Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                

Chemical Bonding

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 29

CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY

CHEMICAL BONDING
SYNOPSIS - 1
INTRODUCTION
Elements form compounds and it is a universal law that any particle
(molecule, atom or ion), will tend to be in the minimum state of energy, if it
gets chance to do so. As the atoms of all elements (with the exception of
noble gases) have one to seven electrons in their valence shell, therefore,
they are not in the minimum state of energy. Thus, to attain or octet
structure in their valence shell, the participating atoms of the elements
redistribute their electrons in such a way that each atom has a stable
electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas.
1 Electronic configuration of Noble Gases:
Noble gases ar7e monoatomic in nature. They do not form molecules either
with their own atoms or react chemically with any other element. Why?
In order to answer the above, question, let us study electronic configuration
of the noble gases as illustrated in a given table:

Noble Atomic Electronic configuration


Symbol
Gas number K L M N O P
Helium He 2 2
Neon Ne 10 2, 8
Argon Ar 18 2, 8, 8
Krypton Kr 36 2, 8, 18, 8
Xenon Xe 54 2, 8, 18, 18, 8
Radon Rn 86 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8

Notice that with the exception of helium, which has two electrons in its
valence shell, all other noble gases have eight electrons in their valency
shells. Thus, we can say that helium has duplet configuration in its valence
shell, whereas all other noble gases have octet configuration in their valence
shells.
2 As all noble gases are chemically inactive, following conclusions can be
drawn:
(i) Duplet configuration of valence shell makes an element inactive.
(ii) Octet configuration of valence shell makes an element inactive.

VII Class - Chemistry 242


CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING

3. The above conclusions were drawn by Kossel and Lewis independently in


1916. They further stated that a duplet or an octet configuration of electrons
in the valence shell is most stable and any atom having this configuration
will be in the minimum state of energy.
4. Why do atoms combine?
We know that, noble gases do not enter into any chemical action due to
their stable duplet (or) octet configuration in their outermost shell. Hence,
they are chemically inactive. This assumption was made by Kossel and
Lewis independently in 1916.
5. With the exception of noble gases, atoms of all elements have 1-7 electrons
in their outermost shell. Thus, the electronic configuration of outermost
shell of these elements is incomplete. Hence, they are unstable and have a
tendency to attain stability by attaining stable configuration. In other words,
atoms of the same element or different elements combine with one another,
so that they attain duplet (or) octet configuration.
6. Consider sodium (2, 8, 1) and chlorine (2, 8, 7) atoms. Both are unstable in
their atomic state. When sodium and chlorine are brought together, Sodium
loses an electron, which is gained by chlorine atom. As a result Na+ (2, 8)
and Cl– (2, 8, 8) are formed, thus making themselves stable.
7. Further, stability is co-related to energy. A system with less energy is more
stable. During a chemical reaction, the reactants lose energy and the
resulting product has less energy. As the product has less energy, it is more
stable. So, during a chemical reaction, stability can also be achieved by
lowering the energy.
8. We can thus conclude that, the cause of a chemical reaction is to attain
stability.
9. How do atoms acquire stable octet configuration?
Atoms can complete the valence shell by acquiring octet configuration in
two ways.
1. By transfer of one or more electrons, from one atom to another.
Generally, electropositive elements lose electrons and electronegative
elements gain electrons.
2. By sharing one or more electrons between two or more atoms.
10. Thus, we can conclude that, atoms tend to acquire 8 electrons in their
outermost shell (except hydrogen, lithium and beryllium which tend to
acquire 2 electrons), in order to attain stable state. This is called ‘octet
rule’.

243 VII Class - Chemistry


THE ELEMENTS OF THE FIRST THREE PERIODS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 13 GROUP 14 GROUP 15 GROUP 16 GROUP 17 GROUP 18


IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 0
1 2

2 Atomic number

PERIODS
CHEMICAL BONDING

H He

VII Class - Chemistry


[= no. of electrons = no. of protons]
He
1 Helium
HYDROGEN 4 Mass number [relative atomic mass] HELIUM
1 [= no. of neutrons + no. of protons] 4
p=1, n=0 p=2, n=2
Elec. conf. 1 Elec. conf. 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be B C N O F Ne
2
LITHIUM BERYLLIUM BORON CARBON NITROGEN FLUORINE NEON
7 9 11 12 14 19 20
p=3, n=4 p=4, n=5 p=5, n=6 p=6, n=6 p=7 n=7 p=8, n=8 p=9, n=10 p=10, n=10

244
Elec. conf. 2,1 Elec. conf. 2,2 Elec. conf. 2,3 Elec. conf. 2,4 Elec. conf. 2,5 Elec. conf. 2,6 Elec. conf. 2,7 Elec. conf. 2,8

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

3
SODIUM MAGNESIUM ALUMINIUM SILICON PHOSPHOROUS SULPHUR CHLORINE ARGON
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
p=11, n=12 p=12, n=12 p=13, n=14 p=14, n=14 p=15, n=16 p=16, n=16 p=17, n=18 p=18, n=22
Elec. conf. 2,8,1 Elec. conf. 2,8,2 Elec. conf. 2,8,3 Elec. conf. 2,8,4 Elec. conf. 2,8,5 Elec. conf. 2,8,6 Elec. conf. 2,8,7 Elec. conf. 2,8,8

19 20

K Ca

4
POTASSIUM CALCIUM
39 40
p=19, n=20 p=20, n=20
Elec. conf. 2,8,8,1 Elec. conf. 2,8,8,2
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING

