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Matter, Atoms and Isotopes

Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis (Our Lady of Fatima

University)

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Pharmaceutical Inorganic Properties of Matter y

Chemistry with Qualitative Extrinsic Property Intrinsic Property

Analysis physical properties of properties of matter
Week Two, Module 2a and 2b matter which may vary which are constant
from time to time
2a. Matter
not the characteristics of give the characteristics of
Unit Outline the substance itself the substance its unique
identity
I. Definition of Matter
II. Properties of Matter depends on the amount do not depend on the
III. Classifications of Matter amount
IV. Changes in Matter amount = extensive
V. States of Matter properties. amount = intensive
properties

Definition of Matter y Examples: height, weight, Examples: boiling point,

temperature, size, shape, freezing point, melting
Matter volume, etc. point, viscosity, refractive
● anything that occupies space and has mass index, etc.
● all matter has volume: amount of space taken up by
something and weight. Extrinsic Property
● there’s always volume when something occupies ● quantitative
space ● Ex: water in a tumbler. The extrinsic property of
● matter comes in different forms or states water is its volume, since pwede mag-iba.
1. Solid
2. Liquid Intrinsic Properties
3. Gas ● qualitative
● Sometimes matter cannot be seen or felt but it’s ● Ex: water in a tumbler. The intrinsic property of the
there, like gas. water in a tumbler is its boiling point, kahit maging
kaunti ang water sa tumbler constant na ang boiling
Mass Weight point ay 100°

Constant at any place and Varies depends on the Classifications of Matter y

time amount of gravity

Refers to the amount of Refers to the downward

the substance pull of the objects towards
the center of the earth

When travelled to the When travelled to the

moon, the mass of an moon, the weight of an
object will still be the same. object will only be ⅙ of its
weight on earth.

Can never be zero Can also be zero

Mass
● cannot be changed - it is what it is.
● same number of molecules wherever

Weight
● changes depende kung nasaan and sa gravity pull
ng lugar
● the stronger the gravity = the heavier the weight
● can be zero because there are places na walang
gravity

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I. Pure Substance [ classifications according to elements involved in the

● kind of matter possessing definite, fixed, compound ]
and unvarying composition with unique set
of properties. b.4 Organic compound
● made up of only one kind of matter ➢ carbon containing compound
● walang kahalo - water
b.5 Inorganic compound
a. Elements ➢ no chained carbons
● simplest form of substance that cannot
be decomposed by chemical means ★ b.5.1 Acids - contains hydrogen
● building blocks of matter Ex. HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
● one single element (nasa unahan yung H)
● Ex. Sodium & Chlorine
★ b.5.2 Bases - contains metal + OH
a.1 Metals (hydroxide)
➢ elements characterized by their brilliant Ex. KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2
luster, ductility, malleability, and are good (slippery, used for making soaps)
conductors of heat and electricity
➢ Ex: Aluminum foil ★ b.5.3 Salts - combination of any + ion
(except H) and - ion (except OH)
a.1 Non-metals Ex: Na+ + Cl- = Salt
➢ possess the characteristics opposite of H+ + Cl- = Hydrochloric Acid
metals Na+ + OH- = Sodium hydroxide
➢ not malleable - brittle
➢ Ex: Charcoal, Carbon, Wood ★ b.5.4 Oxide - consists of oxygen and other
elements
a.1 Metalloids Ex: ZnO, CaO
➢ elements which possess the
characteristics of both metals and II. Mixtures
nonmetals (in-between) ● composed of two or more substances not
chemically combined
b. Compounds
a. Homogeneous
● pure substance whose molecules are ● 1, 1 phase system, no separation or
made up of two or more kinds of atoms layers. isa lang itsura ng mixture
combined in definite proportions ● Ex: Water with Alcohol
● definite proportion: NaCl (1 sodium, 1
chlorine = salt. If may mababago na b. Heterogeneous
element, not salt anymore) ● 2 or more, 2 phase system, has
● pinagsamang elements separation, distinction and layers
● Ex. NaCl / salt. ● Ex: Oil with water

[ classifications according to formed bonds ] Types of Mixtures

b.1 Ionic compound [HOMO]

➢ has ionic bond 1. Solutions
➢ ionic bond happens if one element
transfers electron to another element [HETERO]
➢ metal + non metal 2. Colloids - small distinction
Ex: Toothpaste, Mayonnaise, Milk (there’s still
b.2 Covalent compound distinction since they can still be separated)
➢ has covalent bond
➢ covalent bond happens because of sharing 3. Suspension - solid + liquid na hindi humahalo or
of electrons soluble with each other
➢ non metal + non metal Ex: Flour + Oil

b.3 Metallic compound 4. Emulsions- liquid + liquid na hindi humahalo or

➢ involves metals soluble with each other
Ex: Water and Oil

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Differences between Compounds and Mixture r Changes in Matter r

1. Physical Change
Compounds Mixtures
● change in the physical properties of substances
Always have definite Components may be without changing its chemical composition
composition by weight present in any ● no new substance is produced, although there
proportions may be a change in state or density or both

Preparation shows It is prepared with no

evidence of chemical evidence of any chemical Substance Process Accompanying changes
action taking place reaction taking place Involved

Components can be Components do not lose Water Evaporation When liquid change to gas
separated by chemical identity
means Paper Tearing Change in size and shape

Constituents can be Components may be Dress Folding Change in size and shape
separated by chemical separated by mechanical
means means Chalk Pounding Change in size and shape

Composed of two or more Composed of two or more Hair Cutting Change in size and shape
substances that are substances that are not
chemically combined chemically combined
Water - even if vapor or ice, still H2O

