Some Gases PArt 1 (Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen)
Some Gases PArt 1 (Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen)
Some Gases PArt 1 (Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen)
Some Gases
11
Total estimated teaching hours = 8
Learning Outcomes
After the completion of this unit, students will learn:
ÂÂ preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
gases.
Lavoisier
KEY WORDS (1743AD-1794AD)
Introduction
The earth is surrounded by a huge mass of air that consists of different gases like
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. Though there is a huge mass of gases around
us which we are breathing but, it is not visible. Neither has it any odour. We can only
feel its presence.
Gases are the essential substances to the living beings including humans. They are
not only used for breathing or photosynthesis process but also for burning of fuels,
maintaining constant temperature on the earth, generating electricity, wind mill and
even for enhancing the taste of soft drinks like beer, lemonade and other fizzy drinks.
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Composition of Air
The atmospheric air consists of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon and neon.
Besides these, the air also contains other inert gases and water vapour. The major
composition of dry air is as given below:
Gas Composition by volume
Nitrogen 78.08%
Oxygen 20.95%
Argon 0.93%
Carbon dioxide 0.03%
Neon 0.0018%
Helium 0.0005%
Krypton 0.0001%
Xenon 0.00001%
Table 11.1 Composition of atmospheric air
The above stated percentage of gases varies depending on the geographical location and
weather. In addition to water vapour, air in some places contains sulphur compounds,
hydrogen peroxide, hydrocarbons and dust particles. In this unit we are going to study
about preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen gases.
Hydrogen
(A gas which burns itself)
1p +
1p+ 1p+
Symbol = H 0no 0no 0no
Molecular formula = H2
Atomic number = 1 Fig.11.1: Hydrogen atom Fig.11.2: Hydrogen molecule
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Hydrogen is the simplest element. In free state hydrogen exists as a diatomic molecule
in which two atoms are combined together by a covalent bond. Hydrogen gas is not
found in elemental form in the nature. It is found in combination with water, acids,
alkalis and many plant and animal products.
General methods of preparation of hydrogen gas
Hydrogen can be prepared from the following methods.
1. From acid
2. From alkali
3. From water
1. From acid
Usually metals react with acids and form salt and hydrogen.
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
2K + 2HNO3 2KNO3 + H2
2. From alkali
Some metals like zinc and aluminium form salt and hydrogen when heated with
alkalis. sodium zincate
Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
sodium aluminate
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2
H2 O2
3. From water
Voltameter
Very reactive metals like sodium,
potassium etc. form react with water at
normal temperature and form alkali and Acidulated water
(H2SO4)
hydrogen. Cathode
Na + H2O NaOH + H2 Anode
K + H2O KOH +H2
Metals like magnesium, zinc, iron, Rubber cork
aluminium etc react with boiling waterGraphite
electrode
and form alkali and hydrogen.
∆
Mg + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2
– +
Zn + 2H2O Zn(OH)2 + H2 12v DC
Fig.11.3: Electrolysis of water
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When electric current is passed in acidulated water through electrodes, the water splits
into hydrogen and oxygen gases.
electricity
2H2O 2H2 + O2
4. From alkali metals
When alkali metals (IA) react with water, it gives alkali and hydrogen gas.
electricity
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
Preparation of hydrogen gas in lab
In the laboratory, hydrogen gas can be prepared by the reaction between zinc and dilute
mineral acids like hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid.
Delivery tube
Gas jar
Woulf's bottle
Behive shelf
Dil H2SO4
Water trough
Granulated zinc
Zn + dil. H2SO4 ZnSO4 + 2[H]
[H] + [H] H2
Fig.11.4: Laboratory preparation of hydrogen gas
Few pieces of granulated zinc are put into woulf's bottle which is fitted with a thistle
funnel and a delivery tube. The end of the delivery tube is dipped into the trough
containing water. The tube is introduced to the sideway opening of the bee hive shelf.
Dilute sulphuric acid is poured into the bottle through thistle funnel. The reaction
between metal and acid occurs to produce hydrogen gas. Allow the gas to escape for
some time till the air from inside the bottle is completely driven away. Invert a gas jar
completely filled with water over the bee-hive shelf. When the reaction between metal
and acid takes place, the H2 gas is formed which can be collected in the gas jar by the
downward displacement of water.