WORK SHEET - 1
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
1. Duplet configuration is not found in:
1) Hydride ion 2) Hydrogen molecule
3) Lithium cation 4) Be+
2. Chemical bond implies:
1) Repulsion 2) Attraction
3) Attraction and repulsion balanced at a particular distance
4) Attraction and repulsion
3. Which inert gas has a duplet configuration in its valence shell?
1) Helium 2) Neon 3) Argon 4) Krypton
4. Cl + Cl  Cl2 This is an example for:
1) Endothermic reaction 2) Exothermic reaction
3) Either exothermic or endothermic 4) Neither exothermic nor endothermic
5. “The duplet and octet configuration of electrons in the valence shell is most
stable and any atom having this configuration will be in minimum state of
energy”. This statement was given by:
1) Kossel and Lewis 2) Lewis and Debye
3) Kossel and London 4) Lewis and London
6. Chemical reactivity of an elements depends on:
1) Outer shell electronic configuration. 2) Reactivity of the nucleus.
3) Core electrons. 4) None of these
7. During bond formation potential energy of the system:
1) Increases 2) Decreases
3) Remain same 4) Cannot be predicted
8. Example of super octate molecule:
1) F3Cl 2) PCl5 3) IF7 4) All of these
9. The electronic configuration of Na+ is:
1) 2,8,1 2) 2,8 3) 2,8,2 4) 2,8,7
MULTI ANSWER TYPE
10. Which of the following statement is/are incorrect?
1) Products of endothermic reactions are more stable.
2) Products of exothermic reactions are more stable.
3) Products of both exothermic and endothermic reactions are equally stable.
4) None of the above.
11. Atoms attain the octet configuration:
(i) by transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.
(ii) by sharing of one or more electrons between two or more atoms.
1) ‘i’ is correct 2) ‘ii’ is correct
3) Both i and ii are incorrect 4) None of these
12. It was found that atoms having atomic numbers of 2, 10, 18, 36, 54, 86 are
very stable and do not show any chemical reactivity, these elements were
found to be gases and are called:
1) Inert gases 2) Diatomic gases
3) Monoatomic gases 4) Noble gases

245 VII Class - Chemistry


CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY

13. Which of the following element(s) do not form molecules?


1) Helium 2) Oxygen 3) Nitrogen 4) Argon
REASONING ANSWER TYPE
14. Statement I: Duplet configuration implies that a given atom has 2 electrons
in its valence shell.
Statement II : Elements with octet configuration in their valence shell are
stable.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
15. Statement I: Less energy species are more stable.
Statement II : When energy is less, the velocity of the vibrating particles
decreases, thereby increases the stability.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
16. Statement I: Pure metal is more stable than its ore.
Statement II : Ore of metal is more stable than pure metals.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
COMPREHENSION TYPE
Atoms can complete the valence shell by acquiring octet configuration in
two ways.
1. By transfer of one or more electrons, from one atom to another.
Generally, electropositive elements lose e l ectrons and
electronegative elements gain electrons.
2. By sharing one or more electrons between two or more atoms.
17. To attain a ______ participating atoms redistribute their electrons to get a
electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas either octet or duplet.
1) State of maximum energy 2) State of minimum energy
3) Stability 4) None
18. By doing which of the following, an atom can attain stability?
1) Transfer of electrons 2) Sharing of electrons
3) Lowering energy 4) All of these
19. The chemical stability is more for [Excepting inert gases]
1) The parent atom 2) Their ions 3) Both 1 and 2 4) None
MATRIX MATCHING TYPE
20. Column-I Column-II
a) Sodium 1) 2, 8, 8
b) Duplet configuration 2) Stable (or) inactive
c) Xe 3) Makes an element inactive
d) Ar 4) Unstable (or) active
5) 2, 8, 18
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE
21. In Argon atom _________ number of electrons present in L shell.

VII Class - Chemistry 246


CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING

SYNOPSIS - 2
ELECTRON THEORY OF VALENCY
A number of attempts were made to explain formation of chemical bonds in
terms of electrons, but it was only in 1916, Kossel and Lewis’ succeeded
independently in giving a satisfactory explanation. They proposed a theory,
based on electronic concept of atoms, known as “Electron theory of valency”.
The main postulates of this theory are:
1. The secret of stability of atoms: Atoms with eight electrons in the
outermost shell (two in the case of Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium and
Beryllium) are chemically more stable.
2. Cause of chemical reaction: The cause for chemical reaction is to
attai n stability. An atom achieves this by acquiring the octe t
configuration (inert gas configuration) in its outermost shell.
3. Type of electrons taking part in a chemical reaction (or) chemical
bonding: The electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom are
responsible for chemical reaction.

The outer most shell is called valency shell and hence the electrons present in it are
called valence electrons. The number of electrons taking part in a chemical reaction is
called valence of that element.
4. Attainment of nearest inert gas configuration: The atoms of various
elements achieve the nearest inert gas configuration, either by transfer
(losing or gaining) or by sharing of electrons with another atom.
This transfer or sharing of electrons results in the development of an
attractive force between the atoms, which holds the atoms together by
a bond.
Electron Dot structure of atoms - Lewis’ Symbols:
i) In the formation of any molecule or formula unit, only the electrons
present in the outermost shell are shown.
ii) The reason for not showing the inner shell electrons is that, they are
well protected and do not involve in chemical reaction.
iii) Therefore, valence electrons are considered for the formation of the
chemical bonds.
G.N. Lewis’ introduced simple symbols called Lewis’ symbols to denote the
valence electrons in an atom.
Lewis’ symbols: The symbol of the element, surrounded by the valence
electrons of its atom, represented in the form of dots around it, is known as
Lewis’ symbol or electron dot symbol.
Examples:

247 VII Class - Chemistry


CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY

Number of
Atomic Lewis’ electrons in
S.No Element Symbol E.G.
Number Symbol valence
shell
1. Lithium Li 3 2, 1 Li 1
2. Carbon C 6 2, 4 C 4
3. Nitrogen
N 7 N 5

4. Chlorine
Cl 17 Cl 7
2, 8, 7
5. Calcium
Ca 20 Ca 2
2, 8, 8, 2
Note : Practice from 1 to 20 Lewis symbol of elements.
Significance of Lewis’ Symbols
(i) The number of dots present around the symbol, gives the number of
electrons present in the outermost shell i.e., number of valence electrons.
(ii) The number of electrons present in the outermost shell is the common
valency of the element.
The common valency of the element is equal to the number of dots around
the symbol (if the dots are < 4, then the valency is equal to the number of
dots and if the number of dots > 5, then the valency is 8 – number of
dots.)
For example: Li, Be, B and C have valencies 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively and
N, O and F have 3, 2, 1 respectively (i.e. 8 – number of dots).

