Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion

Module 1-Lesson 1

Finding the Answers to the

Research Questions
(Data Analysis Method)
SHAILA B. TANGLOD
MT 1-SHS
Warm Up
Familiarize yourself with dos and don’ts in citing sources in research.
Then group the words accordingly using the template. Use a separate
sheet of paper in answering the activity.
Vocabulary List
The following terms will be encountered in the lesson:

Data - factual information [as measurements or

statistics] used as a basis for reasoning, discussion,
or calculation.

Data Analysis - a process of understanding data or

known facts or assumptions serving as the basis of
any claims or conclusions you have about
something.
Bias - defined as any tendency which prevents unprejudiced
consideration. In research, bias occurs when “systematic error
[is] introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or
encouraging one outcome or answer over others”.

Plagiarism - is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your

own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your
work without full acknowledgement. All published and
unpublished material, whether in manuscript, printed or electronic
form, is covered under this definition.

Intellectual honesty - is honesty in the acquisition, analysis, and

transmission of ideas. A person is being intellectually honest
when he or she, knows the truth, states that truth.
 Data Analysis Methods

This section includes summaries of the data

rather than the raw data (e.g., the actual scores
for individuals). A results section includes tables,
figures, and detailed explanations about the
statistical results.

Before writing this section:

Make sure to finalize and finish Chapter I-III.
Data Preparation and Basic Data Analysis
Steps:
1. Getting familiar with the data: The researcher
should start by reading the data several times to get
familiar with it and start looking for basic
observations or patterns. This also includes
transcribing the data.
2.Revisiting research objectives: The researcher
revisits the research objective and identifies the
questions that can be answered through the
collected data.
3. Developing a framework: Also known as coding or
indexing, the researcher identifies broad ideas, concepts,
behaviors, or phrases and assigns codes to them. Coding
is helpful in structuring and labeling the data.
➢For example, coding age, gender, socioeconomic status,
and even concepts such as the positive or negative
response to a question.
4.Identifying patterns and connections: Once the data
is coded, the research can start identifying themes,
looking for the most common responses to questions,
identifying data or patterns that can answer research
questions, and finding areas that can be explored further.
Qualitative Data Analysis Methods
Content analysis:
➢ This is one of the most common methods to analyze qualitative
data.
➢ It is used to analyze documented information in the form of texts,
media, or even physical items.
➢ It is usually used to analyze responses from interviewees.
Narrative analysis:
➢ This method is used to analyze content from various sources,
such as interviews of respondents, observations from the field, or
surveys.
➢ It focuses on using the stories and experiences shared by people
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to answer the research questions.

• Framework analysis.
➢ This is more advanced method that consists of several stages such as
familiarization, identifying a thematic framework, coding, charting, mapping
and interpretation.

• Discourse analysis: It is used to analyze interactions with people.

➢ It focuses on analyzing the social context in which the communication
between the researcher and the respondent occurred.
➢ It also looks at the respondent’s day-to- day environment and uses that
information during analysis.
• Grounded theory: This explain why a certain phenomenon happened.
➢ It does this by studying a variety of similar cases in different settings and
using
the data to derive causal explanations. Researchers may alter the
explanations or create new ones as they study more cases until they arrive at
an explanation that fits all cases. 4
Three Steps for Qualitative Data Analysis:

Step 1: Developing and Applying Codes.

Coding can be explained as categorization of
data. A ‘code’ can be a word or a short phrase
that represents a theme or an idea. All codes
need to be assigned meaningful titles. A wide
range of non-quantifiable elements such as
events, behaviors, activities, meanings etc. can
be coded.
Research Title Elements to be Coded Coded
Qualitative data coding

Step 2: Identifying themes, patterns and relationships.

Analytical and critical thinking skills of researcher plays
significant role in data analysis in qualitative studies.
Therefore, no qualitative study can be repeated to
generate the same results.

