KARPAGA VINAYAGA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

GE3271 - ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY

LAB MANUAL
2021-2022

NAME :
REG NO :
DEPT :
SECTION :
 INDEX

Ex Date Experiment Page Sign

No No
1. Soldering simple electronic circuits and
checking continuity

2. Assembling and testing electronic

components on a small PCB

3. Study of elements of smartphone

4. Assembly and dismantle of LED TV

5. Assembly and dismantle of computer/

laptop
 1. SOLDERING SIMPLE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS AND CHECKING
CONTINUITY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. Circuit diagram of LED glow

 Ex No: 1 SOLDERING SIMPLE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS AND
CHECKING CONTINUITY
Date:

Aim:
To solder simple electronic circuits and to check continuity.
Components Required:
Battery
Resistor
LED
Soldering Iron
Solder
Soldering paste
Theory:
Soldering is a process used for joining metal parts to form a mechanical or electrical bond. It typically
uses a low melting point metal alloy (solder) which is melted and applied to the metal parts to be joined and
this bonds to the metal parts and forms a connection when the solder solidifies. It is different to welding in
that the parts being joined are not melted and are usually not the same material as the solder.
Working Principle:
Step-1: Plug in and switch on your soldering iron.

Step-2: Identify the “+” leg on both LEDs. It’s the longer one.

Step-3: Choose resistor values according to colour of LED.For example, 150 ohm to 220 ohm for RED
coloured LED.

Step-4 : Clip the “+” leg down to about 1/2 inch long, on both LEDs. Do the same on the resistors,
clipping one end to the same length. Resistors don’t have a + or – side, either end will do. Twist the
clipped leg of the LED and resistor around each other.

Step-5: Wipe both sides of the tip against the damp sponge to clean off any old sooty residue.
Add just a small amount of solder to the tip of the iron.

Step-6: Repeat the soldering for the second LED. After soldering and cooling off, trim the other leg of
the resistors and the LEDs to about 1/2 inch. Cut two wires about 6 inches long use different colours.
Strip about 1/2" of insulation from both ends.

Step-7: Take one of the wires and do the same twist-and-solder procedure to the free end of the
resistor.Then repeat with the other wire on the other leg.
Step-8: Cut two more pieces of wire, about 12 inches long this time, and strip both ends.

Clip the connector off the battery pack (if it has one) and strip about 1/2 inch of insulation from the
wires.

Step-9: After both connections are soldered and cooled, Switch on the battery source and LED will
glow.

Result:
Thus Soldering of simple electronic circuit is done and continuity is checked.
TESTING DIODE:

Ex No: 2 ASSEMBLING AND TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS ON

 Dtae: A SMALL PCB

Aim:
To assemble and test the electronic components on a PCB.
Apparatus Required:
Printed Circuit Board
Resistor
Capacitor
Diode
Theory:
All electronic products need to be tested even if they are accurately designed and professionally
fabricated, as they can be prone to malfunctions and problems. Printed circuit boards are composed of various
electrical components which need to function correctly, and PCB testing is essential to test that each
component is functioning. Having quality control and quality assurance throughout the designing and
manufacturing processes is crucial, especially in the early stages. In the designing stage, PCB testing can be
performed to analyse issues and minimise faults. Techniques such as EMI, Signal Integrity, and Power
Integrity, can help identify problems early on in the design stage.There are several items which are tested on a
printed circuit board, including:

Capacitors

Capacitors are essentially electronic devices which store energy as an electrostatic field. They consist of an
insulating material placed between conductive plates.Testing a capacitor in a printed circuit board requires one
end of the capacitor to be removed from the circuit board. Then, it’s essential to make sure that the power
supply of DC voltage matches the range of the capacitor to prevent overloading of the device. When you
apply a voltage to the circuit board, there may be several outcomes:

 To test if a capacitor has shorted, you will need to see if the voltage from the power supply has been
reflected on the meter reading.
 To check if a capacitor may be leaking, you will see a high jump, followed by a low drop on the meter
reading.
 If the meter reading shows no jumps when a voltage is applied, then the capacitor may be open or the
capacitance is too low for the meter to register it.

