CONIC SECTIONS

● HOURGLASS (VERTICAL) - Parallel

1. CIRCLE - When the plane is Horizontal to the y-axis
x= h Center (h,k)
y=k Conjugate Axis Horizontal
2 2
Distance Formula: (𝑥2 − 𝑥1)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)2 Equation Form is
(𝑦−𝑘)
𝑎
2 −
(𝑥−ℎ)
𝑏
2 =1
(𝑥2−𝑥1) (𝑦2−𝑦1) Vertices (h, k ± a )
Midpoint Formula: 2
, 2
Co-Vertices (h ± b, k)
Slope-Intercept form: y = mx+b ; m is the
negative reciprocal of the slope. Foci (h, k ± c )
𝑎
𝑦2−𝑦1 Asymptotes 𝑦 = ± 𝑏
(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘
Slope of the Line: 𝑀 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 2
𝑏
Lactus Rectum 𝑎
2 2 2
Standard equation:(𝑥 − ℎ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘) = 𝑟
2 2
Transverse Length = 2a
General form: 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0,
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 0. 3. PARABOLA-
Solve the radius in tangent x-axis or y-axis by Vertex : origin V (0, 0) If the parabola
counting based on the given axis. opens upward, the vertex is the
Completing the square. lowest point. If the Parabola opens
(Note: both sides should be equally added) downward, The vertex is the
In an equation, if A is not equal to 1, make Highest point.
sure to factor out leaving the standard Directrix : the line y = −c or y = c
equation reduced. When adding to the other The directrix is c units below or above
side,don’t forget to multiply the used factor. the vertex.
System of linear equations by using Focus: F(0, c) or F(0, −c) The focus is
substitution to find out the value of x and y. c units above or below the Vertex. Any
When it has a diameter with endpoints use point on the parabola has the same
the Distance Formula. distance from the focus as it has from
the directrix.
2. HYPERBOLA - when the plane (not necessarily
Axis of symmetry: x = 0 (the y-axis)
vertical) intersect both cones to form two unbounded
This line divides the parabola into two
curves (each called a branch of the hyper-bola)
parts which are mirror images of each
other.
● BUTTERFLY (HORIZONTAL) - parallel to
the x-axis
FORMULA VERTEX AT ORIGIN
2
Center (h,k) 𝑥 = 4𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
2 2
(𝑥−ℎ) (𝑦−𝑘) 2
Equation form is 2 + 2 = 1 𝑥 = − 4𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑎 𝑏
2
Transverse Axis = Horizontal 𝑦 = − 4𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
2
Transverse Length = 2a 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Conjugate Axis = Vertical
Conjugate Length = 2b FORMULA VERTEX AT (H,K)
2
vertex (ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘) (𝑥 − ℎ) = 4𝑎 (𝑦 − 𝑘) 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
2
Co-vertex (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏) (𝑥 − ℎ) =− 4𝑎 (𝑦 − 𝑘) 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
Foci (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘) (𝑦 − 𝑘)
2
=− 4𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ) 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
𝑏
Asymptotes 𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 2
𝑎 (𝑦 − 𝑘) = 4𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ) 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2 2 2
Pythagorean theorem: 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑐
 EQUATION: CENTER AT ORIGIN
2
● (𝑥 − ℎ) = 4𝑎 (𝑦 − 𝑘) 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 2
𝑥 𝑦
2
Horizontal: 2 − 2 =1
Focus: (h, k+a) 𝑎 𝑏
2 2
Directrix: y= k-a Vertical:
𝑦
−
𝑥
=1
2 2
2 𝑎 𝑏
● (𝑥 − ℎ) =− 4𝑎 (𝑦 − 𝑘) 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
CENTER AT H,K
Focus: (h, k-a) 2 2
(𝑥−ℎ) (𝑦−𝑘)
Directrix: y= k+a Horizontal: 2 − 2 =1
𝑎 𝑏
2
● (𝑦 − 𝑘) = 4𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ) 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑦−𝑘)
2
(𝑥−ℎ)
2
Vertical: − =1
Focus:( h+ a,k)
2 2
𝑎 𝑏
Directrix: x= h-a Vertex: (h, k ± a )
●
2
(𝑦 − 𝑘) =− 4𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ) 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 Covertex: (ℎ ∓ 𝑐, 𝑘)
Focus: (h-a, k) Foci: (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏)
Directrix: x= h+a
EASILY IDENTIFYING CONIC SECTIONS:
NOTE: Circle: When x and y are both squared
-The equations are in terms of x − h and y − k: the and The coefficients on them are the same
vertex coordinates are subtracted from the —including the sign.
corresponding variable. Thus, replacing both h and Parabola: When either x or y is squared —
k with 0 would yield the case where the vertex is the not both.
origin. For instance, this replacement applied to Ellipse: When x and y are both squared
2
(x−h) = 4c(y−k) (parabola opening upward) would and the coefficients are positive but
2 different.
yield 𝑥 = 4cy, the first standard equation we
Hyperbola: When x and y are both
encountered (parabola opening upward, vertex
squared, and exactly one of the coefficients
at the origin).
is negative and exactly one of the
coefficients is positive.
