Pankaj
Pankaj
PROJECT REPORT
ON
DIPLOMA
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
PANKAJ KUMAR
Reg.No.:1441521032
Semester-VI
SESSION: - 2021-2024
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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SITAMARHI
BIHAR
CERTIFICATE
This is Certify that PANKAJ KUMAR has completed his project entitled
(HOD)
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DEDICATED
TO
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DECLARATION
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Word failed me, when I think of all that my parent has done for me. Throughout my
life they always been a constant source of inspiration and whose constant
admonition help me academic pursuit. Their sacrifices, prayers and good wishes
made me to reach this stage. I salute them.
Lastly, I am highly indebted to the teacher and staff of this department for their
support.
I wish to thank our entire project partner for their kind encouragement during our
work.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.) INTRODUCTION
1.1) General
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7.2) Single Axis Tracker
9.) OUTCOMES
10.) CONCLUSION.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1) GENERAL
In Last 10 years, we see that climate get changed in our country due to which the
cycle of season gets also changes. Now a days we couldn't predict the specific months
for the any specific season. In months of summer season, we do not get that sun
overhead, in rainy season we do not get rain there is drought in many parts of country
in rainy season. India is ranked 4th in the list of country effected by climate change
most. Recently we see too much fluctuation of season in our country. This change
impacts very harshly to the Indian farmers. In month of expected monsoon, they do
not get rain so, their crop gets wasted due to insufficient. This situation continuously
increasing in our country. SO, we have found a solution for Farmers to get irrigation
water at their required time.
Our government have provided many sources of water for irrigation but
due less of maintenance and due to lack of proper design water cannot stand in the
sources like canal, pond, and more. One of the most useful sources of irrigation water
is Canal but there is not any proper design of canal to uphold water for more time. In
Bihar, there is a long network of canal built by Bihar Government for the help of
Farmer in getting their regular required irrigation water. So, In This Project my team
try to design a canal which can serve for more times than a regular canal and uphold
water for more periods.
• Insufficient amount of water in canal. If there is water cannot stand for much
time due to various losses.
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• Improper design of canal so that it cannot uphold much water for long time.
• due to seepage unnecessary water flows into the field of farmers and destroy
their crops.
• In many palaces after 10 years canal gets in function due to lack of proper lining
of canal
• In summer season when crops require much water that time canal water gets
evaporate due to rise in temperature so that crops get wasted.
• We have planned a canal system in such a way that it has sufficient amount of
water in crops season
• make canal more efficient which can work properly for longer period
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2.) CANAL SYSTEM
A canal is a man-made channel that is built to transport water to fields for irrigation.
The water is drawn from a river, a tank, or a reservoir. Canals can be built with
concrete, stone, brick, or any type of flexible membrane that solves durability issues
like seepage and erosion. The canal irrigation system is a traditional irrigation method
that is extremely beneficial for agricultural work at a low cost.
Canal irrigation is one of the most important sources of water. It accounts for about
24% of total irrigation in the country. It is an effective source of irrigation in low-level
relief, deep fertile soil, and perennial river areas, which are mostly found in the
northern plains. Canal irrigation refers to the method of transporting water by gravity
from a river, reservoir, and tank via a canal to farmlands. The agricultural land will be
slightly shaped in the slope to allow for natural water flow.
o A permanent canal is a type of canal that has water available all year.
o This type of canal is typically directed from a permanent supply water body.
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o In this type of canal, several permanent hydraulic structures are built for water
regulation and distribution.
o A perennial canal is another name for a permanent canal.
o Based on Function
Power canal
Feeder Canal
Carrier canal
Navigation canal
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3.) Carrier Canal
A carrier canal is a multi-purpose canal that serves as both an
irrigation canal and a feeder canal.
o Contour Canal
A contour canal is a canal that runs roughly parallel to the area's contours.
This type of canal is common in hilly areas.
Because it runs parallel to the contour line, the ground on one side of the canal
is higher, allowing irrigation only on the other side.
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A contour canal must pass through the drainage, so cross drainage works are
required.
o Side-slope Canal
A side-slope canal is one that is nearly perpendicular to the contour of
the area.
It is not on the ridgeline or the valley line, but rather somewhere in the
middle.
