Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities

ISSN (Online): 2583-1712

Volume-2 Issue-3 || May 2022 || PP. 55-61 https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.2.3.36

Harmonic Mean and Contra-Harmonic Mean Derivative-Based Closed

Newton-Cotes Quadrature
Dr. Kaushal Rana
Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Dau Dayal Institute of Vocational Education, Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar
University, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA.

Corresponding Author: rana.kaushal1966@gmail.com

www.ijrah.com || Vol. 2 No. 3 (2022): May Issue

Date of Submission: 09-05-2022 Date of Acceptance: 29-05-2022 Date of Publication: 31-05-2022

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the Harmonic mean and Contra-harmonic mean of two endpoints [a,b] are applied at the derivative of the
error term in the existing CNC formulas. This modified error term is included as an additional function to the existing formula.
The new error terms are derived using the method of precision for the proposed formulas. Comparisons are made between the
existing CNC formulas and the proposed CNC formulas by using numerical examples. The proposed Harmonic mean derivate-
based (HMD) and the Contra-harmonic mean derivative-based (CHMD). CNC formulas give better results for definite integrals.
Another two of its statistical means are discussed and derived for the existing CNC formulas in the subsequent paper.

Keywords- Harmonic mean derivate-based (HMD), Contra-harmonic mean derivative-based (CHMD)

I. INTRODUCTION mean derivate-based (HMD) and the Contra-harmonic

mean derivative-based (CHMD) CNC formulas give
The research on derivative-based CNC formulas better results for definite integrals. Another two of its
is continuously increasing. In the previous work, the statistical means are discussed and derived for the existing
researchers applied the midpoint or arithmetic mean of CNC formulas in the subsequent paper.
endpoints at the derivative of the error term to improve
the accuracy of the existing CNC formulas. As a new II. METHODOLOGY
approach, various statistical means are applied at the error
term derivative of the first four CNC formulas. This new In this paper, Harmonic mean and Contra-
method increases a single order of precision over the harmonic mean of end points [a,b] are applied in the
existing CNC formulas and is used to approximate the derivative of error term in the first four CNC formulas to
definite integral with better accuracy. The previous obtain the HMD and CHMD based CNC formulas.
chapter applies the geometric mean and Heronian mean The Harmonic mean derivative-based closed Newton-
of end points at the error term derivative of CNC Cotes quadrature (HMD-CNC) formulas are
formulas. The proposed formulas also give better results. Trapezoidal formula:
In this paper, the Harmonic mean and Contra-harmonic 𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎)2 2𝑎𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)) − 𝑓 (2) ( ),
mean of two endpoints [a,b] are applied at the derivative 2 12 𝑎+𝑏
of the error term in the existing CNC formulas. (1.1)
This modified error term is included as an additional Simpson's 1/3rd formula:
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
function to the existing formula. The new error terms are ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ 6
[𝑓(𝑎) + 4𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓(𝑏)] −
2
derived using the method of precision for the (𝑏−𝑎)5 2𝑎𝑏
proposed formulas. Comparisons are made between the 𝑓 (4) ( ), (1.2)
2880 𝑎+𝑏
existing CNC formulas and the proposed CNC formulas Simpson's 3/8th formula:
by using numerical examples. The proposed Harmonic
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Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities
ISSN (Online): 2583-1712
Volume-2 Issue-3 || May 2022 || PP. 55-61 https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.2.3.36

𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 2𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+2𝑏 Theorem 1.2

∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ 8
[𝑓(𝑎) + 3𝑓 (
3
) + 3𝑓 (
3
)+
(𝑏−𝑎)5 2𝑎𝑏
Closed Simpson's 1/3rd formula with
𝑓(𝑏)] − 𝑓 (4) ( ), (1.3) Harmonic mean derivative is
6480 𝑎+𝑏
Boole's formula: 𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 3𝑎+𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ 6
[𝑓(𝑎) + 4𝑓 (
2
) + 𝑓(𝑏)] −
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ [7𝑓(𝑎) + 32𝑓 (
90
)+
4 (𝑏−𝑎)5
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+3𝑏 (𝑏−𝑎)7 2𝑎𝑏 𝑓 (4) (√𝑎𝑏),
2880
12𝑓 ( ) 32𝑓 ( ) + 7𝑓(𝑏)] − 𝑓 (6) ( ),
2 4 1935360 𝑎+𝑏 The precision of this method is 4.
(1.4) Proof:
The Contra-harmonic mean derivative-based 𝑏
closed Newton-Cotes quadrature (CHMD-CNC) For 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 The exact value of ∫𝑎 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 ≈
formulas are 1 𝑏−𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 4
(𝑏 5 − 𝑎5 ); (1.2) ⟹ − [𝑎4 + 4 ( ) + 𝑏4] −
Trapezoidal formula: 5 6 2
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎)3 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 24(𝑏−𝑎)5 1
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)) − 𝑓 (2) ( ), = 𝑓(𝑏 5 − 𝑎5 ).
2 12 𝑎+𝑏 2880 5
(1.5) It indicates that the solution is exact. Thus, the
Simpson's 1/3rd formula: precision of the closed Simpson’s 1/3rd formula with
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ [𝑓(𝑎) + 4𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓(𝑏)] −
6 2
Contra-harmonic mean derivative is 4 whereas the
(𝑏−𝑎)5 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 precision of the existing Simpson's 1/3rd formula is 3.
𝑓 (4) ( ), (1.6)
2880 𝑎+𝑏
th
Theorem 1.3
Simpson's 3/8 formula: Closed Simpson's 3/8th formula with Harmonic
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 2𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+2𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ [𝑓(𝑎) + 3𝑓 (
8
) + 3𝑓 ( )+
3 3 mean derivative is
(𝑏−𝑎)5 (4) 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 2𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+2𝑏
𝑓(𝑏)] − 𝑓 ( ), (1.7) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ 8
[𝑓(𝑎) + 3𝑓 (
3
) + 3𝑓 (
3
)+
6480 𝑎+𝑏
Boole's formula: (𝑏−𝑎)5 2𝑎𝑏
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 3𝑎+𝑏
𝑓(𝑏)] − 𝑓 (4) ( ),
6480 𝑎+𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ [7𝑓(𝑎) + 32𝑓 ( )+
90 4 The precision of this method is 4.
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+3𝑏 (𝑏−𝑎)7 𝑎2 +𝑏 2
12𝑓 ( ) 32𝑓 ( ) + 7𝑓(𝑏)] − 𝑓 (6) ( ), Proof:
2 4 1935360 𝑎+𝑏
𝑏
(1.8) For 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 The exact value of ∫𝑎 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 =
1 𝑏−𝑎 2𝑎+𝑏 4
III. HMD-CNC FORMULAS (𝑏 5 − 𝑎5 ); (1.3) ⟹− [𝑎4 + 3 ( ) +
5 8 3
𝑎+2𝑏 4 24(𝑏−𝑎)5 1
3( ) + 𝑏4] − = 𝑓(𝑏 5 − 𝑎5 ).
A new method of evaluation of Harmonic mean 3 6480 5
derivative-based CNC formulas is derived to evaluate It indicates that the solution is exact. Thus, the
definite integral. In the HMD-CNC formulas, the precision of the closed Simpson’s 3/8th formula with
Harmonic mean of end points is applied in the error term Contra-harmonic mean derivative is 4 whereas the
derivative of Trapezoidal formula, Simpson’s 1/3rd precision of the existing Simpson's 3/8th formula is 3.
formula, Simpson's 3/8th formula and Boole's formula.
Theorem 1.4
The Harmonic mean derivative is zero in this method if
either a=0 or b=0. Closed Boole's formula with Harmonic mean
Theorem 1.1 derivative is
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 3𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
Closed Trapezoidal formula using Harmonic mean ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ 90
[7𝑓(𝑎) + 32𝑓 (
4
) + 12𝑓 (
2
)+
derivative is 𝑎+3𝑏 (𝑏−𝑎)7 2𝑎𝑏
𝑏 32𝑓 ( ) + 7𝑓(𝑏)] − 𝑓 (6) ( ),
𝑏−𝑎 4 1935360 𝑎+𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)) The precision of this method is 6.
2
𝑎 Proof:
(𝑏 − 𝑎)3 (2) 2𝑎𝑏 𝑏 1
−
𝑓 ( ), For 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 6 . The exact value of ∫𝑎 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑏 7 −
7
12 𝑎+𝑏
The precision of this method is 2. 𝑏−𝑎 3𝑎+𝑏 4 𝑎+𝑏 6
𝑎7 ); (1.4)⟹ − ( ) [7𝑎6 + 32 ( ) + 12 ( ) +
Proof: 90 4 2
For 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑎+3𝑏 6 720(𝑏−𝑎)7 1
𝑏 1 32 ( ) + 7𝑏 6 ] + = 𝑓(𝑏 7 − 𝑎7 ).
The exact value of ∫𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ≈ (𝑏 3 − 𝑎3 ); (1.1) ⟹ 4 1935360 7
3
𝑏−𝑎 2(𝑏−𝑎)3 1 It indicates that the solution is exact. Thus, the
− (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) − = 𝑓(𝑏 3 − 𝑎3 ).
2 12 3
precision of the closed Boole’s formula with Contra-
It indicates that the solution is exact. Thus, the
precision of the closed Trapezoidal formula with harmonic mean derivative is 6 whereas the precision of
Contra-harmonic mean derivative is 2 whereas the the existing Boole's formula is 5.
precision of the existing Trapezoidal formula is 1.