Fact file:
Concentrated H2SO4 is not used in the lab preparation as it produces SO2 gas rather
than H2 gas Zn + concH2SO4 ZnSO4 + SO2 + H2O
Zn + conc 4H2SO4 ZnSO4 + 4H2O + 3SO2
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Test of hydrogen gas
Hydrogen gas can be tested by bringing a burning matchstick or
a splinter near the tube filled with hydrogen gas. As soon as it is
brought to the mouth of the tube, the gas burns with a pale blue
flame producing a pop sound.
Po
p
So
Precautions
un
d
Fig.11.5: Confirmation
Following precautionary measures have to be taken while test of H2 gas
preparing hydrogen gas in the laboratory.
1. The end of the thistle funnel must be dipped into the liquid, otherwise gas may
escape through it.
2. Pure zinc should not be used as the reaction between dilute acid and pure zinc is
very slow. If the reaction is very slow a small amount of CuSO4 solution can be
added in the bottle. CuSO4 acts as a catalyst here.
3. Concentrated sulphuric acid should not be used as it produces sulphur dioxide
gas with sulphuric acid.
4. The apparatus must be air-tight.
5. The gas jar should not contain any air bubble while inverting it into the water
trough.
6. The gas formed at the beginning should be allowed to escape as it contains air.
7. This experiment should not be conducted near flame.
Manufacture of hydrogen gas
Hydrogen gas can be manufactured by following two methods usually.
1. By using methane (Methane-steam reforming process)
2. By electrolysis process
1. By using methane
Methane is a natural gas found in a large amount inside the earth. When the gas is heated
at 900 °C to 1200 °C with steam with nickel as catalyst it forms carbon monoxide and
hydrogen is called as methane-steam reforming process.
900-1200 °C
CH4 + H2O Ni CO + 3H2
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a special type of voltameter fitted with Acidulated
water
two iron electrodes and separated in + –
two parts by an asbestos diaphragm is
O H2
taken. The voltameter is supplied with 2
acidulated water and the electrodes Asbestos
are connected in closed circuit. When diaphragm
electric current is passed in the water, Acidulated
water
it splits into H2 and O2. The gases come
Voltameter
out from the side tubes as shown in the
diagram.
Electricity
2H2O 2H2 + O2
Iron Anode Iron Cathode
The gases are filled in different cylinders Fig.11.6: Industrial electrolysis
to sell them.
Nascent hydrogen
The newly born hydrogen atom formed as a result of the chemical reaction at its site
is much more reactive than ordinary molecular hydrogen. Such a newly born atomic
hydrogen is called nascent hydrogen. Nascent hydrogen combines together to give
molecular hydrogen.
Properties of hydrogen
A. Physical properties
a. Hydrogen is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas.
b. It is very slightly soluble in water.
c. It is lighter than air. It is the lightest substance.
d. Hydrogen gas can be liquidified and solidfied at a very high pressure and
much less temperature. Its boiling and melting points are -253 °C and -259 °C
respectively.
e. It is neutral to the litmus.
f. It is inflamable gas. It burns with blue flame
B. Chemical properties
a. Hydrogen forms water by burning with oxygen.
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
b. Metals like sodium, potassium and calcium react with hydrogen to form respective
metal hydrides, Which are unstable compound.
i. Na(s) + H2(g) 2NaH(s) (Sodium hydride)
ii. Ca(s) + H2(g) CaH2(g) (Calcium hydride)
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c. When hydrogen gas is passed over hot metal oxides such as copper oxide or lead
oxide, they are reduced to respective metals. This process is called reduction and
hydrogen acts as a reducing agent.
∆
i. PbO(s) + H2(g) Pb(s) + H2O(l)
∆
ii. Fe3O4 + 4H2(g) 3Fe + 4H2O(l)
The reduction of metal oxides like PbO and CuO can be carried out the following
setting of apparatus in the laboratory. Excess
hydrogen
Dry and pure burning
H2
Answer it now
1. Why is dry and pure hydrogen needed for the above setting?
2. How is the flame produced at the mouth of the jet ?
d. Hydrogen gas combines with fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine like halogens
and forms acids.
Hydrogen Halogen Acids
cold and dark
1. H2 + F2 2HF(l)
light
2. H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)
Heat
3. H2(g) + Br2(g) 2HBr(g)
light
4. H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
e. Hydrogen reacts with nitrogen at about 250 atmospheric pressure and 500 °C
temperature in the presence of catalyst iron and promoter molybdenum.
