Level: 3rd year – Common Streams Revision Teacher: Miss.

Hassani
‫ملخص مادة اللغة اإلنجليزية للشعب العلمية‬
A/ Grammar

1. Expressing Concession
• To express concession, we use the following connectors.

Although, though, even though, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that + S + Verb

Inspite of, despite + noun phrase / verb+ing form

• We use connector + main clause +, + unexpected result

• Or : unexpected result + connector + main clause

Example: Despite being overweight, Mohamed still overconsumes sugary food
Or : Mohamed still overconsumes sugary food despite being overweight

Sentence 1+ ; however, / ;nonetheless, / ;nevertheless, + sentence 2

Mohamed suffers from diabetes; however, he still eats lots of fast food.

2. Expressing Condition
Conditional Type 01: if / providing that / provided that / as long as / but only if / only if
Future simple + providing that + present simple

Providing that + present simple + , + future simple

Examples: Providing that you revise well, you will get good marks
You will get good marks providing that you revise well.
3. Expressing Advice
► Advice:
• Should / ought to / had better / had better not + stem
• If I were you, I would + verb (stem)
People should stop buying counterfeit products
If I were you, I would not buy counterfeit products.
► Late advice
• It’s high time / it’s about time + subject + verb (past simple)
It’s high time the government fought corruption
4. Expressing Wishes
a) Past Wish: past perfect
I wish I had revised my lessons
b) Present Wish: past simple
I wish I were rich
c) Future Wish: would + stem / could + stem
I wish I could develop my speaking skills
5. Expressing Cause / Effect
a) Cause:
➢ Because / since / as
Ex: Parents have to control their children’s use of the Internet because (as / since)
there are some dangerous sites.
➢ Because of / due to/ owing to
Ex: Because of some dangerous sites, parents have to control their children’s use of
the Internet
b) Result:
➢ ;as a result, / ;as a consequence, / ;consequently, / ;therefore, / ,thus, / so,
Ex: There are some dangerous sites, thus, parents have to control their children’s use of
the Internet
➢ So + adj + that
Corruption is so devastating that it can destroy societies
➢ such + noun / noun phrase + that
Corruption is such a devastating practice that it can destroy societies.
6. Passive / active voice
Active form: Sara writes a letter
S V O
Passive form: a letter is written by Sara
S V ( to be + past participle) Agent

Tenses Subject verb object

Active John writes a letter
Present simple
passive A letter is written by John
Active John wrote a letter
Past simple
passive A letter was written by John
Present Active John is writting a letter
continous Passive A letter is being written by John
Active John was writting a letter
Past continous
Passive A letter was being written by John
Active John has written a letter
Present perfect
Passive A letter has been written by John
Active John had written a letter
Past perfect
Passive A letter had been written by John
Active John will write a letter
Future simple
Passive A letter will be written by John
Active John can write a letter
Modals
Passive A letter can be written by John

7. Direct / Indirect Speech

If the reporting verb is in the present, we don’t change the tense of the direct sentence.
If the reporting verb is in the past, the tense of the direct sentence changes.
a) Statement: s + reporting verb + that (optional) + subject + verb (reported) …
b) Wh- questions: s + reporting verb + wh- word + subject + verb…
c) Yes/No Qs: s + reporting verb + if / whether + subject + verb …
d) Order/request: s + reporting verb + to + verb (stem) …
 The tense in quoted (direct) speech The tense in reported (indirect) speech
- Simple Present - Simple past [(regular v+ed)(irregular v changes)]
- Present continuous[is/are+v(ing) - Past continuous
- Present perfect [has/have+v(past participle)] - Past perfect
- Past Simple - Past perfect [had + v (past participle)]
- Past continuous [was/were+v(ing)] - Past Perfect continuous [had+been+v(ing)]
- Past perfect - Past perfect
- Simple future [will + v (infinitive)] - Conditional [would + v (infinitive)]
- Future perfect [will + have + v (past participle)] - Conditional perfect [would + have + v (past participle)]

Features Direct speech Indirect (reported) speech.

Demonstratives Here/ This /These There/ That/ Those
Now Then
Today That day
Tonight That night
Time expressions Yesterday The day before/ the previous day
Tomorrow The following day/ the day after
Hour-day-month-week-year /ago Hour-day-month-week-year/ before
Next ……. The following …/The …. after
Last ……. The previous … / …. before
Modals Shall/will/Can/May/ Must Should/would/Could/Might/Had to
Might/ (has/have to)/ should Might /had to / Should

Direct Indirect
Speech Speech
I He / She
We We / They
My My / His / Her
Our Our / Their
Me Me / Him / Her
Us Us / Them

8. Modals / semi modals / degrees of certainty

Must ➔ strong obligation
Must not ➔ prohibition
Have to ➔ necessity
Had better
Should ➔ advice
Ought to

Could
➔ remote possibility (15 %)
Might

May ➔ possibility (50 %)

Can

It is probably that
➔ probability (80 %)
It will probably

S + will certainly + stem / will + stem ➔ certainty (100%)

 9. If conditional Types:

Type Conditional clause Result Clause Function

Future possibility /
1 Present simple Future Simple (will + stem)
prediction
Unreal situation in the
2 Past simple would + stem
present (imagination)