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Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities
ISSN (Online): 2583-1712
Volume-2 Issue-3 || May 2022 || PP. 55-61 https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.2.3.36

𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 2𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+2𝑏

IV. THE ERROR TERMS OF HMD-CNC ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ [𝑓(𝑎) + 3𝑓 ( ) 3𝑓 ( )+
8 3 3
FORMULAS (𝑏−𝑎)5 2𝑎𝑏 (𝑏−𝑎)7
𝑓(𝑏)] − 𝑓 (4) ( ) − 𝑓 (6) (𝜉). (3.11)
6480 𝑎+𝑏 12960(𝑎+𝑏)
The error of approximation for the method based Where 𝜉 𝜖 (a, b). This is the sixth order accurate with the
on the precision of a quadrature formula is obtained by error term
using the difference between the quadrature formula for (𝑏−𝑎)7
𝑥 𝑝+1
𝐸11 [𝑓] = − 𝑓 (6) (𝜉).
12960(𝑎+𝑏)
the monomial and the exact result
(𝑝+1)! Proof:
1 𝑏 1 𝑏 5 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑝+1
(𝑝+1)! 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 where p is the precision of the The exact value of ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑏 6 − 𝑎6 );
5! 𝑎 720
quadrature formula. 𝑏−𝑎
By using (1.3) ⟹ ((81𝑏 5 + (2𝑎 + 𝑏)5 + (𝑎 +
Theorem 1.5 12960(𝑎+𝑏)