Fe, Mo 500 °C
3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)
250atm. pressure
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Uses of Hydrogen Gas
1. Hydrogen is the lightest gas, therefore, it is used to fill up the balloons. Being
inflammable in nature hydrogen is mixed with helium for safety.
2. Hydrogen gas is used for the preparation of ammonia gas in the Haber's synthesis
process.
3. Hydrogen gas is used in the manufacture of vegetable oil.
4. It is used in producing oxy-hydrogen flame which is used for high temperature
welding and cutting of metals.
5. Mixture of liquid hydrogen and oxygen is used as a fuel in rockets.
6. It is used as a reducing agent in laboratories and industries.
Oxygen
(A gas which helps burning)
Symbol = O
Molecular formula = O2
8p+ Joseph Priestly
Atomic number = 8 8no (1774AD-1804AD)
Atomic weight = 16 amu
Valency = 2 Fig.11.7: oxygen atom
Molecular weight = 16 amu 8p+ 8p+
Electronic configuration = 2, 6 (1s2, 2s2, 2p4) 8no 8no
M.P. = - 219 °C
B.P. = - 183 °C
Fig.11.8: oxygen molecule
Oxygen gas was discovered by Joseph Priestly, and Karl Sheele independently in 1774
AD. He obtained the gas by concentrating sun's rays through a lens on red oxide of
mercury. Sheele also prepared the gas independently and he called it 'Vital air' or 'fire
air'. The name 'Oxygen' was given by Antony Lavoisier. Lavoisier was the scienntist
to prove that atmospheric air contains 1/5th of oxygen gas.
General method of preparing O2 gas
Some general methods of preparing oxygen are as given below.
A. By heating metallic oxides
Heating of red mercuric oxide can give mercury and oxygen (thermally unstable).
∆
2HgO 2Hg + O2
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B. Electrolysis of water
Electrolysis of water can provide oxygen gas along with hydrogen gas.
Electricity
2H2O 2H2 + O2
C. By heating the salts having oxygen
If oxygen containing salts are heated strongly oxygen is separated from them.
2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
D. From atmospheric air
Atmospheric air is filtered and cooled below the boiling point of oxygen i.e. below
-183 °C. Now the mixture of gases is warm up to -183 °C so that complete oxygen
vaporises to obtain at its pure form. It's the fractional distillation of liquidified air.
Laboratory preparation of oxygen gas
Oxygen gas can be prepared in laboratories by following two methods
A. By heating method
B. Without heating method
A. By heating method
Oxygen gas can be prepared in the laboratory by heating a mixture of potassium chlorate
and manganese dioxide. In order to prepare the gas, crush 4 parts of potassium
Hard glass test tube
Mixture of (KClO3)
potassium chlorate and Delivery tube
(MnO2) manganese
dioxide (4:1)
Oxygen gas
Gas jar
Burner
Water trough
Stand Water
Beehive shelf
chlorate (KClO3) and 1 part of mangnese dioxide (MnO2) powder in a mortar and
mix them thoroughly. Manganese dioxide acts as a catalyst in this reaction. Place the
mixture in a hard glass test tube and fit up the apparatus as shown in the diagram
11.9. Heat the mixture, and the gas thus formed is collected in the jar by downward
displacement of water.
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Precautions
Following precautionary measures have to be taken in the preparation by the above
method.
1. The apparatus must be fitted leak proof.
2. The delivery tube should be taken out of the water before the burner is removed
at the end of the experiment otherwise water will be sucked in and the tube may
break.
3. The test tube needs to adjust slightly in an inclined position.
4. Heating should be done in a uniform manner.
B. Without heating method
Oxygen gas can be prepared much more conveniently from hydrogen peroxide without
heating process. For it small quantity of manganese dioxide powder is kept in a conical
flask as the catalyst. The apparatus needed for the preparation of the gas is then fitted
as shown in the diagram 11.10. Hydrogen peroxide is added drop by drop through a
dropping funnel by opening the stopper. Oxygen gas evolves and it can be collected in
a gas jar by downward displacement of water.
Hydrogen peroxide
Stopper Delivery tube
Dropping funnel
Oxygen gas
Gas jar
Cork
Water
Mixture of manganese dioxide Beehive shelf
and hydrogen peroxide
b. Nitrogen reacts with oxygen at a very high temperature to form nitric oxide.
Often the spark produced in lightning causes nitrogen and oxygen to combine to
form nitric oxide. Nitric oxide dissolves in rainwater which increases the fertility
of soil.