Because it runs parallel to the natural drainage line, no cross-drainage
works are required.
o Based on Discharge
Main canal
Branch canal
Major Distributary canal
Minor distributary canal
Canals are fed by rain water received by rivers, and the water is used for
irrigation. Production of crops needing more water is also possible
through canals. As compared to un-irrigated soils, higher productivity
per hectare is also possible due to canals.
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Canals are multi-purpose where apart from irrigation hydro electricity
generation, navigation, drinking water supply and fishery development is
also done.
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3.) CANAL LOSSES
Canals in Bihar fails due to improper design of canal, lack of maintenance and canal
losses.
The loss of water in canals is also commonly referred to as transit loss or transmission
loss. The major losses in the canals result from evaporation, seepage, and
transpiration.
According to the statistical data, the losses of water in canals can be as high as 20-
25%. Such losses of water constitute a major part of the usable water. Hence, the
losses of water in canals must be thoroughly studied and analyzed and must be
considered during the design of the canal capacity. The major types of canal losses are
listed as follows:
Seepage may be defined as the infiltration downward and lateral movement of water
into soil or substrata from a source of supply such as reservoir or irrigation canal. Such
water may reappear, depending upon the topographic contours and water table rise due
to seepage.
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The seepage loss in the canal is the most significant loss of water in the canals.
Various factors affect the seepage loss from the canal, a few of them are the
following:
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The loss of water through percolation is greatly affected by the difference in
level between the topwater surface level of the channel to the water table level.
In the canals, usually, a zone of saturation is present below the canal that is
accompanied by a zone of soil with decreasing saturation which is further
bounded by a zone that is saturated by the capillary action of water rising from
the adjacent water table level.
As shown in the figure, two zones of saturated soil bind the unsaturated zone of the
soil.
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Let H be the seepage head, h be the distance between the water surface level of the
canal and the bottom of the saturated zone, hc be the capillary head, then the rate of
loss of water due to abesorption depends upon (h + hc).
Evaporation loss in the canal is inevitable as the water flowing through any canal is
exposed to the atmosphere.
Evaporation losses are less than the seepage losses in the canals.
The evaporation losses depend upon several factors such as temperature, humidity,
wind, etc. But, the most dominant factor is temperature. On account of this, the
evaporation losses are higher in summer than in winter.
However, the velocity of the wind also equally affects the rate of evaporation. Such
losses are significant in the shallow depths of water.
Hence, this indicates that evaporation losses in the canal depend mostly upon the
climatic conditions of the area. Such losses depend directly on the area of exposure of
the surface of the water and inversely on the depth of water in the canal.
The major factors that affect the rate of losses due to evaporation in the canals can be
listed as follows:
1.) Temperature
2.) Wind Velocity
3.) Humidity
4.) Area of water that is exposed to the atmosphere
The canal should have more depth and less surface area. The area or site for
construction of a dam should be so chosen that a deep canal with minimum surface
area exposed to the atmosphere is formed.
Floating covers
Floating covers are a popular solution for reducing evaporation in the canal. These
covers are typically made of lightweight materials, such as polyethylene, and are
placed on the surface of the water to create a barrier that reduces evaporation., floating
covers can be an effective and cost-efficient solution for reducing evaporation in a
variety of settings, and they are increasingly being used in water conservation and
management programs around the world.
Using solar panels to reduce evaporation from canals is a potential solution that has
been explored in some regions. The idea is to cover the canals with solar panels, which
not only generate electricity but also provide shade and reduce the amount of water
lost to evaporation.
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Chemical treatment with water evaporation retardants
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4.) CANAL LINING
4.1) Canal Lining
Canal lining is the process of reducing seepage loss of irrigation water by adding an
impermeable layer to the edges of trenches. It protects the bed and side of the canal.
Lining is generally construction of thin 2.5 to 15 cm thick layer of lining material.
Generally, RCC or CC bricks, stones etc.
@ TYPES OF LINING:
The Lining is recommended for the canal in full banking. It consists of pre-cast
concrete slab of size (60*60*5) cm which are set along the canal bank and bed with
cement mortar (1:6). A network of 6mm diameter rod is provided in the slab with
spacing 10cm center of center the proportion of the center is recommended as 1:2:4
rebates are provided on the side by side. the joints are finished with cement mortar
(1:3).