WORK SHEET - 2
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
1. The maximum valency of an element with atomic number 7 is:
1) 2 2) 5 3) 4 4) 3
2. Chemical bond formation takes place when:
1) Energy is absorbed
2) Force of attraction overcome force of repulsion.
3) Force of repulsion overcome force of attraction.
4) Force of attraction equal to force of repulsion.
3. The force of attraction that holds the atoms or ions or molecules together is
known as:
1) Chemical bond 2) Gravitational pull
3) Nuclear pull 4) Magnetic pull
4. Atoms experience the following when they are brought closer.
1) Attractive forces 2) Repulsive forces
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None of these

VII Class - Chemistry 248


CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING

5. The dots in Lewis symbols represents:


1) Valence electrons in an atom 2) Low energy state of an atom
3) Octet and duplet of an atom 4) Nearest noble gas configuration
6. The maximum number of valence electrons possible for atoms in the second
period of the periodic table is :
1) 2 2) 8 3) 18 4) 32
7 A, B, C are the elements of group IA, IIA, IIIA respectively.
Identify the correct Lewis dot diagram of A, B and C in the following:
(A) (B) (C)
  
  C 
1) A B 


2) A  B C 

  
   B C 
3) A 


  
4)  A  B C 

8. Nucleus of an element has 9 protons, its valency would be:
1) 1 2) 3 3) 2 4) 5
 
9. The Lewis’ symbols of three unknown elements are as follows : R  A M
 

Predict the general valency of each element and groups to which they be-
long:
(R) (A) (M)
1) 2, IIA 1, VII A 3, VA
2) 2, IIA 7, VIIA 5, VA
3) 1, IA 3, VIIA 1, VA
4) 2, IIA 4, IVA 3, VIA
10. The Lewis’ symbols of three unknown elements are as following.

(i) X  (ii) .Y.
 
(iii)

 
Z
  
Write their respective general valencies and the groups to which they be-
long. (i) (ii) (iii)
1) 3, IIIA 6, VI A 8, VIIIA
2) 2, IIA 2, IIA 8, VIIIA
3) 3, IIIA 2, VIA 0, VIIIA
4) 3, IIA 6, VIA 0, VIIIA
11. The Lewis’ symbols of three unknown elements are as follows:

(i)  A  (ii) B




 (iii) C


Write the formula of the different compounds formed by their combination.


1) A3B2, AC, A2, B2, BC, B2C, BC2, C2 2) A2B3, AC2, B2, B-2C, B2C2, C2, BC2, AC
3) A2B4, A2C2, B2, BC, BC2, C2, B2C 4) A3B2, AC, B2, BC, B2C, BC2, C2

249 VII Class - Chemistry


CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY

MULTI ANSWER TYPE


12. Which of the following will try to achieve helium configuration?
1) Hydrogen 2) Lithium 3) Beryllium 4) None of these
13. Which of the following statements are correct?
1) Valency of an atom depends mainly on the number of electrons present
in the outer most orbit.
2) Kossel and Lewis formulated a comprehensive statement which has
completed
by Langmuir and called electronic theory of valency.
3) The Lewis symbol for sodium is .Na.
4) Sulphur has six valency electrons.
14. The common or group valency is equal to:
1) No. of valence electrons till group number 4.
2) 8 no. of valence electrons after group number 4.
3) Only no. of electrons present in the valence shell.
4) None of the above.
REASONING ANSWER TYPE
15. Statement I: If the magnitude of attractive forces is more than those of
repulsive forces, then potential energy of the system
increase.
Statement II : With the decrease in potential energy, system gains stability
and a chemical bond is formed.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
16. Statement I: Number of valency electrons in nitrogen atom = 5.
Statement II: The electrons in the outermost orbit of an atom are called
valency electrons.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
17. Statement I: Electronic theory of valency is also known as chemical bond
theory.
Statement II : Electronic theory of valency was proposed to explain the
electronic rearrangements that occur during the formation
of chemical bond.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.

VII Class - Chemistry 250


CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING

COMPREHENSION TYPE
Electron theory of valency - Kossel and Lewis’ approach of bonding:
A number of attempts were made to explain formation of chemical bonds in
terms of electrons, but it was only in 1916, Kossel and Lewis’ succeeded
independently in giving a satisfactory explanation. They proposed a theory,
based on electronic concept of atoms, known as electron theory of valency.
18. “Highly electronegative halogens & highly electropositive alkali metals are
separated by noble gases.This fact in relation to chemical bonding was given
by:
1) Kossel 2) Langmuir 3) Lewis 4) Debye
19. Inert nature of noble gases can be explained by _______ theory.
1) Valence bond theory 2) Octet
3) Valence shell electron pair repulsion 4) None of the above
20. Electrons involved in bond formation are commonly called as________.
1) Valence electrons 2) Core electrons
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None of these
MATRIX MATCHING TYPE
21. Column-I Column-II
a) NH3 1) 4 bond pairs and no lone pairs on the central
atom
b) H2O 2) 2 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs
c) O2 3) 3 bond pairs and 1 lone pair
d) CCl4 4) 2 bond pairs and 4 lone pairs
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE
22. No. of valence electrons present in calcium atom is ___________

SYNOPSIS - 3
IONIC BOND AND ITS FORMATION:
Definition: The strong electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged
ions which are formed due to transfer of electrons one atom to another is
called ionic bond.
Electron transfer and the formation of ionic bonds:
Electron transfer from one atom to another results in the formation of charged
species, called ions. On losing electron(s), an atom has more protons than
electrons. So it forms a positively charged ion, called a cation.
X –1e –  X 1+
Metallic atom (2,8,1) Cation (positive ion 2,8)
On gaining electron(s), an atom has more electrons than protons, so it forms
a negatively charged ion, called an anion.
Y +1e–  Y 1–
Non-metallic atom (2,8,7 Anion (negative ion 2,8,8)
Elements which lose electrons are called electropositive elements and those
which gain electrons are called electronegative elements.

251 VII Class - Chemistry


CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY

The cations and anions formed as a result of electron transfer are drawn
towards each other due to the electrostatic force (coulomb force) of attraction.
“Thus oppositely charged ions are bonded by an attractive force. (electrostatic
force) is called ionic bond or electrovalent bond”. They form an ionic bond or
an electrovalent bond.

