dissolve in an ionic solid involves the setting of opposite ions free from the
lattice into the solvent. This can happen when the strong electrostatic force of
attraction between the opposite ions is weakened. Therefore, solvents having
oppositely charged ions, called polar solvents should be used. The best polar solvent is
water. Therefore all ionic compounds are dissolved in water.
4. Electrical conductivity:
Even though ionic solids consist of opposite ions, they are bad conductors of
electricity. In ionic solids, a strong electrostatic force of attraction, making
the ions immobile, holds the oppositely charged ions together. Hence,
conductivity is not possible.
However, in their fused or aqueous state, ionic compounds are good
conductors of electricity owing to the presence of mobile ions.
For instance, NaCl in its fused state or in its aqueous solution, has free Na+
and Cl– ions. The mobility of Na+ and Cl– results in conduction.
5. High reactivity:
Ionic compounds react instantaneously in fused state. This is because of
easy formation of free ions, rapid union of these ions in solutions, form new
compounds.
For example, the reaction between NaCl and AgNO3 is very rapid in solution
state, resulting in the formation of AgCl, a precipitate and NaNO3.
WORK SHEET - 3
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
1. Which of the following conducts electricity?
1) Crystalline NaCl 2) Fused NaCl 3) Molten sulphur 4) Diamond
2. When a metal atom becomes an ion:
1) It loses electrons and is oxidised. 2) It gains electrons and is oxidised.
3) It gains electrons and is reduced 4) It loses electrons and is reduced
3. In a NaCl crystal, cations and anions held together by:
1) Electrons 2) Electrostatic forces
3) Nuclear forces 4) Covalent bonds
4. Number of electrons transferred from one atom to another during bond
formation in Aluminium Nitride:
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
5. Which of the following is not an ionic compound?
1) BaC2 2) Al2O3 3) CaH2 4) AlCl3
6. Many ionic crystals dissolve in water because,
1) Water is an amphoteric solvent.
2) Water is a high boiling liquid, which has no taste and no odour.
3) The process is accompanied by a positive heat of solution.
4) Water decreases the inter ionic attraction in the crystal lattice due to
solvation.
17. Statement I: Ionic compounds possess high melting and boiling points.
Statement II : The reaction between NaCl and AgNO3 is very fast in solution
state.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
COMPREHENSION TYPE
The cations and anions formed as a result of electron transfer are drawn
towards each other due to the electrostatic force (coulomb force) of attraction.
They form an ionic bond or an electrovalent bond. The bond between two
elements is ionic if the EN difference between them is greater than 1.7
The number of electrons transferred during an ionic bond formation is known
as an electrovalency. Compounds containing ionic bonds are called ionic
compounds. Examples of ionic compounds are NaCl(Na+Cl–), CaO(Ca2+O2–),
MgO(Mg2+O2–) and MgCl2 (Cl –Mg++ Cl–).
18. The atomic number of 3 elements A,B & C are a, a+1 and a+2 C is an alkali
metal. In a compound of A and C the nature of bonding is:
1) 10 2) 34 3) 35 4) 37
20. During the formation of an ionic bond, the atom that receives electrons is
the atom with.
SYNOPSIS - 4
COVALENT BOND
As the electronegativity difference between two hydrogen atoms, in a hydrogen
molecule is zero, transfer of electrons is not possible. Hence, the two hydrogen
atoms combine due to the electrostatic force of attraction, developed by the
sharing of electrons.
Definition:
A bond formed by the equal contribution and equal sharing of electrons
between two atoms or more atoms is known as covalent bond (co-sharing,
valence valence electron).
Since, the formation of a covalent bond results in the formation of a molecule,
it is also called molecular bond .
a) Non-metallic atoms - having 7 valence electrons [or 1] - share - one pair of electron.
x + x x x
Covalent compound
Non-metallic atom Non-metallic atom [Single covalent bond]
One shared pair
[2,7] [2,7] [2,8][2,8]
Y + Y Y Y
Covalent compound
Non-metallic atom Non-metallic atom [Double covalent bond]
Two shared pairs
[2,6] [2,6] [2,8][2,8]
Z + Z Z Z
Covalent compound
Non-metallic atom Non-metallic atom [Triple covalent bond]
Three shared pairs
[2,5] [2,5] [2,8][2,8]
d) Dissimilar non metallic atoms - form covalent molecules - by sharing electron pairs
A + B + A A B A
Covalent compound
[Two single covalent bonds]
[1] [2,6] [1] [2] [2,8] [2]
G.N. Lewis did the study of covalent bond. He explained covalent bond
formation by the electron dot structure called Lewis Structure.
When is the bond between two atoms covalent?
