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Lecture 01

Digital Signal Processing

Dr. Eng. Teguh Firmansyah, S.T., M.T., IPM

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa

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CHAPTER
Introduction

Dr. Eng. Teguh Firmansyah, ST, M.T., IPM.

Email : teguhfirmansyah@[Link]
HP : 081321661551

Education :
S1 Electrical Engineering. Universitas Indonesia. Indonesia.
S2 Electrical Engineering. Universitas Indonesia. Indonesia.
IPM Insinyur Professional Madya. Persatuan Insinyur Indonesia.
S3 Electrical Engineering. Shizuoka University. Japan.

Research interest :
Telecommunication, antenna, RF/microwave circuit,
and microwave sensors.

Award :
Best PhD student. Shizuoka University. 2022.

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Introduction

Contents :
Chapter 1. Introduction.
Chapter 2. Time-Domain Representations of Linear Time-Invariant Systems.
Chapter 3. Fourier Representations of Signals and Linear Time Invariant Systems.
Chapter 4. Applications of Fourier Representations to Mixed Signal Classes.
Chapter 5. Application to Communication Systems.
Chapter 6. Representing Signals by Using Continuous-Time Complex Exponentials
Chapter 7. Representing Signals by Using Discrete-Time Complex Exponentials: The z-
Transform.
Chapter 8. Application to Filters and Equalizers.
Chapter 9. Application to Linear Feedback Systems.
Chapter 10. Epilogue

Mark :
Absence :5%
Assignment :5%
Quiz : 20 %
Mid-test : 30 %
Final-test : 45 % (can be replace by MATLAB Project).

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CHAPTER
Introduction
1.1 What is a signal?
A signal is formally defined as a function of one or more variables that
conveys information on the nature of a physical phenomenon.
1.2 What is a system?
A system is formally defined as an entity that manipulates one or more
signals to accomplish a function, thereby yielding new signals.

Figure 1.1 (p. 2)

Block diagram representation of a system.
1.3 Overview of Specific Systems
★ 1.3.1 Communication systems
Elements of a communication system Fig. 1.2
1. Analog communication system: modulator + channel + demodulator

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Introduction

Figure 1.2 (p. 3)

Elements of a communication system. The transmitter changes the message
signal into a form suitable for transmission over the channel. The receiver
processes the channel output (i.e., the received signal) to produce an estimate
of the message signal.

◆ Modulation:
2. Digital communication system:
sampling + quantization + coding  transmitter  channel  receiver
◆ Two basic modes of communication:
Fig. 1.3
1. Broadcasting Radio, television
2. Point-to-point communication Telephone, deep-space
communication

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CHAPTER
Introduction
Figure 1.3 (p. 5)
(a) Snapshot of Pathfinder
exploring the surface of Mars.
(b) The 70-meter (230-foot)
diameter antenna located at
Canberra, Australia. The
surface of the 70-meter
reflector must remain accurate
within a fraction of the signal’s
wavelength. (Courtesy of Jet
Propulsion Laboratory.)

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Introduction
★ 1.3.2 Control systems

Figure 1.4 (p. 7)

Block diagram of a feedback control system. The controller drives the plant,
whose disturbed output drives the sensor(s). The resulting feedback signal
is subtracted from the reference input to produce an error signal e(t), which,
in turn, drives the controller. The feedback loop is thereby closed.
◆ Reasons for using control system: 1. Response, 2. Robustness
◆ Closed-loop control system: Fig. 1.4. Controller: digital
1. Single-input, single-output (SISO) system computer
(Fig. 1.5.)
2. Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) system

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CHAPTER
Introduction

Figure 1.5 (p. 8)

NASA space shuttle launch.
(Courtesy of NASA.)

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★ 1.3.3 Microelectromechanical
Systems (MEMS)

Structure of lateral capacitive

accelerometers: Fig. 1-6 (a).

