Part 18

PROBLEM 6.
84
Situation: Air flows through a turbofan engine. Inlet mass flow is 300 kg/ s.
Bypass ratio is 2.5. Speed of bypass air is 600 m/ s.
Speed of air that passes through the combustor is 1000 m/ s.
A B
600 m/s
.
300 m/s m1 1,000 m/s
.
m2
c.s.
Additional details are given in the problem statement.

Find: Thrust (T ) of the turbofan engine.
Assumptions: Neglect the mass flow rate of the incoming fuel.
APPROACH
Apply the continuity and momentum equations.
ANALYSIS
Continuity equation
ṁA = ṁB = 300 kg/ s
also
ṁB = ṁcombustor + ṁbypass

= ṁcombustor + 2.5ṁcombustor
ṁB = 3.5ṁcombustor
Thus
ṁB 300 kg/ s
ṁcombustor = =
3.5 3.5
= 85. 71 kg/ s
ṁbypass = ṁB − ṁcombustor
= 300 kg/ s − 85. 71 kg/ s
= 214.3 kg/ s
522
Momentum equation (x-direction)
X X
Fx = ṁvout − ṁvin
Fx = [ṁbypass Vbypass + ṁcombustor Vcombustor ] − ṁA VA
= [(214.3 kg/ s) (600 m/ s) + (85. 71 kg/ s) (1000 m/ s)] − (300 kg/ s) (300 m/ s)
= 124, 290 N
T = 124, 300 N
523
PROBLEM 6.85
Situation: A problem in rocket-trajectory analysis is described in the problem state-
ment.
Find: Initial mass of a rocket needed to place the rocket in orbit.
ANALYSIS
M0 = Mf exp(Vb0 λ/T )
= 50 exp(7200/3000)
= 551.2 kg
524
PROBLEM 6.86
Situation: A toy rocket is powered by a jet of water–additional details are provided
in the problem statement.
Find: Maximum velocity of the rocket.
Assumptions: Neglect hydrostatic pressure; Inlet kinetic pressure is negligible.
ANALYSIS
Newtons 2nd law.
X
F = ma
T − W = ma
where T =thrust and W =weight
T = ṁve
ṁve − mg = mdvR /dt
dvR /dt = (T /m) − g
= (T /(mi − ṁt)) − g
dvR = ((T dt)/(mi − ṁt)) − gdt
vR = (−T /ṁ) n(mi − ṁt) − gt + const.
where vR = 0 when t = 0. Then
const. = (T /ṁ) ln(mi )

vR = (T /ṁ) ln((mi )/(mi − ṁt)) − gt
vR max = (T /ṁ) ln(mi /mf ) − gtf
T /ṁ = ṁve /ṁ = ve
Bernoulli equation
(neglecting hydrostatic pressure)
pi + ρf vi2 /2 = pe + ρf ve2 /2
The exit pressure is zero (gage) and the inlet kinetic pressure is negligible. So
ve2 = 2pi /ρf

= 2 × 100 × 103 /998
= 200 m2 /s2
ve = 14.14 m/s
ṁ = ρe ve Ae
= 1000 × 14.14 × 0.1 × 0.052 × π/4
= 2.77 kg/s
525
Time for the water to exhaust:
t = mw /ṁ
= 0.10/2.77
= 0.036s
Thus
vmax = 14.14 ln((100 + 50)/50) − (9.81)(0.036)

= 15.2 m/s
526
PROBLEM 6.87
Situation: A rocket with four nozzles is described in the problem statement.
Find: Thrust of the rocket (all four nozzles).
APPROACH
Apply the momentum principle.
ANALYSIS
Momentum principle (z-direction)
X
Fz = ṁvz [per engine]
T − pa Ae cos 30 + pe Ae cos 30◦ = −ve cos 30◦ ρve Ae
◦
T = −1 × 0.866
×(50, 000 − 10, 000 + 0.3 × 2000 × 2000)
= −1.074 × 106 N
Thrust of four engines
Ttotal = 4 × 1.074 × 106

= 4.3 × 106 N
= 4.3 MN
527
PROBLEM 6.88
Situation: A rocket nozzle is connected to a combustion chamber.
Mass flow: ṁ = 220 kg/ s. Ambient pressure: po = 100 kPa.
Nozzle inlet conditions: A1 = 1 m2 , u1 = 100 m/ s, p1 = 1.5 MPa-abs.
Nozzle exit condition? A2 = 2 m2 , u2 = 2000 m/ s, p2 = 80 kPa-abs.
Assumptions: The rocket is moving at a steady speed (equilibrium).
Find: Force on the connection between the nozzle and the chamber.
APPROACH
Apply the momentum principle to a control volume situated around the nozzle.
ANALYSIS
Momentum principle (x-direction)
X
Fx = ṁo vox − ṁi vix
F + p1 A1 − p2 A2 = ṁ(v2 − v1)
where F is the force carried by the material that connects the rocket nozzle to the
rocket chamber.
Calculations (note the use of gage pressures).
F = ṁ(v2 − v1) + p2 A2 − p1 A1
¡ ¢¡ ¢
= (220 kg/ s) (2000 − 100) m/ s + −20, 000 N/ m2 2 m2
¡ ¢¡ ¢
− 1, 400, 000 N/ m2 1 m2
= −1.022 × 106 N
= −1.022 MN
The force on the connection will be
F = 1.022 MN
The material in the connection is in tension.
528
PROBLEM 6.89
Situation: A problem related to the design of a conical rocket nozzle is described in
the problem statement.
Find: Derive an expression for the thrust of the nozzle.
APPROACH
Apply the momentum principle.
ANALYSIS
Momentum principle (x-direction)
X Z
F = vρv · dA
Z α Z 2π
T = ve cos θρve sin θrdφrdθ
0 0
Z α
2 2
T = 2πr ρve cos θ sin θdθ
0
= 2πr2 ρve2 sin2 α/2
= ρve2 2πr2 (1 − cos α)(1 + cos α)/2
Exit Area Z Z
α 2π
Ae = sin θrdφrdθ = 2πr2 (1 − cos α)
0 0
T = ρve2 Ae (1 + cos α)/2 = ṁve (1 + cos α)/2
529

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PROBLEM 6.

Additional details are given in the problem statement.

ṁB = ṁcombustor + ṁbypass

where T =thrust and W =weight

where vR = 0 when t = 0. Then

const. = (T /ṁ) ln(mi )

ve2 = 2pi /ρf

vmax = 14.14 ln((100 + 50)/50) − (9.81)(0.036)

Thrust of four engines

Ttotal = 4 × 1.074 × 106

Calculations (note the use of gage pressures).

The force on the connection will be

The material in the connection is in tension.

T = ρve2 Ae (1 + cos α)/2 = ṁve (1 + cos α)/2

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