2000°C-3000°C
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) (Nitric oxide)
Do it now
Insert a glowing match stick inside the jar containing oxygen gas. The match stick
will burn brighter than before. After the burning of the match stick, put a few drops of
lime water into the jar. What do you observe now? What does it confirm? Explain.
c. Metals like sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium burn with a bright flame
in oxygen to form their respective oxides.
∆
i. 4Na(s) + O2(g) 2Na2O(s)
∆
ii. 4K(s) + O2(g) 2K2O(s)
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iii. 2Mg(s) + O2(g) ∆ 2MgO(s)
∆
iv. 2Fe(s) + O2(s) 2FeO(s)
d. Oxygen also combines slowly without heating with metals to form their oxides.
Iron surface when exposed to most air it combines with oxygen to form hydrated
ferric oxide which is called rust and the surface appears tarnished.
4Fe + 3O2 + 2H2O 2Fe2O3.2H2O
e. Organic compounds like hydrocarbons, ethyl alcohol, mineral oil, petrol, wax
burn in air to form carbon dioxide and water along with heat energy.
i. CH4 + 2O2 CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + heat
ii. C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + heat
f. Oxidation of glucose occurs in the living cells due to the oxygen absorbed. The
process is called as respiration.
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) 6CO2 + 6H2O + heat
g. Ammonia gas burns in the presence of air (Oxygen) and gives water and nitrogen
gas.
4NH3 + 3O2 6H2O + 2N2
Uses of Oxygen
1. Living organisms use oxygen for respiration. The chemical reaction occurs
between glucose and oxygen and energy is released. The energy is used to
maintain life processes.
2. Cylinders filled with oxygen gas are used in the hospitals for the patients with a
breathing problem.
3. Mountaineers and people working in mines use oxygen cylinders for breathing
as the oxygen concentration lacks there.
4. Oxygen helps to burn fuels. Fuels like fire wood, coal, L.P. gas etc burn in the
presence of oxygen. Liquid oxygen is used for the burning of fuel in rockets.
5. Oxygen is used to prepare various useful compounds like oxides, sulphuric acid,
chlorine, acids, bases etc.
6. Because of the solubility of oxygen in water, it is used by aquatic organism for
respiration.
7. Oxygen is used by welders to produce oxy-acetylene flame and oxy-hydrogen
flame.
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Nitrogen
(The gas which neither burns nor helps burning)
Symbol = N
Molecular formula = N2
8p+ Daniel Rutherford
Atomic number = 7 8no (1749AD-1819AD)
Atomic weight = 14 amu
Valency = 3 Fig.11.11: Atomic structure
Molecular weight = 28 amu 8p+ 8p+
Electronic configuration = 2, 5 (1s2, 2s2, 2p3) 8no 8no
M.P. = - 196 °C
B.P. = - 210 °C
Fig.11.12: Molecular structure
Nitrogen was discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1872 AD, who called it as "Poisonous
air" for not supporting combustion and respiration. The name 'Nitrogen' was given by
Chaptal. Lavoiser studied its properties and named it "azota" i.e. not essential for life.
Nitrogen is major constituents of air. Nitrogen occurs freely in the atmospheric air and
occupies 78% by volume. It is an essential component of proteins in living organisms.
In combination, it is also found as ammonia, nitrate, sodium nitrate etc.
General methods of preparation of nitrogen gas
Nitrogen gas can be prepared by using following general methods-
a. By passing air over hot copper
Copper foil
Delivery tube
Atmospheric air
Nitrogen gas
Heat
Trough
Water
Lime water Concentrated
sulphuric acid Beehive shelf
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For this method firstly the apparatus is adjusted as shown in the above diagram. Then
atmospheric air is passed in a test tube containing lime water, which absorbs CO2
from the air. Now the air is passed through concentrated sulphuric acid which absorbs
moisture. Then the remaining air in passed through hot Cu foil/powder which absorb
oxygen to form copper oxide.
2Cu + O2 2CuO
The remaining nitrogen with very few impurities is collected in the gas jar by downwards
displacement of water.
Nitrogen gas
Gas jar
Evaporating basin Burnt phosphorus
Trough
Water
For this method a trough containing water is taken. Over the water an evaporating
basin with phosphorus is also placed. Now the phosphorus is burnt and immediately an
empty gas jar is adjusted over the basin. The burning phosphorus reacts with oxygen of
air and nitrogen gas with some impurities is remained in the gas jar.