Harmonic mean derivative-based closed 2𝑏)5 + 81𝑏 5 )(𝑎 + 𝑏) − 24(𝑏 − 𝑎)4 𝑎𝑏)
Trapezoidal formula with the error term is Hence,
1 𝑏−𝑎
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎)3 2𝑎𝑏 𝐸11 [𝑓] = (𝑏 6 − 𝑎6 ) − ((81𝑏 5 + (2𝑎 +
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)) − 𝑓 (2) ( ) 720 12960(𝑎+𝑏)
2 12 𝑎+𝑏
(𝑏−𝑎)3 𝑏)5 + (𝑎 + 2𝑏)5 + 81𝑏 5 )(𝑎 + 𝑏) − 24(𝑏 − 𝑎)4 𝑎𝑏) =
− 𝑓 (4) (𝜉). (1.9) (𝑏−𝑎)7
24(𝑎+𝑏)
− .
where 𝜉 𝜖 (a, b). This is the fourth order accurate with the 12960(𝑎+𝑏)
error term Hence, the error term is
(𝑏−𝑎)5 (𝑏−𝑎)7
𝐸1 [𝑓] = − 𝑓 (4) (𝜉). 𝐸11 [𝑓] = − 𝑓 (6) (𝜉).
24(𝑎+𝑏) 12960(𝑎+𝑏)
Proof: Theorem 1.8
𝑏
1 1 Harmonic mean derivative-based closed Boole's
The exact value of ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 24 (𝑏 4 − 𝑎4 );
3! 𝑎
𝑏−𝑎 formula with the error term is
By using (1.1) ⟹ ((𝑏 3 + 𝑎3 )(𝑎 + 𝑏) − (𝑏 − 𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 3𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
12(𝑎+𝑏) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ 90
[7𝑓(𝑎) + 32𝑓 (
4
) + 12𝑓 (
2
)+
2
𝑎) (2𝑎𝑏)) 𝑎+3𝑏 (𝑏−𝑎)7 (6) 2𝑎𝑏
Hence, 32𝑓 ( ) + 7𝑓(𝑏)] − 𝑓 ( )−
4 1935360 𝑎+𝑏
1 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎)9
𝐸9 [𝑓] = − (𝑏 4 − 𝑎4 ) − ((𝑏 3 + 𝑎3 )(𝑎 + 𝑏) − 𝑓 (8) (𝜉). (3.12)
24 12(𝑎+𝑏) 3870720(𝑎+𝑏)
(𝑏−𝑎)5 where 𝜉 𝜖 (a, b). This is the eighth order accurate with the
2(𝑏 − 𝑎)2 𝑎𝑏) = −
24(𝑎+𝑏)
error term
Hence, the error term is (𝑏−𝑎)9
(𝑏−𝑎)5 (4) 𝐸12 [𝑓] = − 𝑓 (8) (𝜉).
𝐸9 [𝑓] = − 𝑓 (𝜉). 3870720(𝑎+𝑏)
24(𝑎+𝑏)
Proof:
Theorem 1.6 1 𝑏 7 1
Harmonic mean derivative-based closed The exact value of ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑏 8 −
7! 𝑎 40320
Simpson's 1/3rd formula with the error term is 8 );
𝑎
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ [𝑓(𝑎) + 4𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓(𝑏)] − By using (1.4) ⟹ = (97𝑎7 + 91𝑎6 𝑏 +
2 2 7! .768
(𝑏−𝑎)5 2𝑎𝑏 (𝑏−𝑎)7 105𝑎5 𝑏 2 + 91𝑎4 𝑏 3 + 91𝑎3 𝑏 4 + 105𝑎2 𝑏 5 + 91𝑎𝑏 6 +
𝑓 (4) ( )− 𝑓 (6)
(𝜉). (1.10)
2880 𝑎+𝑏 5760(𝑎+𝑏)
97𝑎𝑏 7 )(𝑎 + 𝑏) − 4(𝑏 − 𝑎)6 𝑎𝑏),
where 𝜉 𝜖 (a, b). This is the sixth order accurate with the Hence,
error term 1 𝑏−𝑎
(𝑏−𝑎)7 𝐸12 [𝑓] = (𝑏 8 − 𝑎8 ) = (97𝑎7 + 91𝑎6 𝑏 +
𝐸10 [𝑓] = − 𝑓 (6) (𝜉). 40320 7! .768
5760(𝑎+𝑏) 105𝑎5 𝑏 2 + 91𝑎4 𝑏 3 + 91𝑎3 𝑏 4 + 105𝑎2 𝑏 5 + 91𝑎𝑏 6 +
Proof: (𝑏−𝑎)9
1 𝑏 1 97𝑎𝑏 7 )(𝑎 + 𝑏) − 4(𝑏 − 𝑎)6 𝑎𝑏), =− .
The exact value of ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
5! 𝑎
=
720
(𝑏 6 −𝑎 6 ); 3870720(𝑎+𝑏)
𝑏−𝑎 Therefore, the error term is
By using (1.2) ⟹ ((8𝑏 5 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)5 + (𝑏−𝑎)9
5 4
5760(𝑎+𝑏) 𝐸4 [𝑓] = − 𝑓 (8) (𝜉).
8𝑏 )(𝑎 + 𝑏) − 4(𝑏 − 𝑎) 𝑎𝑏), 3870720(𝑎+𝑏)