Figure 1.6a (p. 8)

Structure of lateral
capacitive accelerometers.
(Taken from Yazdi et al.,
Proc. IEEE, 1998)

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CHAPTER
Introduction
SEM view of
Analog Device’s
ADXLO5 surface-
micromachined
polysilicon
accelerometer:
Fig. 1-6 (b).

Figure 1.6b (p. 9)

SEM view of Analog
Device’s ADXLO5
surface-
micromachined
polysilicon
accelerometer.
(Taken from Yazdi et
al., Proc. IEEE, 1998)

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★ 1.3.4 Remote Sensing
Remote sensing is defined as the process of acquiring information about an
object of interest without being in physical contact with it
1. Acquisition of information = detecting and measuring the changes that the
object imposes on the field surrounding it.
2. Types of remote sensor:
Radar sensor
Infrared sensor
Visible and near-infrared sensor
X-ray sensor
※ Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR)
Satisfactory operation See Fig. 1.7
High resolution
Ex. A stereo pair of SAR acquired from earth orbit with Shuttle Imaging Radar
(SIR-B)

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CHAPTER
Introduction
Figure 1.7 (p. 11)
Perspectival view of
Mount Shasta
(California), derived
from a pair of stereo
radar images acquired
from orbit with the
shuttle Imaging Radar
(SIR-B). (Courtesy of
Jet Propulsion
Laboratory.)

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Introduction
★ 1.3.5 Biomedical Signal Processing
Morphological types of nerve cells: Fig. 1-8.

Figure 1.8 (p. 12)

Morphological types of nerve cells (neurons) identifiable in monkey cerebral
cortex, based on studies of primary somatic sensory and motor cortices.
(Reproduced from E. R. Kande, J. H. Schwartz, and T. M. Jessel, Principles of
Neural Science, 3d ed., 1991; courtesy of Appleton and Lange.)

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CHAPTER
Introduction
◆ Important examples of biological signal:
1. Electrocardiogram (ECG) Figure 1.9
Fig. 1-9 (p. 13)
2. Electroencephalogram (EEG) The traces shown
in (a), (b), and (c)
are three
examples of EEG
signals recorded
from the
hippocampus of a
rat.
Neurobiological
studies suggest
that the
hippocampus
plays a key role in
certain aspects of
learning and
memory.

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★ Measurement artifacts:
1. Instrumental artifacts
2. Biological artifacts
3. Analysis artifacts
★ 1.3.6 Auditory System
Figure 1.10 (p. 14)
(a) In this diagram, the basilar
membrane in the cochlea is depicted
as if it were uncoiled and stretched
out flat; the “base” and “apex” refer
to the cochlea, but the remarks “stiff
region” and “flexible region” refer to
the basilar membrane. (b) This
diagram illustrates the traveling
waves along the basilar membrane,
showing their envelopes induced by
incoming sound at three different
frequencies.

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Introduction
★ The ear has three main parts:
1. Outer ear: collection of sound
2. Middle ear: acoustic impedance match between the air and cochlear fluid
Conveying the variations of the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
3. Inner ear: mechanical variations → electrochemical or neural signal
★ Basilar membrane: Traveling wave Fig. 1-10.
★ 1.3.7 Analog Versus Digital Signal Processing
Digital approach has two advantages over analog approach:
1. Flexibility
2. Repeatability
1.4 Classification of Signals
Parentheses (‧)
1. Continuous-time and discrete-time signals
Continuous-time signals: x(t) Fig. 1-11.
Discrete-time signals: x  n   x( nTs ), n  0,  1,  2, ....... (1.1) where t = nTs
Fig. 1-12. Brackets [‧]

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Figure 1.11 (p. 17)

Continuous-time signal.

Figure 1.12 (p. 17)

(a) Continuous-time signal x(t). (b) Representation of x(t) as a
discrete-time signal x[n].

