LHAMBERT AND ALTHEA

PHYSICS - occurs when electrons move from

Lesson 1.1 one place to another
ELECTROSTATICS Current Electricity
- the flow of electric charge across an
Amber electric field
- a hardened translucent yellowish tree - Eg. ( turning on a light, starting a car,
resin, which contains animal and watching TV, charging a cellphone,
plant materials. cooking on electric stove )
- Amber may be used as jewerly or Electrostatics
decorative item.
- Electrostatics is the study of all
- As early as 600 BC, the Greeks were
phenomena associated with electric
already aware that when amber
charges at rest.
vigorously rubbed with a piece of
Structure of the Atom
cloth, could attract nearby objects.
- Atom is made of subatomic
particles-protons, neutrons, and
William Gilbert
electrons.
- served as physician to Queen - The protons and neutrons
Elizabeth I of England in 1600. constitute the nucleus, and atom.
- The one who found out that many - The electrons orbit an atom’s
other substances demonstrated the nucleus.
same ability as that of amber when - The mass of proton is almost equal to
rubbed against other substances. the mass of neutron.
- The mass of an electron is very small
Electrics compared to that of a proton or a
- ability of amber electricity neutron.
Electricity - Thus, the mass of an atom is
concentrated at the nucleus.
- From the greek word “elektron”
- In an electrically neutral atom, the
which means “ambeR.”
number of protons is equal to the
- Flow of electrical power or flow of
number of electrons.
charge
In terms of charge:
- Proton = +
2 kinds of Electricity
- Electron = -
- static electricity and current
- Neutron = 0
electricity
Elementary Charge
- the result of an imbalance between
negative and positive charges in an - Elementary charge is represented by
object. e.
- occurs when electrons move from - It is the electric charge carried by a
one place to another single proton.
- It is a fundamental physical constant.
- Thus,a proton has a charge of +e,
Static Electricity
while electron has a charge of -e.
- the result of an imbalance between
negative and positive charges in an
object.
LHAMBERT AND ALTHEA

Electrical Charges - Coloumb is approximately equal to

- Electrical charges are usually 6.24 x 10¹⁸.
represented by q. CHARGES OF PROTON AND
- SI unit is coulomb (C) ELECTRON
Coulomb (C) - PROTON = 1.602 X 10 ̄ ¹⁹C
- Coulomb is named by - ELECTRON = -1.602 X 10 ̄ ¹⁹C
Charles-Augustine de Coulomb.
- Charles-Augustine de Coulomb- a
French physicist who made important
discoveries in electricity.

TABLE 1-1
PROPERTIES OF PROTON, NEUTRON AND ELECTRON

Subatomic Particle Location Mass Charge

Proton inside nucleus 1.673 x 10 ̄ ²⁷ kg 1.602 X 10 ̄ ¹⁹C

Neutron inside nucleus 1.675 x 10 ̄ ²⁷ kg 0

Electron around nucleus 9.109 x 10 ̄ ³¹ kg -1.602 X 10 ̄ ¹⁹C

LHAMBERT AND ALTHEA

CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS the conductivity value of a

conductor.
Conductivity SUPERCONDUCTORS
- Is the measure of the ease at which - Superconductors are materials that
an electric charge moves through a have electrical conductivity value
material. above the conductivity value of a
- the units of conductivity are Siemens conductor.
per meter (S/m) or milliSiemens per - offer practically no resistance to the
meter (mS/m). flow of charges below some critical
- conductors are materials that readily temperatures.
allow the flow of charges. - the electrical conductivity of
- metals are good conductors because superconductors are very high
they have plenty of free electrons that compared to conductors
can easily move in the materials. - current in superconductor can keep
- eg.(copper, gold, steel, aluminum, flowing without any decay.
silver, and iron) - Most superconductors only work at
materials that resist the flow of charges. temperatures close to absolute zero.
- Superconductors that work at room
Insulators
temperature would make everyday
- Insulators are materials that resist the
electricity generation and
flow of charges.
transmission vastly more efficient in
- The conductivity of insulators is
as much as there will be no power
slow.
losses.
- eg.(rubber, plastic, mica, paper, glass
- Highest critical temperature of a
and air)
superconducting material is 203K
SEMICONDUCTORS (-70℃).The material involved is
- Semiconductor is a type of conductor hydrogen sulfide.
which has a conductivity value that -
falls between the values of an PROCESS OF CHARGING
insulator and a conductor.
- The number of protons and electrons
- Semiconductors are not as conducive
in an atom is equal; hence, an atom is
as metals, but they are more
neutral.
conducive than insulators.
- atom may gain or lose electrons.
- The conductivity of a semiconductor
- loses electron = +(positively
in its pure form is very slow.
charged)
- Semiconductors have paved the way
- gains electron = -(negatively
for the development of miniaturized
charged)
electronic devices such as transistors
and integrated circuits.
- The electrical conductivity of a
semiconductor is in between the 3 PROCESS BY WHICH A NEUTRAL
conductivities of conductors and BODY MAY BE CHARGED.
insulators.
- Charging by Friction
- eg. ( silicon, germanium, and gallium
- Charging by Conduction
arsenide)
- Charging by Induction
Superconductors are materials that have
electrical conductivity value above
LHAMBERT AND ALTHEA