When hydraulic lime, Surkhi and brick ballast are available in plenty along the course
of the canal or in the vicinity of the irrigation project. Then the lining of the canal may
be made by the lime concrete of proportion (1:1:6) the procedure of laying this
concrete is same as the that of the cement concrete lining. here, the thickness of
concrete varies from 150mm to 225mm and the curing should be done for longer
period. This lining is less durable than the cement concrete lining. however, it is
recommended because of the availability of the material and also because of the
economics.
This lining is prepared by apaying asphalt that is bitumen at a very high temperature
(150 ℃) on the subgrade to a thickness varies from 3mm to 6mm. the hot asphalt
when becomes cold farms a waterproof membrane over the subgrade. this membrane
is covered with a layer of earth and gravel. the lining is very cheap and control the
seepage of water very effectively but it cannot control the growth of weeds.
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This lining is prepared by the double layer brick flat soling laid with cement mortar
(1:6) over the compacted sub-grade. the first-class bricks should be recommended for
the work. the surface of lining is finish with plaster (1:3) the curing should be done
perfectly.
Among the course of canal, there may be low lying are on one side or both sides of
canal. Due to the seepage of water this water logging makes the land alkaline which is
unsuitable for agriculture.
In unlined canal, the velocity of flow should be fixed such that the sitting and scouring
is avoided. In practice the velocity should always be kept below 1m/sec. Due to low
velocity the discharge capacity of the unlined canal becomes low. If the capacity of
canal is to be increased, the cross- sectional area has to be increased which involved
more land width. But in lined canal, there is such problems.
The Unlined canal may be severally damaged by scouring and erosion caused due to
the height velocity of flood water at the time of heavy rainfall, so to protect the canals
from the damage the lining should be provided.
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The growth of various types of weeds along this sides of the canal is common problem
again, some types of weeds are found to grow along the bed of the canal, so the
inclined canal require excessive maintenance works for clearing the weeds.
Because of silting of inside edge and top, the terms become impervious, and as such,
loss of water by seepage is reduced. Waves developed in the canal do not comes in
direct contact with the banks and hence possibilities of bank erosion are reduced.
@ Slope
These generally have a slope of 1:1:5. However, this ratio is usually increased to 1:2
with sandy soils and decreased to 1:1 with clay soil. Velocities greater than these
should be avoided if erosion is to be prevented.
The slopes of side of canal are usually expressed in ratios. for example, x: y. This ratio
defined as the change in horizontal distance per meter of vertical distance. The side
slope can be expressed in terms of the angle it makes with the vertical, in degrees and
minutes.
The slopes of side of earthen canal depends on the type of soil in which the sides are
cut. The more stable the soil material the steeper the slope of the sides of the canal is
line, the slope of the canal is lined, the slope of the side also varies according to the
type of lining canal.
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In very flat areas, the bottom slope can be nil (horizontal) or at most kept to a
minimum value of 0.05% or 5 cm per 100 mm.
In steeper areas, the bottom slope be limited to 0.1 to 0.2 % (10 to 20 cm per 100 m) to
avoid the water flowing too fast along the canals and eroding them.
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5.) GROUND REPORT
We have surveyed two types of canals. One of them is unlined & without proper slope
gradient and the other one is with concrete canal lining. We have collected some
pictures and data of them.
On surveying the North Koel canal (उत्तरी कोयल नहर) which is unlined canal
without proper slope gradient. From the villagers , we find that sufficient water is
discharge into canal but water couldn’t stand there due various types of canal
losses but main losses is seepage loss and evaporation losses. These discharge
water get wasted and also causes various problem which is metion in above
section .
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(a.)
(b.)
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(c)
From above fig(a) we can see that there is water in canal but not in sufficient amount
for irrigation and in fig (b) we can see that there is no canal lining and in fig(c) we can
see that there is no proper slope gradient.
These are the reasons that North Koel Canal could not receive same
amount of water at every place. The discharge water is very less in
comparison between the initial position and final position. These waters get wasted
due to seepage losses, evaporation losses and other types of losses.
Now these are some data of lined canal of Indra Puri barrage, Rohtas which get
sufficient water at every place:
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Fig. Indrapuri Branch canal, Rohtas
This canal is lined by concrete and with proper slope gradient so it is very workable
and provides water for irrigation more than unlined canal.