Hence,
𝐸10 [𝑓] =
1
(𝑏 6 − 𝑎6 ) −
𝑏−𝑎
((8𝑏 5 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)5 + V. CHMD-CNC FORMULAS
720 5760(𝑎+𝑏)
(𝑏−𝑎)7
8𝑏 5 )(𝑎 + 𝑏) − 4(𝑏 − 𝑎)4 𝑎𝑏) = − . In this section, Contra-harmonic mean
5760(𝑎+𝑏)
Hence, the error term is derivative-based closed Newton cotes quadrature formula
(𝑏−𝑎)7 is derived by using the Contra-harmonic mean value of
𝐸10 [𝑓] = − 𝑓 (6) (𝜉). the terminal points [a, b] at the derivative of Trapezoidal
5760(𝑎+𝑏)
Theorem 1.7 formula, Simpson's 1/3rd formula, Simpson's 3/8th formula
Harmonic mean derivative-based closed and Boole's formula for the valuation of a
Simpson's 3/8th formula with the error term is definite integral.
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Theorem 1.9 Proof:

Closed Trapezoidal formula using Contra- 𝑏
For 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 6 The exact value of ∫𝑎 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 =
harmonic mean derivative is 1 𝑏−𝑎 3𝑎+𝑏 6
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎)3 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 (𝑏 7 − 𝑎7 ); (1.8)⟹ ( ) [7𝑎6 + 32 ( ) +
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ [𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)] − 𝑓 (2) ( ), 7 90 4
2 12 𝑎+𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 6 𝑎+3𝑏 6 720(𝑏−𝑎)7 1
12𝑓 ( ) + 32 ( ) + 7𝑏 6 ] + = (𝑏 7 −
2 4 1935360 7
The precision of this method is 2.
Proof: 𝑎7 ).
𝑏 It indicates that the solution is exact. Thus, the
For 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 The exact value of ∫𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = precision of the closed Boole's formula with Contra-
1 𝑏−𝑎 2(𝑏−𝑎)3
(𝑏 3 − 𝑎3 );(1.5)⟹ − ( ) (𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) − = harmonic mean derivative is 6 whereas the precision of
3 2 12
1 the existing Boole's formula is 5.
(𝑏 3
−𝑎 3 ).
3
It indicates that the solution is exact. Thus, the VI. THE ERROR TERMS OF CHMD-
precision of the closed Trapezoidal formula with Contra- CNC FORMULAS
harmonic mean derivative is 2 whereas the precision of
the existing Trapezoidal formula is 1.
In this section, the error term for the CHMD-
Theorem 1.10
CNC formula is derived by using the remainder between
Closed Simpson's 1/3rdformula with Contra- 𝑥 𝑝+1
harmonic mean derivative is the quadrature formula for the monomial (𝑝+1)!
and the
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑎+𝑏 1 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ [𝑓(𝑎) + 4𝑓 (
6
) + 𝑓(𝑏)] −
2 exact result ∫ 𝑥 𝑝+1 𝑑𝑥 where p is the precision of
(𝑝+1)! 𝑎
(𝑏−𝑎)5 (4) 𝑎2 +𝑏 2
𝑓 ( ), the quadrature formula.
2880 𝑎+𝑏
The precision of this method is 4. Theorem 1.13
Proof: Contra-harmonic mean derivative-based closed
𝑏 Trapezoidal formula with the error term is