Resistors
Resistors are one of the most important elements on a printed circuit board. These are small electronic devices
that produce a voltage by transmitting electrical currents. Testing the resistors on a printed circuit board can
be done by firstly isolating the resistors so that the results won’t be skewed by other components on the circuit
board. You can then use a digital multimeter or an analogue meter to measure the results. To test the resistor,
simply connect the leads from the multimeter to the resistor and run a test.If your results are too high, then it
could be indicating a problem with an open resistor. The other components on the circuit board usually cause
the reading to be lower or decrease, so if you get a high value, then there may be a possible problem.
Diodes
Diodes are electrical devices which transmit current in a single direction, and they consist of semi-conductive
material between terminals. Essentially, diodes provide a current in one direction, whilst blocking the current
in the opposite direction.Diodes are very sensitive components so caution is advised when testing the
component. It is recommended to consult with a professional before testing electrical equipment. To test a
diode, you will need to disconnect one end of the diode from the PCB. You can then use a digital meter or an
analogue meter and find the red and black meter probes. After locating the probes, you can connect the black
probe to the cathode and then connect the red probe to the anode. You can then set the meter between one and
ten ohms.There are a few outcomes which you can expect if there is a problem with the diode:

 To identify a leak in the diode, you should see if the meter registers two readings.
 To check if a diode is forward biased, you should see some resistance in the meter readings.

Result:
Thus assembling and testing electronic components in a printed circuit board is done and continuity is
checked.

3. STUDY OF ELEMENTS OF SMART PHONE

Basic block diagram:

Fig. Block diagram of smartphone

Ex No: 3 STUDY OF ELEMENTS OF SMART PHONE

 Dtae:

Aim:
To study the elements of smart phone.

Theory:
A smartphone is a portable device that combines mobile telephone and computing functions
into one unit. They are distinguished from feature phones by their stronger hardware capabilities and
extensive mobile operating systems, which facilitate wider software, internet (including web
browsing over mobile broadband), and multimedia functionality (including music, video, cameras,
and gaming), alongside core phone functions such as voice calls and text messaging. Smartphones
typically contain a number of Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (MOS) Integrated Circuit (IC) chips,
include various sensors that can be leveraged by pre-included and third-party software and
support wireless communications protocols (such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or satellite navigation).
Components of a smartphone:
i) Display

The most obvious component of a modern smartphone is its display. While every
detail you see is on the outside, it is actually an internal device component. Display
technologies in smartphones of today come in two main types:

 Those based on LCDs (IPS technology and its variations)

 Those based on LEDs (AMOLED or Super AMOLED and its variations)

ii) Battery

Batteries of phones typically use lithium-ion technology that is either removable or

non-removable in mobile devices.

iii) System-On-Chip (SOC)

The SoC is perhaps the most essential component present in a smartphone, and some
users might confuse it as the device’s processor. SoC not only comprises the smartphone’s
CPU, but GPU, LTE modem, display processor, video processor, and other bits of silicon that
turn it into a functional ‘system’ in a phone.

iv) Memory and storage

Smartphone has RAM and memory as a system storage. Most mobile devices of
today ship with LPDDR4X RAM, while some high-end smartphones ship with LPDDR5
RAM. ‘LP’ stands for ‘Low-Power,’ reducing the total voltage of these chips, making them
highly efficient, and giving mobile phones extended battery life.

v) Modems
Since smartphones need communication components to receive and send text
messages and calls. Every SoC manufacturer has their own brand of modems, including
Qualcomm, Samsung, Huawei, and several others.

Elements of a Smartphone:
Fig. Elements of a Smartphone
 vi) Camera

All smartphones come with a rear-facing and front-shooting camera. A smartphone

comprises of three main parts:

 The sensor (which detects light)

 The lens (the component in which light comes through)
 The image processor

vii) Sensor

There are five primary sensors in a smartphone:

Accelerometer: Used by apps to detect the orientation of the device and its movements, as
well as allow features like shaking the phone to change music.

Gyroscope: Works with the Accelerometer to detect the rotation of your phone, for features
like tilting phone to play racing games or to watch a movie.

Digital Compass: Helps the phone to find the North direction, for map/navigation purposes.

Ambient Light Sensor: This sensor is automatically able to set the screen brightness based
on the surrounding light, and helps conserve battery life. This would also explain why your
smartphone’s brightness is reduced in low-light environments, so it helps to reduce the strain
on your eyes.

Proximity Sensor: During a call, if the device is brought near your ears, it automatically
locks the screen to prevent unwanted touch commands.

Elements of a Smartphone:

i) The Screen
A thin, transparent, conductive layer of indium tin oxide is deposited on the glass in order to
allow it to function as a touch screen.
ii) The Battery
The majority of today’s phones use lithium-ion batteries. These batteries tend to use lithium
cobalt oxide as the positive electrode in the battery (though other transition metals are sometimes
used in place of cobalt), whilst the negative electrode is formed from carbon in the form of
graphite.
iii) The Electronics
A wide range of elements and compounds are used in the electronics of a phone. The chip, the
processor of the phone, is made from pure silicon, which is then exposed to oxygen and heat in
order to produce a film of silicon dioxide on its surface. The microphone and speaker of the phone
both contain magnets, which are usually neodymium-iron-boron alloys, though dysprosium and
praseodymium are often also present in the alloy. These are also found in the vibration unit of the
phone.
iv) The Casing
The elements present in the phone casing will depend on whether the case is metal or plastic,
or a mix of the two. Metal casings can be made of magnesium alloys, whilst plastic casings will,
of course, be carbon based.

