Experiment No.

04
Title: To calculate the statistical uncertainty in measurements (linear, angular and circular)
using touch probe and video probe of Manual Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM).
Objective:
The main objective of this experiment is to determine and analyze the statistical uncertainty
in different types of measurements using Manual CMM.

Apparatus:
1. Manual CMM (Model: Chen Wei CE-450 DV, Software: Quadra Chekt QC-5000)
2. Calibration Sphere
3. Calibrated Glass slide
4. Workpiece

Theory:
Introduction:
Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) are sophisticated metrology instruments commonly
used in manufacturing and quality control to obtain precise measurements of various features
on workpieces. In this lab experiment, we focus on the application of a CMM to measure the
surface roughness of a cylindrical workpiece.

Figure 1:CMM

Types of CMM:
1. Bridge CMM: This is one of the most common types of CMMs and is characterized
by a bridge-like structure that supports the measuring arm. It is suitable for medium to
large workpieces.
2. Gantry CMM: Gantry CMMs have a similar bridge-like structure as bridge CMMs,
but they are designed for larger workpieces and are often used in applications where
an extended reach is needed.
 3. Horizontal Arm CMM: In horizontal arm CMMs, the measuring arm is positioned
horizontally. This design is advantageous for inspecting large workpieces that are
positioned on the floor.
4. Articulated Arm CMM: Articulated arm CMMs consist of a series of joints and can be
easily moved around a workpiece. They are portable and versatile, often used in on-
site measurements.
5. Portable CMM: Portable CMMs are compact and designed for portability, making
them suitable for field measurements and in industries where mobility is essential.
6. Scanning CMM: Scanning CMMs have the capability to scan surfaces with a laser or
touch probe, allowing for the collection of dense point cloud data for more
comprehensive analysis.
7. Optical CMM: Optical CMMs use non-contact optical methods, such as laser or white
light scanning, to measure and inspect surfaces, making them ideal for delicate or
reflective materials.
8. Multisensor CMM: Multisensor CMMs combine multiple measurement technologies,
such as touch probes, lasers, and vision systems, to provide flexibility in inspecting
various types of features and surfaces.

Applications OF CMM:
Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) find extensive use in various industries for quality
control, inspection, and precision measurement. Some of their key applications include:

Figure 2:Application of CMM in Automobiles

Automotive Industry: CMMs are used to measure and inspect automotive parts for quality
control, ensuring that components like engine blocks, cylinder heads, and body panels meet
design specifications.

Aerospace Industry: CMMs play a crucial role in aerospace manufacturing, where they are
used to measure complex and high-precision components, such as turbine blades, airframes,
and critical engine parts.
Medical Devices: In the medical field, CMMs are used to measure and inspect intricate
components like orthopedic implants, surgical instruments, and dental prosthetics to ensure
their precision and safety.

Electronics and Semiconductor Manufacturing: CMMs help maintain the quality and
accuracy of microelectronics components, semiconductor wafers, and printed circuit boards.

Tool and Die Making: CMMs are used in tool and die manufacturing to inspect and measure
molds, dies, and cutting tools for precision and quality.

Plastic and Injection Molding: In the plastic industry, CMMs are used to inspect molded
plastic parts for dimensional accuracy and consistency.

Heavy Machinery Manufacturing: CMMs are utilized in the production of large machinery,
such as turbines and construction equipment, to ensure that the parts meet design
specifications.

Archaeology and Cultural Preservation: CMMs have been used to create digital replicas of
archaeological artifacts and sculptures for documentation, research, and restoration purposes.

Reverse Engineering: CMMs are employed to create digital models of existing objects, which
is useful in product redesign, replication, and replacement of parts.

Calibration Laboratories: CMMs are used to calibrate and validate other measuring
instruments and gauges, ensuring their accuracy and reliability.

Procedure:
1. First, calibrate the CMM's touch probe with a calibration sphere (dia: 25 mm) by
taking four points on the sphere. 3 spots on the sphere's circumference at 120 degrees,
and 1 point on the sphere's summit.
2. Using four points, I defined a boundary around the workpiece.
3. Measured linear distance, angle between two lines, and circle diameter using several
CMM software commands (line, distance, angle, circle).
 4. Determined the mean or average of each data set (linear, angular, and circular). For
this, add all of the numbers in a data set and divide by the total number of data values.
For example, if a data set contains four numbers, divide the sum by four. This is the
data set's mean.
5. Subtracted the mean from each number to calculate the deviation of each data value.
6. Each deviance was squared.
7. Summarized all squared deviations and divided the total by the number of values.
8. After dividing, find the square root of the above amount. This is the data set's standard
deviation.
9. At first, magnification of video probe of CMM is set and focused on that point where
workpiece is clearly visible on monitor screen. 7X magnification (zoom-in) is set for
experiment.
10. Then calibrated the video probe of CMM using a calibration glass slide which has
some circles of various standard diameters.
11. After calibration, magnification must not be changed.
12. Cross-hair probe & distance commands are selected.

Precautionary Measures:
1. Operator Training: Before using the CMM, ensure that all students and personnel
participating in the lab have received proper training on CMM operation, safety
procedures, and the use of related software. Provide a thorough orientation on the
machine's controls and functions.
2. Safety Gear and Lab Attire: Require all participants to wear appropriate safety gear,
including safety glasses and gloves, and to adhere to the university's lab attire
guidelines. This precaution helps protect against potential hazards and ensures a safe
working environment.
3. Workpiece Handling: Emphasize the importance of properly securing workpieces
before measurement to prevent any displacement during the process. Encourage
students to handle workpieces with care, especially when dealing with heavy or
fragile components.
4. Supervision and Assistance: During the lab session, provide adequate supervision and
assistance to students, especially if they are using the CMM for the first time. Having
an experienced instructor or lab technician available can help prevent errors and
ensure the safety of all participants

Observations & Calculations:

Linear Distance
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
74.957 75.748 75.664 75.758 75.258

Mean µ = 75.477

Standard Deviation  = 0.3180

Comments:
In this experiment, measurements of linear distances were conducted at five different data
points (D1 to D5). The calculated mean value of 75.477 millimeters represents the central
tendency of the data, while the small standard deviation of 0.3180 millimeters indicates that
the measurements are tightly clustered around the mean. This signifies a high degree of
precision and consistency in the recorded data. Overall, the experiment reflects accurate and
reliable measurement practices, making it a valuable exercise for quality control and
precision engineering applications. The mean and standard deviation offer crucial insights
into the central tendency and variability of the measured linear distances, enhancing the
understanding of the data's reliability
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