1+ 1-
X
1+
Y
1–
X Y XY

Ionic bond Electrovalent or Ionic Compound


Cation Anion
Formation of Sodium Chloride can be represented by :
Ionic Equation :
Na – 1e –  Na+
(Atom) (Cation)
(2,8,1) (2,8)
Cl + 1e–  Cl+
(Atom) (Anion)
(2,8,7) (2,8,8)
______________________________
Na + Cl  Na+Cl–  NaCl
Ionic compound
Electron dot structural diagram:

Na + Cl [Na]1+ + [ Cl [ NaCl
Sodium Chlorine Sodium
atom atom Chloride
2,8,1 2,8,7
Atomic or orbit structural diagram:
+

+
Na-atom Cl -atom Na Cl
Ele.Con. : 2,8,1 Ele.Con. : 2,8,7 Ele.Con. : 2,8 Ele.Con. : 2,8,8
Before Combination After Combination
Formation of Magnesium chloride can be represented by:
Ionic Equation:
Mg – 2e –  Mg 2 +
(Atom) (Cation)
(2,8,2) (2,8)

VII Class - Chemistry 252


CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING

2Cl + 2e–  2C l -


(Atom) (Anion)
(2,8,7) (2,8,8)
____________________________________
Mg + 2Cl  Mg 2+2C l1–  MgCl2
Ionic compound
Electron Dot Structure Diagram

Cl
2+ 1–
Mg + [Mg] + 2[ Cl ] MgCl 2

Cl
[2,8,2] [2,8,7] Magnesium
Magnesium Chlorine Chloride
atom atom

Atomic or orbit structural diagram:


++

+ +

++
Cl Mg Cl
Cl -atom Mg-tom Cl -atom Ele.Con. : 2,8,8 Ele.Con. : 2,8 Ele.Con. : 2,8,8
Ele.Con. : 2,8,7 Ele.Con. : 2,8,2 Ele.Con. : 2,8,7

Before Combination After Combination (MgCl 2 Compound


Some more examples:
CaO, NaCl, MgCl, CaCl2, MgO, NazS
Properties of ionic compounds:
1. Physical state:
Generally, ionic solids are relatively hard. It is because of the close packing
due to strong inter-ionic force of attraction present between oppositely
charged ions.
2. Melting and boiling points:
Ionic compounds possess high melting and boiling points.
Reason : Melting and boiling points of ionic compounds involves breaking of the
lattice structure and setting the ions free. In a lattice, there are strong electrostatic
forces between oppositely charged ions. To break these strong electrostatic forces,
considerable amount of energy is required. Hence, the melting point and boiling
points are high.

253 VII Class - Chemistry


CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY

3. Solubility:
Ionic compounds are soluble in water.
Reason : Dissolve in an ionic solid involves the setting of opposite ions free from the
lattice into the solvent. This can happen when the strong electrostatic force of
attraction between the opposite ions is weakened. Therefore, solvents having
oppositely charged ions, called polar solvents should be used. The best polar solvent is
water. Therefore all ionic compounds are dissolved in water.
4. Electrical conductivity:
Even though ionic solids consist of opposite ions, they are bad conductors of
electricity. In ionic solids, a strong electrostatic force of attraction, making
the ions immobile, holds the oppositely charged ions together. Hence,
conductivity is not possible.
However, in their fused or aqueous state, ionic compounds are good
conductors of electricity owing to the presence of mobile ions.
For instance, NaCl in its fused state or in its aqueous solution, has free Na+
and Cl– ions. The mobility of Na+ and Cl– results in conduction.
5. High reactivity:
Ionic compounds react instantaneously in fused state. This is because of
easy formation of free ions, rapid union of these ions in solutions, form new
compounds.
For example, the reaction between NaCl and AgNO3 is very rapid in solution
state, resulting in the formation of AgCl, a precipitate and NaNO3.

WORK SHEET - 3
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
1. Which of the following conducts electricity?
1) Crystalline NaCl 2) Fused NaCl 3) Molten sulphur 4) Diamond
2. When a metal atom becomes an ion:
1) It loses electrons and is oxidised. 2) It gains electrons and is oxidised.
3) It gains electrons and is reduced 4) It loses electrons and is reduced
3. In a NaCl crystal, cations and anions held together by:
1) Electrons 2) Electrostatic forces
3) Nuclear forces 4) Covalent bonds
4. Number of electrons transferred from one atom to another during bond
formation in Aluminium Nitride:
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
5. Which of the following is not an ionic compound?
1) BaC2 2) Al2O3 3) CaH2 4) AlCl3
6. Many ionic crystals dissolve in water because,
1) Water is an amphoteric solvent.
2) Water is a high boiling liquid, which has no taste and no odour.
3) The process is accompanied by a positive heat of solution.
4) Water decreases the inter ionic attraction in the crystal lattice due to
solvation.

VII Class - Chemistry 254


CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING

7. Most of the ionic substances:


1) Are non-electrolytes in molten state
2) Have directional character
3) Are soluble in polar solvents like water
4) Conduct electricity in solid state
8. Fused ionic compounds:
1) Are insulators 2) Are used as semiconductors
3) Conduct electricity 4) Don’t conduct electricity
9. Sodium fluoride contains:
1) Sodium, fluorine atoms 2) Sodium fluoride molecules
3) Sodium ions and fluoride ions 4) Sodium ions, fluorine atoms
10. The electronegativities of two elements are 1.0 and 3.5. Bond formed between
the would be:
1) Electrovalent 2) Polar covalent 3) Pure covalent 4) Metallic
11. An aqueous solution of silver nitrate gives a white precipitate with:
1) C2H5Cl 2) CHCl3 3) HCl 4) None of these
MULTI ANSWER TYPE
12. Atoms can lose or gain _________ number of electrons.
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4)4
13. Which of the following true for ionic compounds?
1) They are hard solids
2) They can be broken down into pieces very easily
3) They are soluble in non-polar solvents
4) None of the above
14. Which of the following are true?
1) Ionic compounds exists as solid.
2) Ionic compounds have high melting point and high boiling point.
3) Ionic compounds undergo chemical reactions quickly in aqueous solutions.
4) None of these.
REASONING ANSWER TYPE
15. Statement I : Elements which lose electrons are called electropositive
elements.
Statement II: Elements which gain electrons are called electronegative
elements.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
16. Statement I: Ionic compound tend to be non-volatile.
Statement II : Inter molecular forces in these compounds are weak.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.