For 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 The exact value of ∫𝑎 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎)3 𝑎2 +𝑏 2
1 𝑏−𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 4
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)) − 𝑓 (2) ( )+
2 12 𝑎+𝑏
(𝑏 5 − 𝑎5 ); (1.6)⟹ ( ) [𝑎4 + 4 ( ) + 𝑏4] − (𝑏−𝑎)5 (4)
5 6 2 𝑓 (𝜉). (1.13)
24(𝑏−𝑎)5 1 24(𝑎+𝑏)
= (𝑏 5 − 𝑎5 ). where 𝜉 𝜖 (a, b). This is the fourth order accurate with the
2880 5
It indicates that the solution is exact. Thus, the error term
precision of the closed Simpson’s 1/3rd formula with 𝐸13 [𝑓] = −
(𝑏−𝑎)5
𝑓 (4) (𝜉).
Contra-harmonic mean derivative is 4 whereas 24(𝑎+𝑏)
the precision of the existing Simpson's 1/3rd formula is 3. Proof:
1 𝑏 3 1
Theorem 1.11 The exact value of ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑏 4 − 𝑎4 );
3! 𝑎 24
Closed Simpson's 3/8th formula with Contra-harmonic
𝑏−𝑎 𝑎2 +𝑏 2
mean derivative is By using (3.5) ⟹ (𝑏 3 + 𝑎3 − (𝑏 − 𝑎)2 ( ))
3! .2 𝑎+𝑏
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 2𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+2𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ [𝑓(𝑎) + 3𝑓 (
8
) + 3𝑓 (
3
)+
3 Hence,
(𝑏−𝑎)5 𝑎2 +𝑏 2
𝑓(𝑏)] − 𝑓 (4) ( ), 𝐸13 [𝑓] = −
1
(𝑏 4 − 𝑎4 ) −
𝑏−𝑎
(𝑏 3 + 𝑎3 − (𝑏 −
6480 𝑎+𝑏
24 3! .2
The precision of this method is 4.
Proof: 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 (𝑏−𝑎)5
𝑏 𝑎)2 ( )) = − .
𝑎+𝑏 24(𝑎+𝑏)
For 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 The exact value of ∫𝑎 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 =
1 𝑏−𝑎 2𝑎+𝑏 4 Therefore, the error term is
(𝑏 5 − 𝑎5 ); (1.7)⟹ ( ) [𝑎4 + 3 ( ) + (𝑏−𝑎)5
5 8 3 𝐸13 [𝑓] = − 𝑓 (4) (𝜉).
24(𝑎+𝑏)
𝑎+2𝑏 4 24(𝑏−𝑎)5 1
3( ) + 𝑏4] − = (𝑏 5 − 𝑎5 ). Theorem 1.14
3 6480 5
It indicates that the solution is exact. Thus, the Contra-harmonic mean derivative-based closed
precision of the closed Simpson’s 3/8th formula with Simpson's 1/3rdformula with the error term is
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
Contra-harmonic mean derivative is 4 whereas the ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ 6
[𝑓(𝑎) + 4𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓(𝑏)] −
2
precision of the existing Simpson's 3/8th formula is 3. (𝑏−𝑎)5 2
(4) 𝑎 +𝑏
2 (𝑏−𝑎)7 (6)
Theorem 1.12 𝑓 ( ) − 𝑓 (𝜉). (1.14)
2880 𝑎+𝑏 5760(𝑎+𝑏)
Closed Boole's formula with Contra-harmonic where 𝜉 𝜖 (a, b). This is the fourth order accurate with the
mean derivative is error term
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 3𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 (𝑏−𝑎)7
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ [7𝑓(𝑎) + 32𝑓 (
90
) + 12𝑓 ( ) +
4 2
𝐸14 [𝑓] = − 𝑓 (6) (𝜉).
5760(𝑎+𝑏)
𝑎+3𝑏 (𝑏−𝑎)7 (6) 𝑎2 +𝑏 2
32𝑓 ( ) + 7𝑓(𝑏)] − 𝑓 ( ), Proof:
4 1935360 𝑎+𝑏 1 𝑏 5 1
The precision of this method is 6. The exact value of ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑏 6 − 𝑎6 );
5! 𝑎 720