CHARGING BY FRICTION PRACTICE EXERCISE 1.1

- Charging by friction results when 1. A piece of nylon cloth is used to clean the
two different materials are rubbed lenses of a pair of eyeglasses. In doing so,
together. which becomes positely charged? negatively
- The materials that will either become charged? Assume that the lenses are made
positively charged or negatively of glass.
charged depend on its electron ➢Answer: In the triboelectric series,
affinity. the electron affinity of nylon is
- Electron affinity- is a measure of the lower than that of lense. Therefore,
attraction of an atom to an electron, the nylon becomes positively
or the tendency of an atom to become charged and the lens becomes
positively charged. negatively charged.
- Materials with higher electron
affinity- capable of gaining electrons
2. In the process of rubbing the lenses of the
from those of lower electron affinity.
eyeglasses, 6.28 x 10¹º electrons were
TRIBOELECTRIC SERIES transferred. (a) What is the charge of the
- ranking of some materials. lenses and the nylon cloth? (b) What is the
- Arrange in order of increasing change in their masses?
electron affinity from top to buttom.
- In triboelectric series, when two
different materials are rubbed
together, the one that is higher on the
list will become positively charged.
-
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1.1
1. A rubber comb runs through human
hair. What charge is required by the
hair and by the comb

➢Answer: In the triboelectric series,

the electron affinity of human hair
is higher than that of rubber.
Therefore, the hair becomes
positively charged and the comb
becomes negatively charged.
2. When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk
cloth, the rod acquir a charge of magnitude
3.4 nC or 3.4 x10 ̄9C. (a) Did the glass rod
gain or lose electrons? (b) How many
electrons were transferred during the process?
(c) What is the change in the mass of the
glass rod? (d) What is the charge in the mass
of the silk cloth?
CHARGING BY CONDUCTION
LHAMBERT AND ALTHEA

- Charging by conduction requires - have unusual property of carrying

physical contact between a charging fractional chs of an electron.
body and a neutral body. - The name quark was taken from a
- The sign of the change acquired by line in James Joyce’s poem “ Three
the neutral body is the same with that Quarks for Muster Mark” in his book
of the charged body. Finnegans Wake.
- A neutral body becomes positively NOTE: Each quarks has a corresponding
charged when charged by a positively antiquark
charged body. Likewise, it becomes - Antiquark- antiparticle of a quark
negatively charged when charged by that has the same mass but opposite
a negatively charged body. charge.
6 TYPES OF QUARKS AND
CHARGING BY INDUCTION ANTIQUARKS
- In charging by induction, a neutral ● up quark, up antiquark
body may charged without physical ● down quark, down antiquark
contact with a charged body. ● charm quark, charm antiquark
- In induction the body to be charged is ● strange quark, strange antiquark
brought very near the charging body. ● top quark, top antiquark
CONSERVATION OF CHARGE ● bottom quark, bottom antiquark
- Another important concept in
electrostatic.
- In principal of conservation of charge
states that the total charge of an
isolated system remains constant. It
means that charges can neither be
created nor destroyed.
- In any charging process, charges are
merely transferred from one body to
another.
QUANTIZATION OF CHARGE
- A body becomes charged either by
gaining or losing electrons.
- It follows that the charge of a body
must be integral multiples of e.
- A charge is “quantized”, with e as the
smallest charge.
MURRAY GELL-MANN and GEORGE
ZWEIG
- The physicists who proposed the
existence of quarks in 1963.

QUARKS
LHAMBERT AND ALTHEA

Table 1-2
QUARKS AND ANTIQUARKS AND THEIR SYMBOLS AND CHARGES

QUARK / SYMBOL CHARGE (e)

ANTIQUARK
S

up u ū +2/3 -2/3

down -1/3 +1/3

charm +2/3 -2/3

strange -1/3 +1/3

top +2/3 -2/3

bottom -1/3 +1/3

QUARKS
- Quarks always come in combination,
with a total charge being an integral
multiple of e.
- MESON- A quark-antiquark pair
- BARYON- a combination of three
quarks.
- ANTIBARYON- a combination of
three antiquarks.
- MESONS AND BARYON-
collectively called “badrons”.
- A proton- is a baryon consisting of
two up quarks and one down quark.
- A neutron- is a baryon consisting of
two down quarks and one up quark.
- In year 2015 and 2016, the existence
of pentaquarks and tetraquarks was
discovered.
TETRAQUARKS
- consist of four quarks.
PENTAQUARKS
- consist of four quarks and one
antiquark.
LHAMBERT AND ALTHEA

- These forces are equal, but opposite

in direction in accordance with
Lesson 1.2 Newton’s third law of motion.
COULOMB’S. LAW Coulomb’s Law
- Coulomb’s Law has a strong
Coulomb’s Law resemblance to Newton’s Law of
- It involves like charges(repel) and Universal Gravitation.
unlike charges(attract).
- States that the magnitude of the Formula of Gravitational Force (fg)
electric force between two charged
particles is directly proportional to
the product of the magnitudes of the
charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between
them.

Superposition Principle
- State that each charge will exert a
force on another charges as if no other
charges are present.

Electric Force (fe)

- is a vector quantity, which may be
positive or negative depending on the
direction, which is along the line
joining q₁ and q₂.
- the vectors representing the force that
q₁ exerts on q₂ and vice versa are
pointing toward each other for
attraction and away from each other
for repulsion.