4P + 5O2 2P2O5
Phosphorus pentoxide
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Thistle Delivery tube
funnel
Rubber cork
Nitrogen gas
Gas jar
Mixture of
ammonium chloride
Wire gauze and sodium nitrite
Bunsen burner
∆
NH4Cl + NaNO2 NaCl + 2H2O + N2
Fig.11.15: Lab. preparation of nitrogen gas
A mixture of ammonium chloride and sodium nitrite in the is kept in the form of
aqueous solution is kept in a round bottom flask. The flask is fitted with a cork and a
delivery tube too. The other end of the delivery two is taken into a gas jar. The gas jar
is kept inverted filling with water. Then heat is applied gently. When the solution is
warmed, rapid effervescence occurs and nitrogen is produced. The gas thus produced
can be collected in a jar by downward displacement of water.
Precautions
Following precautionary measures have to be taken in the laboratory preparation of
nitrogen gas.
i. The apparatus must be air tight.
ii. The heating should be done slowly.
iii. Only a calculated amount of ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrite should be
used.
iv. The end of delivery tube inside the flask must be above the solution.
v. The beehive shelf must be immersed in water.
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Test of nitrogen: Nitrogen gas can be identified by following methods-
1. When a burning splinter is taken in it, the splinter extinguishes.
2. When a burning magnesium ribbon is taken into this gas, the ribbon burns
continuously and forms yellow magnesium nitride.
N2 + 3Mg Mg3N2 (yellow)
Manufacture of nitrogen (Industrial Preparation)
i. From air: Air is the main source of nitrogen. Therefore, it can be manufactured
by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Air is cooled under high pressure i.e. 200
atmosphere. Oxygen is liquidified at -183 °C, whereas nitrogen changes into liquid
at -196 °C. The two gases can thus be separated and collected separately due to their
different boiling points.
i. From ammonia: For commerical purpose it can be prepared by inducing a reaction
between ammonia and chloride
8NH3 + 3Cl2 6NH4Cl + N2
Properties of nitrogen
A. Physical properties
i. It is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas.
ii. It is very little soluble in water.
iii. It is slightly lighter than air.
iv. It is neutral to the indicators.
v. It neither burns itself nor supports in burning.
vi. It boils at -196 °C and freezes at -210 °C.
B. Chemical properties
Chemically, nitrogen is a less reactive gas. As it is diatomic molecule having triple
covalent bonds (N≡N). It shows some chemical combination with some elements
under certain conditions.
a. Metals like magnesium, calcium and aluminium combine with nitrogen gas on
heating to form their nitrides.
∆
3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)
Magnesium nitride
∆
3Ca(s) + N2(g) Ca3N2(s)
Calcium nitride
∆
2Al(s) + N2(g) 2AlN(s)
Aluminium nitride
When yellow coloured magnesium nitride powder formed above is heated by
mixing it with water, ammonia gas evolves.
Mg3N2(s) + 6H2O(l) 3Mg(OH)2(s) + 2NH3(g)
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b. Nitrogen and oxygen can also be combined at a very high temperature (2000-
3000 °C). The combination of nitrogen and oxygen forms nitric oxide during
lightening in air.
N2 + O2 2000°C-3000°C 2NO (Nitric oxide)
c. Nitrogen can combine with hydrogen at a high temperature and high pressure. In
this process iron powder is used as catalyst and molybdenum powder is used as
promotor.
Fe & Mo powder
3N2 + 3H2 2NH3
at the temp. of 500°C and at high pressure
Uses of nitrogen
i. Nitrogen is used in the manufacture of ammonia, nitric acid, fertilizers and
explosives like nitronglycerine.
ii. A fuel tank of aeroplane is separated from air by nitrogen to prevent possible
explosion.
iii. Being inactive in nature, nitrogen is used for filling filament bulbs to provide
inner atmosphere.
iv. Nitrogen is used in packaging of food, fish, meat to keep them fresh.
Lesson Summary
1. Air is the mixture of different gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and
inert gases.
2. Hydrogen gas can be prepared from acid, base and water.
3. Hydrogen gas can be prepared in the laboratory by the action of granulated
zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.
4. Industrially, hydrogen gas can be prepared by heating methane and by
electrolysis process.
5. Hydrogen is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas. It is a neutral gas which
can be liquidified and solidified when cooled.
6. Hydrogen is a combustible gas, it burns in air to form water and produces a
characteristic 'POP' sound.