In the Survey of the Narmada branch canal near the Chandra San village of kadi taluka
in Mehsana district in Gujarat which is the part of THE CANAL SOLAR POWER
PLANT PROJECT through the internet. We find that this project is very useful for
conserving canal for long period in Bihar in the districts which gets maximum sunrays
overhead.
This pilot project will generate 16 lakhs units of clean energy per annum and also
prevent evaporation of 90 lakhs liters of water annually from the canal. The projects
virtually eliminate the requirement of vast tracks of land and limits evaporation of
water from the 750 long canal, tracking two challenges simultaneously by providing
energy and water security.
• The electricity is generated from renewable solar energy and hence eco-friendly.
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• As canals are covered with solar panels, there will be no need to acquire lands
to install the solar panels.
• The water evaporating from canals will be reduced as the canal will be covered.
• The power generated will be supplied to village alongside the canal, which will
lead to lower transmission losses.
@CONLUSION
From data collected by our team on surveying of the North Koel Canal, Aurangabad
and Indrapuri Branch Canal, Rohtas, we get the conclusion the canal with concrete
lining is effective than another canal. The CCA and GCA around these areas is very
high. Farmers belongs to these canals are very happy. the crop production in these
areas increases due to availability of water in these canals in every crop season. THE
Losses occur in canal due to seepage and formation weeds in the canal is negligible in
these canals.
So that our government has to invest in these canals which cost high
initial but in terms of long period and many indirect ways it proves very affordable
and very efficient.
From the surveyed data, we find that the best way to control evaporation losses in
canal is planting solar panel above the canal.
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6.) DESIGN OF CANAL
To control seepage loss and transpiration loses we have to redesigned the old canals
and built new canals with concrete lining.
To control evaporation loss, we use solar Pannel at the canal, this will help to control
evaporation loss. Since the cost of solar Pannel is high so we build automatic solar
tracking system to use efficiently. This solar Pannel can be used for generating
electricity also.
For efficient irrigation of canal water, we can use automatic irrigation system. It is
used to irrigate field by checking the moisture content in it. If the soil is not saturated
it will irrigate the field until it gets fully saturated. It is fully automated.
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7.) AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
The two LDR sensor modules are annexed to the scaffolding with NodeMcu analogue
inputs. The light dependent resistors are then affixed along the length, on either side of
the solar panel.
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Fig. Block Diagram of Automatic Solar Tracking system
1. Solar panel
2. Dc motor
3. L293D motor driver module
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4. Microcontroller NodeMcu
5. LDR sensor module
6. Current sensor
The common categories in which single axis trackers can be classified holds
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Fig. Single Axis Tracker
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7.3) Software Design
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Fig. Setting up NodeMcu- Installing Library
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Fig. Complete setup of Automatic Solar Tracker System.
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8.) AUTOMATIC IRIGATION SYSTEM
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@ Flow chart of the System
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8.2) Components of Automatic Irrigation System
@ ARDUINO:-
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Fig. ARDUINO UNO Architecture
The clock/Calander provides seconds, minutes, day, date, month and year qualified
data. It automatically adjusted itself in 31 days.
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Fig. Real time clock
It is a two head semiconductor light source. It is a pn junction diode which emits light.
Fig. LED
@ RESISTOR: -
Fig. Resistor
@ RELAY MODULE: -
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Fig. Relay Module Fig. Connection diagram of Relay Module
@ DIODE: -
@ MOSFET: -
Fig. MODSFET
@ DC MOTOR: -
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Fig. DC Motor
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@ SYSTEMATIC DIAGRAM; -
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Fig. Hardware Model of the System
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9.) OUTCOMES
If we will build canals with our design, we could get following advantages:
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Automatic irrigation System helps to irrigate field in efficient way. It will
automatically turn off irrigation pump and prevent overflow of water into the
field. This will help us to use the canal water efficiently.
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9.) CONCLUSION.
IF we see the outcomes of this project in above section, we can conclude that
the initial cost of building canal by this design is costly but in terms of long
terms and its other benefits this canal be very economical and effective. This
can we become one of the big sources of income of state.
If water is available in the canal in every crop season, farmers will get irrigating
water at very cheap price. So, this will be great strategy for the government to
attract farmers in their side.
In this way we can conserve water and through the canal we can convert many
barren lands in the state into green land.
So, from overall sightseeing we can conclude that government should invest in this
design of canal for getting benefits in long terms.
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