255 VII Class - Chemistry


CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY

17. Statement I: Ionic compounds possess high melting and boiling points.
Statement II : The reaction between NaCl and AgNO3 is very fast in solution
state.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
COMPREHENSION TYPE
The cations and anions formed as a result of electron transfer are drawn
towards each other due to the electrostatic force (coulomb force) of attraction.
They form an ionic bond or an electrovalent bond. The bond between two
elements is ionic if the EN difference between them is greater than 1.7
The number of electrons transferred during an ionic bond formation is known
as an electrovalency. Compounds containing ionic bonds are called ionic
compounds. Examples of ionic compounds are NaCl(Na+Cl–), CaO(Ca2+O2–),
MgO(Mg2+O2–) and MgCl2 (Cl –Mg++ Cl–).
18. The atomic number of 3 elements A,B & C are a, a+1 and a+2 C is an alkali
metal. In a compound of A and C the nature of bonding is:

1) Coordinate 2) Covalent 3) Ionic 4) Metallic


19. An element with atomic number 11 will form a strong ionic compound with
an element of atomic number.

1) 10 2) 34 3) 35 4) 37
20. During the formation of an ionic bond, the atom that receives electrons is
the atom with.

1) Higher electronegativity 2) Lower oxidation number


3) Higher ionisation energy 4) Lower electronegativity
MATRIX MATCHING TYPE
21. Column-I Column-II
a) Ionic compounds in aqueous 1) Good conductor of electricity
b) Ionic compounds in solid state 2) Bad conductor of electricity
c) Ionic compounds insoluble in 3) Water
d) Best polar solvent 4) CHCl3
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE
22 Number of electrons transferred from sodium atom to chlorine atom is
_________.

VII Class - Chemistry 256


CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING

SYNOPSIS - 4
COVALENT BOND
As the electronegativity difference between two hydrogen atoms, in a hydrogen
molecule is zero, transfer of electrons is not possible. Hence, the two hydrogen
atoms combine due to the electrostatic force of attraction, developed by the
sharing of electrons.
Definition:
A bond formed by the equal contribution and equal sharing of electrons
between two atoms or more atoms is known as covalent bond (co-sharing,
valence  valence electron).
Since, the formation of a covalent bond results in the formation of a molecule,
it is also called molecular bond .
a) Non-metallic atoms - having 7 valence electrons [or 1] - share - one pair of electron.

x + x x x
Covalent compound
Non-metallic atom Non-metallic atom [Single covalent bond]
One shared pair
[2,7] [2,7] [2,8][2,8]

b) Non-metallic atoms - having 6 valence electrons - share - two pairs of electrons.

Y + Y Y Y
Covalent compound
Non-metallic atom Non-metallic atom [Double covalent bond]
Two shared pairs
[2,6] [2,6] [2,8][2,8]

c) Non-metallic atoms - having 5 valence electrons - share - three pairs of electrons.

Z + Z Z Z
Covalent compound
Non-metallic atom Non-metallic atom [Triple covalent bond]
Three shared pairs
[2,5] [2,5] [2,8][2,8]

d) Dissimilar non metallic atoms - form covalent molecules - by sharing electron pairs

A + B + A A B A
Covalent compound
[Two single covalent bonds]
[1] [2,6] [1] [2] [2,8] [2]

G.N. Lewis did the study of covalent bond. He explained covalent bond
formation by the electron dot structure called Lewis Structure.
When is the bond between two atoms covalent?
When non-metallic atoms come together, the tendency to donate or accept
the electrons is not possible due to the less electronegativity (EN) difference.
Thus, in order to acquire stable configuration (an octet or duplet) of a noble
gas, sharing takes place between them, resulting in formation of covalent
bond.
257 VII Class - Chemistry
CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY

Generally if the electro-negativity difference between two non metals is less than 1.7,
a covalent bond is formed between them due to their combination.

Electronegativity : It is the tendency of an atom - to attract electrons to itself when


combined in a compound. For example :   Covalent bond
H ×  Cl

 
 formed
(H and Cl show small
difference in electronegativity)

Representation of covalent bond: The covalent bond between a pair of two


atoms is represented by a small line[ – ].
For example, H2 can be represented as H–H.

Covalency : The number of electron pairs shared between two atoms of the same
element or different elements during the formation of a molecule is known as
co-valency.

Ex: Covalency of hydrogen molecule is equal to 1 and that of oxygen molecule


is 2.
Bond pairs and lone pairs:
Have a look at the Lewis dot structure of oxygen molecules.

[2] [5] [3]


×× ×
[1] × × [4]
×
[5]
There are six electron pairs (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6).
Out of them, the electron pairs (5) and (6) are involved in bonding and they
are called bond pairs. The remaining electron pairs (1), (2), (3) and (4) present
in the valence shell of the atom but not involved in the bonding are called
lone pairs.
Bond pair of electrons: The shared pair of electrons, which result in the
formation of a bond, is called the “bonded pair”.
Lone pair of electrons: The pair of electrons, present in the valence shell
but not involved in the bonding is called the “non-bonded pair” or “lone pair.”
Examples of covalent compounds:
F2, Cl2, I2, O2, N2, H2, HCl, H2O, NH3 etc.
Note:
The force of attraction present between the molecules of inert gases is the
Vander Waal’s forces.
a) Formation of oxygen molecule:

× ××
+ O×× O O or O=O (Oxygen Molecule)
× ××
O atom O atom

VII Class - Chemistry 258


CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING

b) Formation of carbon tetrachloride – CC l4:

Cl
× Cl
×C × + 4 Cl C
×
Carbon Cl

TYPES OF COVALENT BONDS AND THEIR FORMATION:


Covalent bonds are classified into different types based on:
The type of atoms involved in bonding
Covalent bonds based on the type of atoms involved in bonding:
Based on the types of atoms involved in bonding, covalent bonds are classified
into homogeneous and heterogeneous covalent bonds.
1. Homogeneous covalent bond:
It is a covalent bond formed between the atoms of similar type.
Examples:
(a) Formation of hydrogen molecule:

H + ×H H × H or H–H (Hydrogen molecule)


H atom H atom

(b) Formation of chlorine molecule:


×× ××
+ × Cl × × or Cl–Cl (Chlorine molecule)
×× × ×
×× ×
Cl atom Cl atom
2. Heterogeneous covalent bond:
It is a covalent bond formed between the atoms of different types.
Examples:
(a) Formation of Hydrogen Chloride HC l:

H× + H or H–Cl (Hydrogen chloride)


Hydrogen
After formation of a covalent bond, hydrogen has stable duplet
configuration, and chlorine has stable octet configuration.
(b) Formation of water molecule – H 2O:
×× ××
2(H ) + × O × H × O ×H O
×× ×× H H
Hydrogen
(c) Formation of Ammonia molecule – NH 3:
××
×× ××
× N × + 3(H ) H ×N × H H N H
× ×
Nitrogen H
H

259 VII Class - Chemistry


CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY

(d) Formation of methane molecule – CH 4:


H H
× ×
× C × + 4( H ) H× C× H H C H
× ×
Carbon H H
(f) Formation of Carbondioxide molecule – CO 2:
× × C×
×C × + 2 O × × O C O
×
PROPERTIES OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS :
i) Physical state:
Under the normal conditions of temperature and pressure, these exist
as gases or liquids of low boiling points.
Reason : This is due to the fact that very weak forces of attraction (Van der Waals’
forces) exist between discrete molecules. Some exist as soft solids if their molecular
masses are high. Sulphur, phosphorous, iodine are soft solids.
ii) Melting and boiling points:
Generally covalent compounds have relatively low melting and boiling
points.
Reason : This is due to the presence of weak attractive force between the molecules.
On supplying heat energy, the molecules are readily pulled out from these forces
and move freely having high kinetic energy.
iii) Crystal structure: These are of three types.
a) First type : These are the crystals in which the unit is molecules.
These are readily fusible and volatile. Examples are sulphur, iodine,
phosphorous pentoxide, etc.
b) Second type : This includes crystals which have separate lattice layers.
The best example of this type is graphite.These layers can slide on one
another. This accounts for the softness of graphite.
c) Third type : This includes crystals in which every atom is bonded to
four other atoms by single covalent bonds resulting in the formation of
giant structure. Example is diamond, these crystals are very hard and
possess high melting points.
iv) Electrical conductivity:
a) In general, covalent substances are bad conductors of electricity.
b) Substances which have polar character like HCl in solution, can conduct
electricity.
c) Covalent solids having giant molecules, are bad conductors since they
do not contain charged particles or free electrons.
d) The graphite can conduct electricity since electrons can pass from one
layer to the other.
v) Solubility:
a) In general, covalent substances are insoluble in polar solvents like
water but soluble in non-pol ar solvents like be nzene, carbon
tetrachloride, ether etc.
b) This is based on the principle, “Like dissolves like” one of the covalent
compounds like alcohols, amines dissolve in water due to hydrogen
bonding. Covalent solids having giant molecules are practically insoluble
in all solvents.

VII Class - Chemistry 260


CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING

WORK SHEET - 4
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
1. A covalent bond is possible between:
1) Similar atoms 2) Dissimilar atoms
3) Similar and dissimilar atoms 4) Similar molecules
2. In covalency:
1) Transfer of electrons take place 2) Sharing of electrons takes place
3) Sharing of electrons by one atom only
4) None of these takes place
3. Covalent compounds are bad conductors due to:
1) Free ion 2) No free electrons
3) No free ions 4) Both 2 and 3
4. Number of electrons present in sulphuric acid molecule
1) 30 2) 28 3) 50 4) 38
5. An atom with atomic number 20 is most likely to combine chemically with
the atom whose atomic number is?
1) 11 2) 16 3) 18 4) 10
6. Covalent compounds are soluble in:
1) Polar solvents 2) Non-polar solvents
3) Concentrated acids 4) All solvents
7. Valency of the metal atom with respect to oxygen is maximum in:
1) MnO2 2) OsO4 3) MnO2 4) CrO3
MULTI ANSWER TYPE
8. Which of the following statements are true about covalent compounds
1) They have low melting point and boiling point
2) They show molecular reaction
3) Bad conductor of heat and electricity
4) They exist in solid, liquid and gaseous state.
9. Identify the following atoms of the elements, formed covalent bond:
1) Hydrogen 2) Oxygen 3) Chloride 4) Bromine
10. Which of the following covalent molecule is exhibit a octet rule?
1) BeCl2 2) CO2 3) H2O 4) CH4
11. Which of the following is not a property of covalent compounds?
1) They have low melting points
2) They are not electrical conductors
3) They exhibit space isomerism
4) They undergo chemical reaction quickly
REASONING ANSWER TYPE
12. Statement I: Covalent compounds are soluble in non polar-solvents
Statement II: Covalent compounds are directional in nature
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.

261 VII Class - Chemistry


CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY

13. Statement I: Generally all non metal elements are covalent compounds
Statement II: Covalent compounds exist only gas at room temp.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
14. Statement I: A Covalent bond is represent by single dash ‘____’.
Statement II: A covalent bond is formed by a pair of electrons
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
15. Statement I: A covalent bond in which electrons are equally(or) un equally
shared between atoms
Statement II: In this covalent bond, atoms do not acquire any charge
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
COMPREHENSION TYPE
A bond formed by the equal contribution and equal sharing of electrons
between two atoms or more atoms is known as covalent bond (co-sharing
 valence electron)
16. Covalent bond is formed by __________
1) Sharing of valency shell electrons
2) Loss of valency shell electrons
3) Gain of valency shell electrons
4) Both 2 and 3
17. Which of the following has a tendency to form covalent compounds?
1) Ba 2) Be 3) Na 4) Ca
18. The combination of two different non-metals are _____ in nature
1) Ionic 2) Covalent 3) Metalic 4) Co-ordinated
bond
MATRIX MATCHING TYPE
19. Column-I Column-II
Element Valency
a) Sodium 1) 4
b) Aluminium 2) 2
c) Carbon 3) 1
d) Sulphur 4) 3

INTEGER ANSWER TYPE


20. Number of atoms in sulphur molecule is _______________.

VII Class - Chemistry 262


CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING

SYNOPSIS - 5

WORK SHEET - 5
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
1. Which of the following is a covalent compound:
1) H 2 2) CaO 3) KCl 4) Na 2 S
2. Identify the following compounds are Ionic:
1) NaCl 2) Magnesium chloride
3) Potassium chloride 4) All of these