When non-metallic atoms come together, the tendency to donate or accept
the electrons is not possible due to the less electronegativity (EN) difference.
Thus, in order to acquire stable configuration (an octet or duplet) of a noble
gas, sharing takes place between them, resulting in formation of covalent
bond.
257 VII Class - Chemistry
CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY
Generally if the electro-negativity difference between two non metals is less than 1.7,
a covalent bond is formed between them due to their combination.
formed
(H and Cl show small
difference in electronegativity)
Covalency : The number of electron pairs shared between two atoms of the same
element or different elements during the formation of a molecule is known as
co-valency.
× ××
+ O×× O O or O=O (Oxygen Molecule)
× ××
O atom O atom
Cl
× Cl
×C × + 4 Cl C
×
Carbon Cl
WORK SHEET - 4
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
1. A covalent bond is possible between:
1) Similar atoms 2) Dissimilar atoms
3) Similar and dissimilar atoms 4) Similar molecules
2. In covalency:
1) Transfer of electrons take place 2) Sharing of electrons takes place
3) Sharing of electrons by one atom only
4) None of these takes place
3. Covalent compounds are bad conductors due to:
1) Free ion 2) No free electrons
3) No free ions 4) Both 2 and 3
4. Number of electrons present in sulphuric acid molecule
1) 30 2) 28 3) 50 4) 38
5. An atom with atomic number 20 is most likely to combine chemically with
the atom whose atomic number is?
1) 11 2) 16 3) 18 4) 10
6. Covalent compounds are soluble in:
1) Polar solvents 2) Non-polar solvents
3) Concentrated acids 4) All solvents
7. Valency of the metal atom with respect to oxygen is maximum in:
1) MnO2 2) OsO4 3) MnO2 4) CrO3
MULTI ANSWER TYPE
8. Which of the following statements are true about covalent compounds
1) They have low melting point and boiling point
2) They show molecular reaction
3) Bad conductor of heat and electricity
4) They exist in solid, liquid and gaseous state.
9. Identify the following atoms of the elements, formed covalent bond:
1) Hydrogen 2) Oxygen 3) Chloride 4) Bromine
10. Which of the following covalent molecule is exhibit a octet rule?
1) BeCl2 2) CO2 3) H2O 4) CH4
11. Which of the following is not a property of covalent compounds?
1) They have low melting points
2) They are not electrical conductors
3) They exhibit space isomerism
4) They undergo chemical reaction quickly
REASONING ANSWER TYPE
12. Statement I: Covalent compounds are soluble in non polar-solvents
Statement II: Covalent compounds are directional in nature
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
13. Statement I: Generally all non metal elements are covalent compounds
Statement II: Covalent compounds exist only gas at room temp.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
14. Statement I: A Covalent bond is represent by single dash ‘____’.
Statement II: A covalent bond is formed by a pair of electrons
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
15. Statement I: A covalent bond in which electrons are equally(or) un equally
shared between atoms
Statement II: In this covalent bond, atoms do not acquire any charge
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
COMPREHENSION TYPE
A bond formed by the equal contribution and equal sharing of electrons
between two atoms or more atoms is known as covalent bond (co-sharing
valence electron)
16. Covalent bond is formed by __________
1) Sharing of valency shell electrons
2) Loss of valency shell electrons
3) Gain of valency shell electrons
4) Both 2 and 3
17. Which of the following has a tendency to form covalent compounds?
1) Ba 2) Be 3) Na 4) Ca
18. The combination of two different non-metals are _____ in nature
1) Ionic 2) Covalent 3) Metalic 4) Co-ordinated
bond
MATRIX MATCHING TYPE
19. Column-I Column-II
Element Valency
a) Sodium 1) 4
b) Aluminium 2) 2
c) Carbon 3) 1
d) Sulphur 4) 3
SYNOPSIS - 5
WORK SHEET - 5
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
1. Which of the following is a covalent compound:
1) H 2 2) CaO 3) KCl 4) Na 2 S
2. Identify the following compounds are Ionic:
1) NaCl 2) Magnesium chloride
3) Potassium chloride 4) All of these
COMPREHENSION TYPE
Ionic Bond is formed by transfer of electrons from one atom to another
atom.Covalent Bond formed by sharing of electrons between two atoms
15. Sodium Bromide is formed by ___________
1) Sharing of electrons with one another
2) Transfer of electrons from sodium to bromine
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None of these
16. Identify the covalent compounds from following:
1) Br2 2) Cl2 3) N 2 4) All of these
17. Iodine is:
1) Covalent solid 2) Ionic solid
3) Molecular solid 4) Covalent solid having metalic
lustre
MATRIX MATCHING TYPE
18. Column-I Column-II
a) F2 1) Covalent compound
c) N 2 3) Double bond
d) O2 4) Single bond
19. Column-I Column-II
a) Sharing of electrons 1) 2
b) Transfer of electrons 2) 3
c) Covalency of oxygen 3) ionic bond
d) Electro valency of nitrogen 4) covalent bond
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE
20. Covalency of nitrogen in ammonium ion is ________
SYNOPSIS - 6
COMPARISON BETWEEN IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS:
Electrovalent (Ionic) Compounds Covalent Compounds
1. STATE – Bonding – Electrovalent 1. STATE – Bonding – Covalent
Existence – crystalline hard solid (room Existence – Gases, liquids or soft solids.