Compounds 2. Chemical Change

● one substance but two elements with chemical ● change in the chemical composition and
means, di na pwede paghiwalayin (only by chemical constitution of the substance forming new
means) substance
● original identity of the substance and its properties
Mixtures are altered
● two substances with no chemical reaction, so ● change in which at least one substance change
pwede pa paghiwalayin mechanically composition
● Ex: cooked meat > not capable of being raw again
as chemical change already took place.
Methods of Separating Mixtures r

1. Filtration Substance Process Accompanying changes

Involved
● uses the filtration set-up
● includes filter paper, funnel, iron ring, and iron stand Iron Rusting When the metal changes its
● works with particles that are significantly different in color from bright to reddish
size, sand, and rock with water. brown

2. Distillation Pig’s meat Cooking The meat tenderizes and

● used if two liquids are mixed but have different changes its structures
boiling points
Wine Fermentation When the fruit juice with the
aid of an enzyme from yeast
3. Centrifugation changes to ethyl alcohol and
● processes rely on densities. carbon dioxide (CO2)
● centrifuge : fast revolution to separate
● separates constituents by difference in their weights
through speed because of density
General Properties of the States of Matter r
● settles below

4. Sedimentation States of Shape Volume Examples

● also density, but no need for speed Matter
● faster to settle than centrifugation
● happens when particles of different densities have Solid Definite Definite Tables, chairs,
settled within a liquid rocks, pen
● kung ano mas mabigat yun yung nags-settle sa
Liquid Indefinite Definite Water, alcohol,
ibaba gasoline

Gas Indefinite Indefinite Air, steam

Plasma a gas at a very high temperature but the

particles carry electrical charges

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A. Solids Dalton Atomic Theory by John Dalton r

1. Rigidity, hardness, and mechanical strength 1. Elements are composed of extremely small
2. Definite size, shape, and volume particles called atoms.
3. Exerts vapor pressure 2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having
4. Sublimation the same size, mass, and chemical properties. The
atoms of one element are different from the atoms
B. Solids of all other elements.
3. Law of Definite Proportion - Compounds are
1. Definite volume, indefinite shape, follows the shape composed of atoms of more than one element. In
of the container any compound, the ratio of the numbers of atoms of
2. Constant boiling points (100) any two of the elements present is either an integer
3. Viscosity or a simple fraction.
4. Evaporation 4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation,
5. Vaporization combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not
6. Volatility result in their creation or destruction.
7. Surface tension - tension in between the air and
the liquid. repels the thing sa ibabaw, kaya we can Modern Atomic Theory r
make lutang. [weight ng nakalutang vs. surface
tension of the liquid, dapat talo sa surface tension 1. Atoms may disintegrate. In nuclear reactions, atoms
para makalutang] are being transferred into atoms of single elements
8. Density > mass vs. volume in a process known as nuclear transmutation.
(pwede dagdagan or bawasan ng proton or neutron ang
C. Gas atom)
Nuclear Transmutation = used for radiopharmaceuticals.
1. No definite shape, size, and volume 2. Not all atoms of any given element are alike.
2. Expands when heated 3. Not all atoms of a given element pose identical
3. Exerts pressure properties except in mass.
4. High compressibility - easy to compress because 4. Atoms of different elements have different
malaki space properties.
5. Diffusibility
Structure of Atoms r
D. Plasma
1. Electrons
1. Uses ● Discovered by Joseph John Thompson
● best electrical conductor ● first component of atom to be identified
−31
● consists of ionized gases ● Mass: 9. 109 × 10 𝑘𝑔
−19
● Charge: − 1. 602 × 10 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠
2. General methods to produce plasma
● ^ negatively charged
● cascade process
● thermal ionization process
2. Protons
● Discovered by Eugene Goldstein
● one of the components of a nucleus
2b. Atoms and Isotopes −27
● Mass: 1. 673 × 10 𝑘𝑔
−19
● Charge: + 1. 602 × 10 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠
Unit Outline ● ^ positively charged
● nuclear model: Ernest Rutherford
I. History of Atoms
II. Dalton’s Atomic Theory
3. Neutrons
III. Modern Atomic Theory
IV. Structure of the Atom ● Discovered by James Chadwick in 1932
V. Atomic Number ● another component of nucleus
VI. Mass Number ● Mass: 1. 675 × 10 𝑘𝑔
−27

VII. Isotopes
● ^ has no charge , since charge is already
balanced inside the atom. (charge of
History of Atoms r protons and electron)

Democritus (460-370 BC)

● ‘atomos’, ‘discontinuous matter’, ‘indivisible’

Plato and Aristotle

● “there can be no ultimately indivisible particles”
● everything is made up of 4 elements: air, water, fire,
and earth.

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Atomic Number r Isotopes r

● number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of ● atoms of the same element with the same atomic
an element, also the number of electrons in an number, but different mass numbers.
atom. ● changes in mass numbers are due to changes in
● this quantity is fundamental to the identity of each number of neutrons.
element because it is related to the electrical make ● In other words, they have the same number of
up of an atom, therefore: protons and electrons but different with
● atomic number = # of protons = # of electrons neutrons.
● Many elements exist as two or more stable
Mass Number r isotopes, although one isotopes is usually present
in greater abundance than another isotopes.
● total number of protons and neutrons on the
nucleus of nucleons, therefore:
● mass number = # of protons + # of neutrons

Nuclear Notation

● A - Mass number
● N - Neutrons
● Z - Atomic number / Protons /
Electrons

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