263 VII Class - Chemistry


CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY

3. Molecule having maximum number of covalent bonds is:


1) NH4OH 2) NH4Cl 3) CO(NH2)2 4) CH3OH
4. An element X is strongly electropositive and element Y is strongly
electronegative. Both are univalent. The compound formed by their
combination contains:
1) X  , Y  2) X  , Y  3) XY molecule 4) X 2 , Y 2
5. Identify the following covalent molecule having same number of electrons
1) CH 4 2) NH 3 3) H 2 O 4) All of these
6. Identify the elements, having single covalent bond:
1) H 2 2) Cl2 3) Br2 4) All of these
7. Which of the following is not an ionic compound?
1) CSe2 2) NaH 3) BeCl2 4) BF3
MULTI ANSWER TYPE
8. Which of the following substance, not having covalent bond.
1) Potassium oxide 2) Sodium sulphide
3) Calcium oxide 4) Hydrogen molecule
9. Electron deficient compound among the following is:
1) ICl 2) CH4 3) BCl3 4) PCl3
10. Electrovalent bond present in:
1) Na2O 2) MgO 3) H 2 O 4) NH 3
11. Which of the following compound exhibits ionic properties?
1) They are solids 2) They have high melting points
3) They are conductors of molten state 4) They exhibit space isom
REASONING ANSWER TYPE
12. Statement I: A covalent bond is likely to be formed between two same or
different non metalic elements.
Statement II: Covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
13. Statement I: Sulphur of poly atomic molecule
Statement II: Calicium chloride is ionic compound
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
14. Statement I: Ionic bond is also called electrovalent bond
Statement II: Ionic bond formed by sharing of electron
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.

VII Class - Chemistry 264


CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING

COMPREHENSION TYPE
Ionic Bond is formed by transfer of electrons from one atom to another
atom.Covalent Bond formed by sharing of electrons between two atoms
15. Sodium Bromide is formed by ___________
1) Sharing of electrons with one another
2) Transfer of electrons from sodium to bromine
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None of these
16. Identify the covalent compounds from following:
1) Br2 2) Cl2 3) N 2 4) All of these
17. Iodine is:
1) Covalent solid 2) Ionic solid
3) Molecular solid 4) Covalent solid having metalic
lustre
MATRIX MATCHING TYPE
18. Column-I Column-II
a) F2 1) Covalent compound

b) Cl2 2) Triple covalent bond

c) N 2 3) Double bond

d) O2 4) Single bond
19. Column-I Column-II
a) Sharing of electrons 1) 2
b) Transfer of electrons 2) 3
c) Covalency of oxygen 3) ionic bond
d) Electro valency of nitrogen 4) covalent bond
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE
20. Covalency of nitrogen in ammonium ion is ________

265 VII Class - Chemistry


CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY

SYNOPSIS - 6
COMPARISON BETWEEN IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS:
Electrovalent (Ionic) Compounds Covalent Compounds
1. STATE – Bonding – Electrovalent 1. STATE – Bonding – Covalent
Existence – crystalline hard solid (room Existence – Gases, liquids or soft solids.
temp) Constituent Units – Molecules
Constituent Units – Ions (metallic, non- Force of attraction – Weak
metallic) Vander Waal’s forces exist between molecules.
Force of attraction – Strong Reason: Molecules have weak force of attraction
Electrostatic force exists between ions. between them and hence covalent compounds are
Reason: Ions (charged particles which gaseous (if molecules are less) and liquid or soft
attract one another to form electrovalent solids (if molecules are more).
compounds) are closely packed with strong
force of attraction existing between them,
hence electrovalent compounds are hard
solids.
2. VOLATILITY: Non-volatile 2. VOLATILITY: Volatile
3. MELTING & BOILING POINT : High 3. MELTING & BOILING POINT
melting point and high boiling point. Low melting point and low boiling point.
Reason: Strong electrostatic force of Reason: Weak Vander Waals force of attraction
attraction between ions. Large amount of between molecules. Less amount of energy is
energy is required to break the force of required to break the force of attraction.
attraction.
4. CONDUCTION OF HEAT : Good 4. CONDUCTION OF HEAT :
conductors of heat Bad or non-conductors of heat
5. CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY 5. CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY
Solid state – Non-conductors Gaseous or liquid state: Non-conductors.
Molten or aq. solution state : Good Soft solid state : Non conductors
conductors Reason: Non-polar covalent compounds contain
Reason : Strong electrostatic force keeps molecules and not free ions, hence are non-
ions in fixed position in the solid state. The conductors. Polar covalent compounds eg. HCl,
force is weakened in the molten state and NH3 show charge separation and dissociate in
disappears in soln, state, hence free ions water which is a polar solvent.
formed migrate to oppositely charged
electrodes.
6. ELECTROLYSIS : Can – be electrolysed in 6. ELECTROLYSIS : Cannot – be electrolysed in
molten or aq. Solution state. On electrolysis normal state. In solution state, polar covalent
the ions being charged are attracted compounds undergo electrolysis. e.g HCl & NH3
towards the respective electrodes. gas.
7. SOLUBILITY : Soluble – in water 7. SOLUBILITY : Soluble – in organic solvents [non-
Insoluble – in organic solvents. polar]
Reason: Water (Polar solvent) has a high Insoluble – insoluble in water.[polar]
dielectric constant i.e. capacity to weaken Reason : Organic solvents [non-polar] eg.,
the force of attraction thus resulting in free Benzene, alcohol, dissolve non-polar covalent
ions. Organic solvents [non-polar] have low compounds [like dissolves like].
dielectric constants and do not cause Water [polar solvent] cannot dissolve non-polar
dissolution. covalent compounds, but dissolves polar.
8. REACTIONS : Undergo – high speed ionic 8. REACTIONS :Undergo – slow speed molecular
reactions. reactions.
Reason : Free ions easily formed in Reason : Covalent molecules are first broken and
solution, rapidly regroup in solution. new bonds are then slowly established.
9. DISSOCIATION : Undergo electrolytic 9. IONISATION : Undergoes ionization in solution
dissociation on passage of electric current. state on passage of electric current. Process
Process involves separation of ions already involves formation of ions from molecules which
present in the electrovalent or ionic are not in the ionic state.
compound. Eg. HCl  H1  Cl 1 [in molten state]
Eg. NaCl  Na1  Cl 1 [in molten state]

VII Class - Chemistry 266


CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING

WORK SHEET - 6
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
1. Compared with covalent compounds, electrovalent compounds, generally have:
1) Low melting points and low boiling points.
2) Low melting point and high boiling point.
3) High melting point and high boiling point.
4) High melting point and low boiling point.
2. Which of the following is not a property of ionic compounds.