Nevertheless, there is a set of techniques that you can

use to identify common themes, patterns and relationships
within responses of sample group members in relation to
codes that have been specified in the previous stage.
 Most popular and effective methods of qualitative data interpretation
include the following:

▪ Word and phrase repetitions – scanning primary data for words and
phrases most commonly used by respondents, as well as, words and
phrases used with unusual emotions;
▪ Primary and secondary data comparisons – comparing the findings
of interview/focus group/observation/any other qualitative data
collection method with the findings of literature review and discussing
differences between them;
▪ Search for missing information – discussions about which aspects of
the issue was not mentioned by respondents, although you expected
them to be mentioned;
▪Metaphors and analogues – comparing primary research
findings to phenomena from a different area and discussing
similarities and differences.

Step 3: Summarizing the data. At this last stage you need to link
research findings to hypotheses or research aim and objectives.
When writing data analysis chapter, you can use noteworthy
quotations from the transcript in order to highlight major themes
within findings and possible contradictions.

It is important to note that the process of qualitative data analysis

described above is general and different types of qualitative studies
may require slightly different methods of data analysis.
Analyzing Quantitative Data
Data Preparation
The first stage of analyzing data is data preparation,
where the aim is to convert raw data into something
meaningful and readable.

Four steps:
Step 1: Data Validation
The purpose of data validation is to find out, as far
as possible, whether the data collection was done as
per the pre-set standards and without any bias.
Four- Step Process:
1.1 Fraud, to infer whether each respondent
was actually interviewed or not.
1.2 Screening, to make sure that respondents
were chosen as per the research criteria.
1.3 Procedure, to check whether the data
collection procedure was duly followed.
1.4 Completeness, to ensure that the
interviewer asked the respondent all the
questions, rather than just a few required ones.
Step 2: Data Editing
Typically, large data sets include errors. For example, respondents
may fill fields incorrectly or skip them accidentally. To make sure
that there are no such errors, the researcher should conduct basic
data checks, check for outliers, and edit the raw research data to
identify and clear out any data points that may hamper the accuracy
of the results.
Step 3: Data Coding
This is one of the most important steps in data preparation. It
refers to grouping and assigning values to responses from the
survey.
For example, respondents between 13-15 years old would have
their age coded as 0, 16-18 as 1, 18-20 as 2, etc.)
Quantitative Data Analysis Methods
Descriptive Statistics/ Univariate Analysis
It helps researchers summarize the data and find
patterns. A few commonly used descriptive statistics are:

•Mean: numerical average of a set of values.

•Median: midpoint of a set of numerical values.
•Mode: most common value among a set of values.
•Percentage: used to express how a value or group of
respondents within the data relates to a larger group of
respondents.
•Frequency: the number of times a value is found.
•Range: the highest and lowest value in a set of values.
Intellectual Honesty in Research
Intellectual Honesty is an applied method of problem
solving, characterized by an unbiased, honest
attitude, which can be demonstrated in a number of
different ways including:
• Ensuring support for chosen ideologies does not
interfere with the pursuit of truth;
• Relevant facts and information are not purposefully
omitted even when such things may contradict
one's hypothesis;
➢ “Report everything”
Points to Ponder

❖Data analysis is perhaps the most important component of

research. Weak analysis produces inaccurate results that not
only hamper the authenticity of the research but also make
the findings unusable. It’s imperative to choose your data
analysis methods carefully to ensure that your findings are
insightful and actionable.

❖Exercise moral virtue, find the facts, increase respect, seek

insights, and search for common ground whenever you share
ideas with others. Because false beliefs are often harmful, we
have moral obligation to seek true beliefs. Challenge
dishonesty in yourself and other
Cooling Down Percentage Discourse Analysis
Plagiarism Content Anaylisi
A.Identification Data coding
Instruction: Provide the correct answer of each item and write it in your
notebook or separate sheet of paper.
1. It is used to analyze documented information in the form of texts,
media, or even physical items.
2. Presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, with or
without their consent.
_____3. It is used to analyze interactions with people.
4. It refers to grouping and assigning values to responses from the
survey.
5. Used to express how a value or group of respondents within the
data relates to a larger group of respondents.
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