RESULT:

Thus the Components and Elements of a Smartphone is studied.

 Ex No: 4 ASSEMBLY AND DISMANTLE OF LED TV
Date:

Aim :

To assemble and dismantle LED tv.

Apparatus Required :

LED TV

Screw driver

Theory :

A LED display is a flat panel display that uses an array of light-emitting diodes as pixels for a video
display. Their brightness allows them to be used outdoors where they are visible in the sun
for store signs and billboards. In recent years, they have also become commonly used in destination
signs on public transport vehicles, as well as variable-message signs on highways. LED displays are capable
of providing general illumination in addition to visual display, as when used for stage lighting or other
decorative purposes. LED displays can offer higher contrast ratios than a projector and are thus an alternative
to traditional projection screens, and they can be used for large, uninterrupted video walls. MicroLED displays
are LED displays with smaller LEDs, which poses significant development challenges.

The way an LED TV works via a backlight, which is partially composed of two layers of polarizing
material with a liquid crystal solution between them.

When an electric current passes through the liquid solution, it causes the crystals to align so that light is
transmitted. Ultimately, this is how the image you see is composed on the screen. This technology can be
likened to a window shutter, which allows light to pass through or be blocked out.

There are three main configurations of LED backlights:

o Full-Array – LEDs are distributed evenly behind the entire screen to produce a more uniform
backlight and more effective local dimming (i.e., dimming and turning off entire LED zones). This
method is typically found on higher-end models, but as of 2020, some mid-range models offer it, too.
o Edge-Lit – LEDs are placed at the edges of the screen, and depending on the display, they can be
arranged all around the screen, on the left and right sides only, or at the top and bottom only. As such,
this configuration allows the screen to be very thin, but it can cause some spots on the screen to be
brighter than others for a less uniform picture.
o Direct-Lit – LEDs are positioned directly behind the screen like in full-array configurations;
however, there are fewer LEDs in direct-lit configurations, and they can’t be controlled separately to
generate optimal brightness. Direct-lit LED TVs aren’t as thin as other LED TVs and are typically a
lower- to mid-end purchase.

In fact, an LED TV is just a specific type of LCD TV, but you can say that an LED TV is more
advanced, with an additional layer that further enhances the picture quality. All LED TVs have an
LCD panel, and technically, LED TVs can be called “LED-lit LCD TVs,” but they are not commonly
referred to as such.Even though LED TVs are a subset of LCD TVs, the distinction between both is
still noted in electronics catalogs today. To that end, their differences lie in the type of lighting used,
with LED TV using diodes and LCD TVs relying on fluorescent lights.As a result of their different
lighting technologies, most LED TVs (i.e., full-array and edge-lit models) flaunt a thinner screen and
sharper picture compared to LCD TVs without diodes.
Procedure:

Disassemble and Assemble:

1. Disconnect the LED TV from the power source before disassembly

2. Place TV face down on cushioned table
3. Remove screws from the Stand
4. Remove stand
5. Remove the screws of rear-cover
6. Lift up the rear-cover
7. Remove the left and right speaker
8. Remove the screws of main board and IP board
9. Remove the 2 screws of stand link cover and Remove the stand link
10. Lift up the stand link
11. Lift up the panel
12. Assembly is the reverse process of disassemble

Result:
Thus assembly and dismantle of LED Tv is done.
 5. ASSEMBLE AND DISMANTLE OF COMPUTER/LAPTOP

Fig. Laptop dismantle

Ex No: 5 ASSEMBLY AND DISMANTLE OF

COMPUTER/LAPTOP
 Date:

Aim :

To assemble and dismantle Computer or Laptop.

Apparatus Required :

A computer or a laptop

Screw driver

Theory :

Computer assembly is a process in which all the internal components of the computer system
are fitted to make the computer functional. The main component involves CPU, motherboard,
memory, disk drives, etc. There is a proper process of attachment and installation of each and every
component. An installation technician should be competent to disassemble and reassemble the
computer system.
Parts of Computer System

The computer system is made up of following external devices:

 CPU cabinet
 Monitor
 Keyboard
 Mouse

Dismantle of a Computer:
Step 1: Detach the Power Cable
The disassembling of the computer system starts with externally connected device detachment. Make
sure the computer system is turned off, if not then successfully shut down the system and then start detaching
the external devices from the computer system. It includes removing the power cable from electricity
switchboard, then remove the cable from SMPS (switch mode power supply) from the back of the CPU
Cabinet. Do not start the disassembling without detaching the power cable from the computer system. Now
remove the remaining external devices like keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer or scanner from the back of
CPU cabinet.