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CHAPTER
Introduction

1. Continuous-time signal.
2. Discrete-time signal.
3. Analog signal
4. Digital signal

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Introduction
2. Even and odd signals Symmetric about vertical axis
Even signals: x ( t )  x(t ) for all t (1.2)
Odd signals: x ( t )   x (t ) for all t (1.3)
Example 1.1 Antisymmetric about origin
Consider the signal
 t 
sin   ,  T  t  T
x(t )    T 
 0 , otherwise

Is the signal x(t) an even or an odd function of time?
<Sol.>   t 
sin    ,  T  t  T
x( t )    T 
 0 , otherwise

 t  odd function
  sin   ,  T  t  T
= T 
 0 , otherwise

=  x(t ) for all t

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CHAPTER
Introduction
2. Even and odd signals Symmetric about vertical axis
Even signals: x ( t )  x(t ) for all t (1.2)
Odd signals: x ( t )   x (t ) for all t (1.3)

Example Odd and even Antisymmetric about origin

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◆ Even-odd decomposition of x(t): Example 1.2
x(t )  xe (t )  xo (t ) Find the even and odd components
of the signal
where xe ( t )  xe (t )
x(t )  e 2t cos t
xo (  t )   xo ( t )
<Sol.>
x ( t )  xe ( t )  xo (  t ) x( t )  e2t cos(t )
 xe (t )  xo (t ) =e2t cos(t )
1 Even component:
xe   x(t )  x(t ) (1.4)
2 1
xe (t )  ( e2t cos t  e2t cos t )
1 2
xo   x ( t )  x (  t ) (1.5)
2  cosh(2t ) cos t

Odd component:
1
xo ( t )  ( e2t cos t  e2 t cos t )  sinh(2t ) cos t
2

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CHAPTER
Introduction
◆ Conjugate symmetric:
A complex-valued signal x(t) is said to be conjugate symmetric if
x(t )  x (t ) (1.6) Refer to
Let x (t )  a(t )  jb(t ) Fig. 1-13
Problem 1-2
x* (t )  a (t )  jb(t ) a( t )  a(t )
a(t )  jb(t )  a(t )  jb(t ) b(  t )  b(t )

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Introduction
3. Periodic and nonperiodic signals (Continuous-Time Case)
Periodic signals: x(t )  x(t  T ) for all t (1.7)
T  T0 , 2T0 , 3T0 , ...... and T  T0  Fundamental period Figure 1.13
(p. 20)
Fundamental frequency: (a) One example
1 of continuous-
f  (1.8)
T time signal.
Angular frequency: (b) Another
2 example of a
  2 f  (1.9) continuous-time
T
signal.

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CHAPTER
Introduction
◆ Example of periodic and nonperiodic signals: Fig. 1-14.

Figure 1.14 (p. 21)

(a) Square wave with amplitude A = 1 and period T = 0.2s.
(b) Rectangular pulse of amplitude A and duration T1.
◆ Periodic and nonperiodic signals (Discrete-Time Case)
x  n   x  n  N  for integer n (1.10)
Fundamental frequency of x[n]: N = positive integer
2
 (1.11)
N

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Introduction

Figure 1.15 (p. 21)

Triangular wave alternative between –1 and +1 for Problem 1.3.
◆ Example of periodic and nonperiodic signals:
Fig. 1-16 and Fig. 1-17.

Figure 1.16 (p. 22)

Discrete-time square
wave alternative
between –1 and +1.

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CHAPTER
Introduction
Figure 1.17 (p. 22)
Aperiodic discrete-time signal
consisting of three nonzero samples.

4. Deterministic signals and random signals

A deterministic signal is a signal about which there is no uncertainty with
respect to its value at any time.
Figure 1.13 ~ Figure 1.17
A random signal is a signal about which there is uncertainty before it occurs.
Figure 1.9
5. Energy signals and power signals
Instantaneous power:
v 2 (t ) If R = 1  and x(t) represents a current or a voltage,
p (t )  (1.12) then the instantaneous power is
R
p (t )  x 2 (t ) (1.14)
p (t )  Ri 2 (t ) (1.13)