-If the x-part is squared, the parabola is “vertical”; if
the y-part is squared, the parabola is “horizontal.” In
METHODS OF SOLVING SYSTEMS OF LINEAR
a horizontal parabola, the focus is on the left
EQUATIONS FOR TWO VARIABLES
or right of the vertex, and the directrix is vertical.
Substitution method
-If the coefficient of the linear (non-squared) part is
● First, solve one linear equation for
positive, the parabola
y in terms of x .
opens upward or to the right; if negative, downward
● Then substitute that expression for y in the
or to the left.
other linear equation. You'll get an equation
in x .
3. ELLIPSE
● Solve this, and you have the x-coordinate
In the standard equation, if the x-part has the bigger of the intersection.
denominator, the ellipse is horizontal. If the y-part has ● Then plug in x to either equation to find the
bigger denominator, the ellipse is vertical. corresponding y -coordinate. (If it's easier,
When the (tilted) plane intersects only one cone to you can start by solving an equation for x in
form a bounded curve terms of y, also – same difference!)
a is always greater than b
Graphing method
2 2 ● If we want to solve a system of linear
(𝑥−ℎ) (𝑦−𝑘)
2 + 2 =1 equations by this method, we must know
𝑎 𝑏
that the graph of each linear equation is the
line.
● We graph both the equations by finding values −𝑦
for 'y' for different values of 'x' in the coordinate 𝑎1𝑐2−𝑎2𝑐1
system. Once it is done, we find the point of
intersection of these two lines. ● Finally, we consider the expression
below 1, which is 𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏
1 2 2 1
Linear Combination Method (Addition method)
● To write this, we ignore the column of
● Solve the system
constants, and cross-multiply the
● Multiply the first equation by adding the
coefficients in the remaining two
result to the second equation.
columns, and subtract them: Thus, the
● Solve for y
last part of our solution
● Substitute for y in either of the original
equality becomes
equations and solve for x
1
Cross Multiplication Method 𝑎1𝑏2−𝑎2𝑏1
● To solve linear equations with two
variables, we use the cross multiplication ● Combining all the three parts, our
formula: complete solution to the pair of linear
𝑥 −𝑦 1 equations becomes:
𝑏2𝑐2−𝑏2𝑐1
= 𝑎1𝑐2−𝑎2𝑐1
= 𝑎1𝑏2−𝑎2 𝑥 −𝑦 1
𝑏2𝑐2−𝑏2𝑐1
= 𝑎1𝑐2−𝑎2𝑐1
= 𝑎1𝑏2−𝑎2𝑏1
● To understand this technique, consider
an arbitrary pair of linear equations (that 𝑥 −𝑦 1
is, with any coefficients)
● ?
= ?
= ?
(a)1x + (b)1y + (c)1 = 0 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
● 𝑥= 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 1
(a)2x + (b)2y + (c)2 = 0
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑦
● Let us write down the coefficients in the ● 𝑦= 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 1
original pair of equations as follows, in a
Matrix Method
grid fashion ● The first step is to convert this into a matrix.
(a)1 (b)1 (c)1 Make sure all equations are in standard form
(Ax+By=C) , and use the coefficients of each
(a)2 (b)2 (c)2 equation to form each row of the matrix. It
● We now will simply ignore the coefficients may help you to separate the right column
of x in our grid, and cross-multiply the with a dotted line.
coefficients in the remaining two ● Next, we use the matrix row operations to
columns, and subtract them: change the 2×2 matrix on the left side to the
identity matrix .
𝑥
𝑏2𝑐2−𝑏2𝑐1 METHODS OF SOLVING SYSTEMS OF
● Next, we consider the expression below LINEAR EQUATIONS
negative y, which is 𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑎 𝑐
1 2 2 1
● Cramer's method-
To write this, we ignore the column of y
coefficients, and cross-multiply the ● Inverse method-
coefficients in the remaining two ● Gauss-Jordan method
columns, and subtract them: ● Gauss Elimination method
Thus, the second part of our solution ● LU Decomposition method of factorisation (or)
equality becomes, Method of Triangularisation