Step 2: Remove the Cover

The standard way of removing tower cases used to be to undo the screws on the back of the case, slide
the cover back about an inch and lift it off. The screwdrivers as per the type of screw are required to do the
task.

Step 3: Remove the Adapter Cards

Make sure if the card has any cables or wires that might be attached and decide if it would be easier to
remove them before or after you remove the card. Remove the screw if any, that holds the card in place. Grab
the card by its edges, front and back, and gently rock it lengthwise to release it.
 Fig. Memory system

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER:

Step 4: Remove the Drives

 Removing drives is easier. There can be possibly three types of drives present in your computer
system, Hard disk drive, CD/DVD/Blu-ray drives, floppy disk drives (almost absolute now a day). They
usually have a power connector and a data cable attached from the device to a controller card or a connector
on the motherboard. CD/DVD/Blu-ray drive may have an analog cable connected to the sound card for direct
audio output. Now remove the screws and slide the drive out the back of the bay.

Step 5: Remove the Memory Module

Memory modules are mounted on the motherboard as the chips that can be damaged by manual force
if applied improperly.

Step 6: Remove the Power Supply

The power supply is attached into tower cabinet at the top back end of the tower. Make sure the power
connector is detached from the switchboard. Start removing the power connector connected to motherboard
including CPU fan power connector, cabinet fan, the front panel of cabinet power buttons and all the
remaining drives if not detached yet. Now remove the screws of SMPS from the back of the cabinet and the
SMPS can be detached from the tower cabinet.

Step 7: Remove the Motherboard

Before removing all the connectors from the motherboard, make sure you memorize the connectors
for assembling the computer if required, as that may require connecting the connectors at its place. Remove
the screws from the back of the motherboard and you will be able to detach it from the cabinet. Now remove
the CPU fan from the motherboard. The heat sink will be visible now which can be removed by the pulling
the tab upward. Finally, the processor is visible now, which can be removed by the plastic tab which can be
pulled back one stretching it side way. switch off the power supply and detach power cable,

Assemble a Computer
The assembling of the computer system is exactly the opposite of disassembling operation. Before
starting assembling the computer system, make sure you have the screws and a screwdriver for those.

Step 1: Mount the Processor

The first step for assembling the computer system starts with mounting the processor on the processor
socket of the motherboard. To mount the process, you don't need to apply any force. The special ZIF (zero
insertion force) sockets are usually used to prevent any damage to the processor pins. Once the processor is
mounted, the heat sink will be attached on top of the processor. The CPU fan is also attached on top of the
heat sink.

Step 2: Fix the Motherboard in the Tower Case

Now the motherboard is to be fixed vertically in the tower case and the screws are fixed from behind
of the motherboard.

Step 3: Connect the Power Supply

Now line up the power supply at the top back end of the cabinet and screw it. The power connectors
for motherboard power supply and CPU fan power supply are to be connected. If the cabinet cooling FAN is
required then it is to be screwed at the back end grill of the cabinet and its power connector is to be connected
from SMPS.

Step 4: Install the Drives

Install the CD/DVD drives at the top front end of the cabinet and screw it. Install the Hard disk drive
and floppy disk drive below CD/DVD drive and screw it. Make sure once screwed there is no vibration in
either of the CD/DVD, hard disk or floppy disk drives.

Step 5: Connect Cables

Now select the appropriate data cable and connect one end of the cable to its drive socket and another
end at its appropriate connector on the motherboard.
Step 6: Mount the Memory Modules
 It is time now to mount the memory modules on the motherboard by aligning the RAM to its socket
on the motherboard and press it downward. Make sure the side tab are fixed into the RAM notch. If not, you
may still have to press a bit.

Step 7: Install the Internal Cards

Install the internal cards to its socket and attach the cables or power cable to it. The selection of right
socket or slot is required as per the type of socket.

Step 8: Cover the Tower

Cover the tower by placing it and pressing towards front side and screw it.

Step 9: Connect the External Devices and Power

Connect the external devices with CPU at its appropriate socket. It includes mouse and keyboard at
PS2 or USB connectors. Monitor at the video output socket. Connect the power cable to the back of tower in
SMPS. Plug in the power cable to the electric board.

Result:
Thus assembly and dismantle of Computer/Laptop is done.