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The total energy of the continuous-time signal x(t) is ◆ Discrete-time case:
T
 Total energy of x[n]:
E  lim  x 2 (t ) dt   x 2 (t )dt
2
T (1.15)
T   

 x [n]
2
E 2
(1.18)
Time-averaged, or average, power is n 
T
1 2 2 Average power of x[n]:
T  T 
P  lim  T x ( t ) dt (1.16)
N
1
 x [ n]
2
P  lim 2
(1.19)
For periodic signal, the time-averaged power is n  2 N
n  N
T
1 2 2 1 N 1 2
P
T2
 T x ( t ) dt (1.17) P  x [n]
N n 0
(1.20)
★ Energy signal:
If and only if the total energy of the signal satisfies the condition
0E 
★ Power signal:
If and only if the average power of the signal satisfies the condition
0P

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CHAPTER
Introduction
1.5 Basic Operations on Signals
★ 1.5.1 Operations Performed on dependent Variables c = scaling factor
Amplitude scaling: x(t) y (t )  cx (t ) (1.21)
Discrete-time case: x[n] y[n]  cx[n] Performed by amplifier
Addition:
y (t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t ) (1.22)
Discrete-time case: y[n]  x1[n]  x2 [n]
Multiplication:
Ex. AM modulation
y (t )  x1 (t ) x2 (t ) (1.23)
y[n]  x1[n] x2 [n]
Differentiation: Figure 1.18 (p. 26)
d d Inductor with current
y (t )  x (t ) (1.24) Inductor: v (t )  L i (t ) (1.25) i(t), inducing voltage
dt dt
v(t) across its
Integration: terminals.
t
y (t )   x( ) d (1.26)


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Introduction
1.5 Basic Operations on Signals
★ 1.5.1 Operations Performed on dependent Variables
Amplitude scaling: x(t) y (t )  cx (t )
Discrete-time case: x[n] y[n]  cx[n]
Addition:
y (t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t ) (1.22)
Discrete-time case: y[n]  x1[n]  x2 [n]
Multiplication:
y (t )  x1 (t ) x2 (t ) (1.23)
y[n]  x1[n] x2 [n]
Differentiation:
d
y (t )  x (t ) (1.24)
dt
Integration:
t
y (t )   x( ) d (1.26)


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CHAPTER
Introduction
1.5 Basic Operations on Signals
★ 1.5.1 Operations Performed on dependent Variables
Amplitude scaling: x(t) y (t )  cx (t )
Discrete-time case: x[n] y[n]  cx[n]
Addition:
y (t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t ) (1.22)
Discrete-time case: y[n]  x1[n]  x2 [n]
Multiplication:
y (t )  x1 (t ) x2 (t ) (1.23)
y[n]  x1[n] x2 [n]
Differentiation:
d
y (t )  x (t ) (1.24)
dt
Integration:
t
y (t )   x( ) d (1.26)


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1 t
C 
Capacitor: v(t )  i( )d (1.27) Figure 1.19 (p. 27)
Capacitor with
★ 1.5.2 Operations Performed on voltage v(t) across
independent Variables its terminals,
Time scaling: inducing current i(t).
a >1  compressed
y (t )  x (at )
0 < a < 1  expanded
Fig. 1-20.

Figure 1.20 (p. 27)

Time-scaling operation; (a) continuous-time signal x(t), (b) version of x(t) compressed
by a factor of 2, and (c) version of x(t) expanded by a factor of 2.

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Introduction
Discrete-time case: y[ n]  x[kn], k  0 k = integer Some values lost!

Figure 1.21 (p. 28)

Effect of time scaling on a discrete-time signal: (a) discrete-time signal x[n] and (b)
version of x[n] compressed by a factor of 2, with some values of the original x[n] lost
as a result of the compression.
Reflection:
y (t )  x(t ) The signal y(t) represents a reflected version of x(t) about t = 0.
Ex. 1-3
Consider the triangular pulse x(t) shown in Fig. 1-22(a). Find the reflected
version of x(t) about the amplitude axis (i.e., the origin).
<Sol.> Fig.1-22(b).

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Discrete-time case: y[ n]  x[kn], k  0 k = integer Some values lost!

Last example:

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