Examples:➔ If you study well, you will succeed (type 1)

➔ If I had money, I would start my own business (type 2 / I don’t have money, I just
imagine the opposite of the current situation)
10. Unless
Unless: if … not (conditional type 1)
Examples: If you don’t stop smoking, the risk of lung cancer will increase.
1
Unless you stop smoking, the risk of lung cancer will increase.
not not

If authorities pass stringent laws, we will fight nepotism 2

Unless authorities pass stringent laws, we will not fight nepotism
not not

If you practice sport, you will not suffer from cardiovascular diseases. 3
Unless you practice sport, you will suffer from cardiovascular diseases.
11. Expressing Similarities & Differences
Differences Similarities
Unlike, whereas, while, but, yet, however, contrary to, Like, as, similar to, both….and, neither....nor,
in contrast to, different from, dissimilar… and, also, too, same, alike …
A) Expressing similarity
Mars has active volcanoes and ice caps.
Earth has active volcanoes and ice caps.
- Like / as Mars, Earth has active volcanoes and ice caps
- Similar to Earth, Mars has active volcanoes and ice caps
- Mars and Earth have active volcanoes and ice caps.
- Both Mars and Earth have active volcanoes and ice caps.
B) Expressing difference
Earth has liquid water on its surface.
Other planets do not have liquid water on their surfaces

- Unlike Earth, Other planets do not have liquid water on their surfaces
- Contrary to / in contrast to / compared with other planets, Earth has liquid water on its surface.
- Earth is different from other planets, the former has liquid water on its surface.
Earth has liquid water on its surface whereas / while / but /; however, other planets do not have liquid
water on their surfaces
 B/ Morphology
1. Prefixes: “dis, de, il, im, in, ir, mis, un” are prefixes used at the beginning of the word to form the
opposite (=/=)
• Dis: disagree, distrust
• il + l: illogical
• im + b / m/ p: immoral
• in + c / b /d / s: indirect, instable
• ir + r: irresponsible
• un + c / f / l : uncomfortable
• de + verb: deform
• mis (no rule): misuse – mislead
Other prefixes: well- / self- / en- e.g., well-developed / self-confidence / endanger
2. Suffixe

Verb suffixes Noun suffixes Adjective suffixes

ate – en – ify /fy – ise/ize ment – ness – ance/ence – ism – able/ible – al – ful – less – ic/ical
tion/sion/ion – ship – ity/ty – – ous – ive – y/ly – ed – ing - ish
er/or – ist – al – acy – ing –hood.. - an/ian – ese …

C/ Pronunciation
a) Stress in two-syllable words:
• Nouns / adjectives / adverbs: stress falls on the 1st syllable
E.g., teacher, actor, table, happy, sunny, under, always, never
• Verbs: stress falls in the 2nd syllable
E.g., correct, present, prepare
b) Stress in words ending in: ics, ic, ion, ian, tion, sion, cian, ive, ial
Stress falls on the penultimate syllable (the second from the end)
E.g., supportive, expansion

c) Stress in words ending in: phy - gy - my-cy- ty - ical – ence - ment– ist –ize– ate
Stress falls on the anti-penultimate syllable (the third from the end)
E.g., democracy – government – sensitize

d) Words with suffixes: ee, eer, ese are stressed on the suffix itself
E.g., employee, engineer, Japanese

Silent letters
* B is not pronounced when following M at the end of a word. e.g., climb
* D is not pronounced in some words: sandwich
* E is not pronounced at the end of words and usually makes the vowel long. E.g., hope
* G is not often not pronounced when followed by an N. e.g., Champagne
* GH is not pronounced before T and at the end of many words. E.g., Thought
* H is not pronounced when following W. E.g., What
* H is not pronounced at the beginning of many words. Use the article "an" with unvoiced H. e.g., Hour
* K is not pronounced when followed by N at the beginning of a word. Knife
* L is often not pronounced before L, D, F, M, K. Calm half salmon talk balk would should
* P is not pronounced at the beginning of many "psych" and "pneu". Psychiatrist / pneumonia
* S is not pronounced before L in the following words: Island / isle
* T is not pronounced in these common words: Castle / Christmas / fasten / listen / often / whistle / thistle
* U is not pronounced before after G and before a vowel. guess guidance guitar guest
* W is not pronounced at the beginning of a word followed by an R. Wrap / write / wrong
* W is not pronounced with these three pronouns: Who whose whom
1) Pronunciation of final “s”
/S/ /Z/ /IZ/
/f/, /k/, /t/, /p/, /θ/ /b/ , /d/ , /l/, /m/ ,/n/ ,/r/ , /v/, /s/: s, ss, c, x (misses, mixes, spices, uses)
(months) /ð/ (breathes) + any vowel /z/: used
sound /dƷ / (pages) , /Ʒ/ j
/∫/ (wishes), /t∫/ ( matches),

2) Pronunciation of final “ed”

/t/ /d/ /Id/
/f/, /k/, /s/, /p/, /θ/, /∫/, /t∫/ /b/, /g/ , /v/ , /z/, /dj/ , /m/ , /n/ , /t/ , /d/
/r/ , /l/ , /ð/