7. Hydrogen gas is used in filling up balloons, hydrogenation of fat, as a fuel in
producing high temperature, in fertilizer factory and as a reducing agent.
8. In laboratory, oxygen gas can be prepared by heating the mixture of potassium
chlorate and manganese dioxide in the ratio of 4:1.
9. Oxygen gas can also be prepared without heating but by the decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide in the presence of manganese dioxide as a catalyst.
10. Oxygen is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas. It is slightly soluble in
water.
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11. Metals and non-metals combine with oxygen to form their respective oxides
under different conditions.
12. Oxygen is used for respiration, burning of fuels, welding metals and
manufacturing useful substances.
13. In laboratory, nitrogen gas can be prepared by heating a mixture of ammonium
chloride and sodium nitrite.
14. Nitrogen gas is manufactured by the fractional distillation of liquid air.
15. Chemically, nitrogen is inert, however, it combines with certain elements
under different conditions.
16. Nitrogen is used in manufacturing ammonia, nitric acid, explosives, fertilizers,
filling up the filament bulbs, in the fuel tank of aeroplanes and in packaging of
food.
Project work
Activity
1. Put a little potassium permanganate in a test tube and heat it. What happens if a
glowing splinter is introduced to the tube? What can you conclude from it?
2. Burn sulphur powder in a steel spoon in a jar containing oxygen. Dissolve the gas
thus formed in water and test the gas with a piece of blue litmus paper.
i. What do you observe? ii. What can you conclude from it?
Conceptual
Conceptual questions
Questions with their answerswith their answers
Q.1. Why zinc is preferred to other metals in the preparation of hydrogen gas?
Zinc reacts slowly and gradually with acid while other metals such as sodium
potassium etc. react violently with acid and many lead to many hazards in a
laboratory.
Q.2. Which gas is filled in electric bulb? Why?
Nitrogen gas is filled in electric bulb because it behaves as an inert gas in a
diatomic form and prevents electric bulb from oxidation (burning).
Exercise
A. Hydrogen gas
1. Describe the laboratory preparation of hydrogen gas in the laboratory.
2. What property of hydrogen gas makes it possible to collect by downward
displacement of water?
177
3. How do you test whether an unknown gas is hydrogen or not?
4. What are the physical properties of hydrogen gas?
5. What is hydrogenation? Write its importance.
6. Write three chemical properties of hydrogen with chemical equations.
7. What happens.
i. when hydrogen passes over the heated lead oxide?
ii. when steam passes over the heated iron surface?
iii. when hydrogen and chlorine are mixed in a test tube and kept in the sunlight?
iv. when hydrogen gas is burnt in air?
8. Study the given diagram 11.16 and answer the questions as listed below.
i. What mistake is made in the setting
shown in the diagram?
ii. How can you overcome the problem?
iii. Write the equation to take place in the
Woulfe's bottle.
iv. Why is gas collected by downward
displacement of water? Dil
H2SO4
v. List any three uses of the gas prepared
from this setting of apparatus. Zinc
Fig.11.16:
B. Oxygen gas
1. Why is oxygen regarded an important constituent of air?
2. Describe with a diagram the laboratory perparation of oxygen gas.
i. By using heat ii. Without using heat
3. What is the role of MnO2 in the preparation of oxygen by using potassium
chlorate or hydrogen peroxide?
4. How do you test oxygen?
5. What are the physical properties of oxygen gas?
6. What happens when:
i. a burning magnesium is introduced to a jar containing oxygen gas?
ii. iron is exposed to moist air?
iii. burning phosphorus is introduced to the jar containing oxygen?
iv. the flame produced by burning sulphur is tested with a piece of wet blue litmus paper?
7. Write any three uses of oxygen gas.
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C. Nitrogen gas
1. Describe the laboratory methods of preparation of nitrogen gas with a labelled
diagram.
2. Describe how nitrogen gas can be separated from liquid air.
3. Why is nitrogen gas prepared in the laboratory called chemical nitrogen?
4. What are the physical properties of nitrogen gas?
5. Describe with equation what happens in the following cases?
a. A mixture of ammonium chloride and sodium nitrite is heated gently.
b. Burning magnesium is introduced to a jar containing nitrogen gas.
c. Water is added to magnesium nitride solid.
6. Why is nitrogen gas called an inert gas? What is its significance?
7. Write any three uses of nitrogen gas.
8. What is Haber's process?
9. Explain the confirmation test of nitrogen gas.
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