temp) Constituent Units – Molecules
Constituent Units – Ions (metallic, non- Force of attraction – Weak
metallic) Vander Waal’s forces exist between molecules.
Force of attraction – Strong Reason: Molecules have weak force of attraction
Electrostatic force exists between ions. between them and hence covalent compounds are
Reason: Ions (charged particles which gaseous (if molecules are less) and liquid or soft
attract one another to form electrovalent solids (if molecules are more).
compounds) are closely packed with strong
force of attraction existing between them,
hence electrovalent compounds are hard
solids.
2. VOLATILITY: Non-volatile 2. VOLATILITY: Volatile
3. MELTING & BOILING POINT : High 3. MELTING & BOILING POINT
melting point and high boiling point. Low melting point and low boiling point.
Reason: Strong electrostatic force of Reason: Weak Vander Waals force of attraction
attraction between ions. Large amount of between molecules. Less amount of energy is
energy is required to break the force of required to break the force of attraction.
attraction.
4. CONDUCTION OF HEAT : Good 4. CONDUCTION OF HEAT :
conductors of heat Bad or non-conductors of heat
5. CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY 5. CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY
Solid state – Non-conductors Gaseous or liquid state: Non-conductors.
Molten or aq. solution state : Good Soft solid state : Non conductors
conductors Reason: Non-polar covalent compounds contain
Reason : Strong electrostatic force keeps molecules and not free ions, hence are non-
ions in fixed position in the solid state. The conductors. Polar covalent compounds eg. HCl,
force is weakened in the molten state and NH3 show charge separation and dissociate in
disappears in soln, state, hence free ions water which is a polar solvent.
formed migrate to oppositely charged
electrodes.
6. ELECTROLYSIS : Can – be electrolysed in 6. ELECTROLYSIS : Cannot – be electrolysed in
molten or aq. Solution state. On electrolysis normal state. In solution state, polar covalent
the ions being charged are attracted compounds undergo electrolysis. e.g HCl & NH3
towards the respective electrodes. gas.
7. SOLUBILITY : Soluble – in water 7. SOLUBILITY : Soluble – in organic solvents [non-
Insoluble – in organic solvents. polar]
Reason: Water (Polar solvent) has a high Insoluble – insoluble in water.[polar]
dielectric constant i.e. capacity to weaken Reason : Organic solvents [non-polar] eg.,
the force of attraction thus resulting in free Benzene, alcohol, dissolve non-polar covalent
ions. Organic solvents [non-polar] have low compounds [like dissolves like].
dielectric constants and do not cause Water [polar solvent] cannot dissolve non-polar
dissolution. covalent compounds, but dissolves polar.
8. REACTIONS : Undergo – high speed ionic 8. REACTIONS :Undergo – slow speed molecular
reactions. reactions.
Reason : Free ions easily formed in Reason : Covalent molecules are first broken and
solution, rapidly regroup in solution. new bonds are then slowly established.
9. DISSOCIATION : Undergo electrolytic 9. IONISATION : Undergoes ionization in solution
dissociation on passage of electric current. state on passage of electric current. Process
Process involves separation of ions already involves formation of ions from molecules which
present in the electrovalent or ionic are not in the ionic state.
compound. Eg. HCl H1 Cl 1 [in molten state]
Eg. NaCl Na1 Cl 1 [in molten state]
WORK SHEET - 6
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
1. Compared with covalent compounds, electrovalent compounds, generally have:
1) Low melting points and low boiling points.
2) Low melting point and high boiling point.
3) High melting point and high boiling point.
4) High melting point and low boiling point.
2. Which of the following is not a property of ionic compounds.
6) 1 7) 2 8) 4 9) 2 10) 2
21) 8
6) 1 7) 2 8) 1 9) 1 10) 1
6) 4 7) 3 8) 3 9) 3 10) 3
6) 4 7) 4 8) 1,2,3 9) 3 10) 4