1) They are solids 2) They have high melting points


3) They are conductors in solid state. 4) They are conductors in molten
state.
3. Which of the following is correct statement about an ionic compound.
1) Higher the temperature, more the solubility.
2) High the dielectric constant of the solvent, more the solubility.
3) Lower the temperature, more solubility 4) Both 2 and 3
4. Identify the element having covalent bond, but good conductor of electricity
1) Diamond 2) Graphite 3) NH3 4) H2S
5. The bond between two identical non-metal atom and metal atom as a pair of
electrons:
1) Unequally shared between them
2) Transferred fully from one atom to other atom.
3) With identical spins
4) Equally shared between them.
6. Pure covalent bond is present in:
1) H–Cl 2) Cl –Cl 3) C-Cl 4) NaCl
MULTI ANSWER TYPE
7. Identify the correct statements
1) Ionic bond is stronger than covalent bond
2) Ionic compounds are soluble in water
3) Covalent compounds are insoluble in water
4) Ionic compounds good conductors in solid state.
8. Identify the false statements
1) Covalent compounds are good conductors except graphite
2) Generally covalent compound are soluble in water
3) Ionic compounds are insoluble in water
4) CH4 is ionic compound.
9. Which of the following statement is correct for CsBr3

1) It is a covalent compound 2) It contains Cs3 and Br ions

3) It contains C s  and Br3 4) None of these
10. KF combines with HF to form KHF2. The compound contains species:
1) K  ,F  and HF 2) K  and [HF2 ] 3) K  ,F  and HF 4) [KHF]+ and F2

267 VII Class - Chemistry


CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY

REASONING ANSWER TYPE


11. Statement I: Ionic compounds are good conductor of heat and electricity
infused and solution state.
Statement II: In solution form, their electrostastic force weakers, compound
split into ions.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
12. Statement I: The solubility of ionic compounds decreases with increases
in covalent character of ionic compound.
Statement II: Only unpaird electrons present in the atom involve in covalent
bond.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
13. Statement I: Covalent bond is present in AlCl3
Statement II: The maximum electrovalency in the formation of ionic bond
is 3.
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
14. Statement I: Neon molecule ( Ne2 )is not possible.
Statement II: Due to Neon last shell having ‘8’ electrons
1) Both Statements I and statement II are correct.
2) Both Statements I and statement II are incorrect.
3) Statement I is correct and statement II is incorrect.
4) Statement I is incorrect and statement II is correct.
COMPREHENSION TYPE
The re are two ways by which the atoms can acquire noble gas
configuration(or) electrons in the outer most energy level.
(a) By losing (or) accepting electrons (b) By sharing of electrons
15. Potassium, its electronic configuration. 2,8,8,1 By loss of:
one electron potassium, achieve nearest noble gas configuration.
1) Neon 2) Argon 3) Krypton 4) Xenon
16. Chlorine, its electronic configuration, 2,5,7 By share one electron
with another chlorine atom, resulting bond
1) Ionic 2) Coordinate 3) Covalent 4) All
17. Ionic bond is also called as:
1) Dative bond 2) Electrovalent 3) Covalent 4) Coordinate bond

VII Class - Chemistry 268


CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDING

MATRIX MATCHING TYPE


18. Column-I Column-II
a) HCl 1) Ionic bond

b) MgCl2 2) Covalent bond


c) KCl 3) Hard and brittle
d) Na2SO4 4) Soft
19. Column-I Column-II
a) Sodium chloride 1)Covalent compound
b) Methane 2) Ionic compound
c) Potassium chloride 3) Soluble in water
d) Water 4) Soluble in non polar solvents
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE
20. ____________ electron pairs present in oxygen molecule.

WORK SHEET – 1 (KEY)


1) 4 2) 3 3) 1 4) 2 5) 1

6) 1 7) 2 8) 4 9) 2 10) 2

11) 1,2 12) 1,3,4 13) 1,4 14) 1 15) 1

16) 4 17) 3 18) 4 19) 2 20) 4,(2,3),


2, (1,2)

21) 8

WORK SHEET – 2 (KEY)


1) 2 2) 4 3) 1 4) 3 5) 1

6) 1 7) 2 8) 1 9) 1 10) 1

11) 4 12) 1,2,3 13) 1,2,4 14) 1,2 15) 4

16) 1 17) 1 18) 1 19) 2 20) 1

21) 3,2,4,1 22) 2

269 VII Class - Chemistry


CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMISTRY

WORK SHEET – 3 (KEY)


1) 2 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3 5) 4

6) 4 7) 3 8) 3 9) 3 10) 3

11) 1 12) 1,2,3 13) 1,2,3 14) 1,2,3 15) 1

16) 3 17) 1 18) 3 19) 2 20) 1

21) 1,2,4,3 22) 1

WORK SHEET – 4 (KEY)


1) 3 2) 2 3) 3 4) 3 5) 2

6) 2 7) 2 8) 1,2,3,4 9) 1,2,3,4 10) 2,3,4

11) 4 12) 1 13) 3 14) 2 15) 2

16) 1 17) 2 18) 2 19) 1,4,1,2 20) 8

WORK SHEET – 5 (KEY)


1) 1 2) 4 3) 3 4) 1 5) 4

6) 4 7) 4 8) 1,2,3 9) 3 10) 4

11) 1,2,3,4 12) 1 13) 1 14) 3 15) 2

16) 4 17) 4 18) (1,4), 19) 4,3,1,2 20) 4


(1,4),
(1,2),
(1,3)

WORK SHEET – 6 (KEY)


1) 3 2) 3 3) 4 4) 2 5) 4

6) 2 7) 1,2,3 8) 1,2,3,4 9) 3 10) 2

11) 1 12) 1 13) 1 14) 1 15) 2

16) 3 17) 2 18) (2,4), 19) (2,3), 20) 6


(1,3), (1,4),
(1,2,3), (2,3),
(1,3) 1

VII Class - Chemistry 270


****

You might also like