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(𝑏−𝑎)7
By using (1.6) ⟹
𝑏−𝑎
(8𝑎5 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)5 + 8𝑏 5 − 2(𝑏 − 𝐸15 [𝑓] = − 𝑓 (6) (𝜉).
12960(𝑎+𝑏)
5! .48
Theorem 3.16
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 Contra-harmonic mean derivative-based closed
𝑎)4 ( ))
𝑎+𝑏 Boole's formula with the error term is
Hence, 𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 3𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ [7𝑓(𝑎) + 32𝑓 (
90
) + 12𝑓 ( ) +
4 2
1 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎)7 2 2
𝐸14 [𝑓] = − (𝑏 6 − 𝑎6 ) − (8𝑎5 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)5 + 32𝑓 (
𝑎+3𝑏
) + 7𝑓(𝑏)] − (6) 𝑎 +𝑏
𝑓 ( ) +
720 5! .48 4 1935360 𝑎+𝑏
(𝑏−𝑎)9
8𝑏 5 − 2(𝑏 − 𝑎)4 (
𝑎2 +𝑏 2
)) = −
(𝑏−𝑎)7
. 𝑓 (8) (𝜉). (3.16)
3870720(𝑎+𝑏)
𝑎+𝑏 5760(𝑎+𝑏)
where 𝜉 𝜖 (a, b). This is the fourth order accurate with the
Hence, the error term is error term
(𝑏−𝑎)7
𝐸14 [𝑓] = − 𝑓 (6) (𝜉). 𝐸16 [𝑓] =
(𝑏−𝑎)9
𝑓 (8) (𝜉).
5760(𝑎+𝑏)
3870720(𝑎+𝑏)
Theorem 1.15 Proof:
Contra-harmonic mean derivative-based closed 1 𝑏 7 1
The exact value of ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑏 6 −
Simpson's 3/8th formula with the error term is 7! 𝑎 40320
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎 2𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+2𝑏 𝑎6 );
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ [𝑓(𝑎) + 3𝑓 ( ) + 3𝑓 ( )+
8 3 3 By using (1.8) ⟹
(𝑏−𝑎)5 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 (𝑏−𝑎)7
𝑓(𝑏)] − 𝑓 (4) ( )− 𝑓 (6) (𝜉). (1.15) 𝑏−𝑎 97𝑎7 + 91𝑎6 𝑏 + 105𝑎5 𝑏 2 + 91𝑎4 𝑏 3 + 91𝑎3 𝑏 4
6480 𝑎+𝑏 12960(𝑎+𝑏)
( 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 )
where 𝜉 𝜖 (a, b). This is the fourth order accurate with the 7! .748 +105𝑎2 𝑏 5 + 91𝑎𝑏 6 + 97𝑎𝑏 7 − 2(𝑏 − 𝑎)4 ( )
𝑎+𝑏
error term Hence,
(𝑏−𝑎)7 1
𝐸15 [𝑓] = − 𝑓 (6) (𝜉). 𝐸16 [𝑓] = − (𝑏 6 − 𝑎6 ) −
12960(𝑎+𝑏) 720
Proof: 𝑏−𝑎 97𝑎 + 91𝑎6 𝑏 + 105𝑎5 𝑏 2 + 91𝑎4 𝑏 3 + 91𝑎3 𝑏 4
7
1 𝑏 5 1 ( 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 )
The exact value of ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑏 6 − 𝑎6 ); 7! .648 +105𝑎 2 𝑏 5 + 91𝑎𝑏 6 + 97𝑎𝑏 7 − 2(𝑏 − 𝑎)4 ( )
5! 𝑎 720 𝑎+𝑏
𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎)9
By using (1.7) ⟹ (81𝑎5 + (2𝑎 + 𝑏)5 + (𝑎 + = .
5! .648 3870720(𝑎+𝑏)
Therefore, the error term is
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 (𝑏−𝑎)9
2𝑏)5 + 81𝑏 5 − 12(𝑏 − 𝑎)4 ( )) 𝐸16 [𝑓] = 𝑓 (8) (𝜉).
𝑎+𝑏 3870720(𝑎+𝑏)
Hence,
1
𝐸15 [𝑓] = − (𝑏 6 − 𝑎6 ) − VII. SUMMARY
720
𝑏−𝑎
81𝑎 + (2𝑎 + 𝑏)5 + (𝑎 + 2𝑏)5 + 81𝑏 5
5
( 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 ) The summary of precision, the orders and the
5! .648 −12(𝑏 − 𝑎)4 ( ) error terms of Harmonic mean and Contra-harmonic mean
𝑎+𝑏
(𝑏−𝑎)7 derivative-based CNC formulas are presented in Table
=− .
12960(𝑎+𝑏) 1.1.
Hence, the error term is

