Lab 3

2024
LAB 3 :
ZERO-POWER FACTOR TEST ON A 3-
PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
Presented for :
Eng. Raheem
Presented by :
Ahmed mohamed amin eldin
mohamed
Section :
2
1. Objectives
• Perform the zero-power factor test on a 3-phase synchronous generator.
• Determine the leakage reactance 𝑋𝑙 .
• Determine the equivalent armature reaction excitation current.
2. Experimental Setup
• The concept of zero-power factor test is to separate the voltage drop in a
synchronous machine due to leakage reactance and armature reaction.
• The machine is derived at synchronous speed (N= Ns), and is loaded with
pure inductive load (PF=0 lagging)
• The filed current at short circuit and at each load step is adjusted to have
a constant rated armature current.
• The filed current and the terminal voltage are measured to plot the zero-
power factor characteristics (ZPFC).
3. Theory
• it gives more accurate results when calculating the voltage regulation of a
synchronous machine than EMF and MMF methods.
• Both OCC and ZPFC have the same shape
1
• the zero-power factor curve is shifted vertically downward by the leakage
voltage drop 𝐼𝑎𝑋𝑎𝑙, and horizontally, by the armature reaction MMF (Fa).
• If the armature resistance is negligible as compared to leakage reactance 𝑋𝑎𝑙,

from the above phasor diagram, it can be easily seen that in case of inductive
loading, the terminal voltage Vt and air gap voltage Er are almost in phase.
𝑉𝑡 = 𝐸𝑟 − 𝐼𝑎 × 𝑋𝑎𝑙
• In this case, the filed MMF (Ff) and resultant air gap MMF (Fr) are also almost in phase
and Fa is wholly demagnetizing MMF.
𝐹𝑓 = 𝐹𝑟 + 𝐹𝑎
4. 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
• (BA) represent the voltage drop in armature leakage reactance (𝐼𝑎𝑋𝑎𝑙)
• The no load voltage corresponding to 𝐹𝑟 is 𝐹𝐶
• no load and with a field excitation 𝐹𝑓
• Since zero-power factor characteristics is a plot between 𝑉𝑡 and 𝐹𝑓 or 𝐼𝑓
• For a constant armature current, the size of 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ABC remains
constant.
5. Steps to draw the 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑟 Triangle.
1) Draw the OCC (from experiment no. 1).
2) Draw the ZPFC from measurement Table.
3) Mark the point F`` at zero power factor curve corresponding to filed current
required for rated armature current at short circuit
4) Mark the point A at zero power factor curve corresponding to rated voltage
5) Draw tangent for the open circuit characteristics curve from the origin.
2
6) Draw the line AD from A towards Y-axis which is parallel and equal to OF``.
7) Draw the parallel line for the tangent from D, cut the open circuit
characteristics curve in C.
8) Draw CB perpendicular on AD. The scaled triangle ABC is the 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑟 triangle
6. Equipment
1) 2-variable DC power sources
2) 3-phase synchronous machine
3) DC motor (prime mover) N=Ns
4) Tachometer
5) Ammeters
6) Voltameters
7) variable three phase inductive load
8) connecting wires
7. Steps
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure
2) Vary the DC voltage supply on the DC
motor to reach the synchronous
speed.
3) Short circuit the armature windings.
Raise the filed current gradually from
zero till reaching the rated armature
current.
4) -Apply the 3-phase inductive load and
at each step, adjust the field current to have constant rated armature current.
5) Record the readings of ammeters and voltammeter in each step.
3
8. Results
• Zero power factor curve
• Potier angle
4
9. Leakage reactance calculation
• the armature leakage reactance drop is:
𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑎𝑙 = 15 𝑉
• The armature leakage reactance is:
15 𝑉 15
𝑋𝑎𝑙 = = = 30𝛺
𝐼𝑎 0.5
• Armature reaction excitation:
𝐼𝑓2 = 0.97 − 0.19 = 0.78𝐴
10. Discussion
This technique considers the influence of the armature reaction as a m.m.f. quantity and the armature
resistance and leakage reactance voltage drops as e.m.f. quantities. Because of this, the findings produced
by this method are more accurate than those produced by the synchronous impedance and ampere
methods.The sole disadvantage of this approach is that if many triangles for different load circumstances
are needed, a distinct curve must be plotted for each load condition.To obtain the curve in this test, you do
not need to know the quantity of points. To create a zero power factor saturation curve, two points are
required.

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2024

• If the armature resistance is negligible as compared to leakage reactance 𝑋𝑎𝑙,

• Zero power factor curve

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