Table 1.1: The Error terms of HMD and CHMD based CNC formulas

Formulas HMD-CNC CHMD-CNC

Precision Order Error terms Precision Order Error terms

Trapezoidal 2 5 (𝑏 − 𝑎)5 (4) 2 5 (𝑏−𝑎)5

𝑓 (4) (𝜉)
− 𝑓 (𝜉) 24(𝑎+𝑏)
24(𝑎 + 𝑏)

Simpson's 4 7 (𝑏−𝑎)7 4 7 (𝑏−𝑎)7

− 𝑓 (6) (𝜉) 𝑓 (6) (𝜉)
1/3rd 5760(𝑎+𝑏) 5760(𝑎+𝑏)

Simpson's 4 7 (𝑏−𝑎)7 4 7 (𝑏−𝑎)7

− 𝑓 (6) (𝜉) 𝑓 (6) (𝜉)
3/8th 12960(𝑎+𝑏) 12960(𝑎+𝑏)

Boole's 6 9 (𝑏−𝑎)9 6 9 (𝑏−𝑎)9

− 𝑓 (8) (𝜉) 𝑓 (8) (𝜉)
3870720(𝑎+𝑏) 3870720(𝑎+𝑏)

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Table 3.1 indicate that the proposed HMD and Example 1.1
2
CHMD based CNC formulas increase a single order of Solve ∫1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and compare the solutions with
precision than the existing CNC formulas. the CNC and HMD-CNC formulas.
1.8 Numerical examples Solution:
To compare the efficiency of the existing CNC 2
formulas and the HMD and CHMD based CNC The exact value of ∫1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4.67077427
formulas.

Table 1.2: Comparison of CNC and HMD-CNC formulas - Example 1.1

Formulas CNC HMD-CNC

Approximate Error Approximate Value Error

Value

Trapezoidal 5.053668964 0.382894694 4.737529973 0.066755703

Simpson's 1/3rd 4.672349035 0.001574765 4.671031784 0.000257519

Simpson's 3/8th 4.671476470 0.000702200 4.670891027 0.000116757

Boole's 4.670776607 0.000002337 4.670774647 0.000000371

Example 1.2 Solution:

2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solve ∫1 and compare the solutions with the The exact value of ∫1 = 0.405465108
1+𝑥 1+𝑥
CNC and HMD-CNC formulas.

Table 1.3: Comparison of CNC and HMD-CNC formulas - Example 1.2

Formulas CNC HMD-CNC

Approximate Error Approximate Value Error

Value

Trapezoidal 0.416666667 0.011201559 0.403547132 0.001917976

Simpson's 1/3rd 0.405555556 0.000090448 0.405435069 0.000030039

Simpson's 3/8th 0.405505952 0.000040844 0.405452402 0.000012706

Boole's 0.405465768 0.000000660 0.405464780 0.000000328

Example 1.3 Solution:

1 1
Solve ∫0 3𝑥 and compare the answers with the The exact value of ∫0 3𝑥 =1.820478453.
CNC and CHMD-CNC formulas.

Table 1.4: Comparison of CNC and CHMD-CNC formulas – Example 1.3

Formulas CNC CHMD-CNC

Approximate Error Approximate Value Error

Value

Trapezoidal 2.000000000 0.179521547 1.698262760 0.122215693

Simpson's 1/3rd 1.821367205 0.000888752 1.819849782 0.000628671

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Simpson's 3/8th 1.820875023 0.000396570 1.820200613 0.000277840

Boole's 1.820480044 0.000001591 1.820477319 0.000001134

Example 1.4 Solution:

2 2
Solve ∫1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and compare the answers with the The exact value of ∫1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =4.67077427.
CNC and CHMD-CNC formulas.

Table 1.5: Comparison of CNC and CHMD-CNC formulas - Example 1.4

Formulas CNC CHMD-CNC

Approximate Value Error Approximate Value Error

Trapezoidal 5.053668964 0.382894694 4.612461460 0.058312810

Simpson's 1/3rd 4.672349035 0.001574765 4.670510670 0.000263600

Simpson's 3/8th 4.671476470 0.000702200 4.670659419 0.000114851

Boole's 4.670776607 0.000002337 4.670773871 0.000000399

VIII. CONCLUSION [5] C.Brezinski and L.Wuytack, Numerical analysis in

the twentieth century, Elsevier science, pp.1 - 40, 2001.
In this chapter, Harmonic mean and Contra- [6] R. L. Burden and J. D. Faires, Numerical Analysis,
harmonic mean derivative-based CNC formulas are Brooks/Cole, Boston, Mass, USA, 9th edition, 2011.
derived for the evaluation of the definite integral with [7] Clarence O.E.Burg, Derivative-based closed
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demonstrated for the accuracy of the proposed formulas. [8] Clarence O.E.Burg and Ezechiel Degny,
Derivative-Based midpoint quadrature rule, Applied
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