UNV112

Information Technology

" ‫ " تشغيل وصيانة ماكينات الغزل والنسيج‬:‫اسم البرنامج‬

By
Dr. Tarek Mohammed Hassan
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering
Delta University for Science and Technology
 Chapter 1
Introduction to Computer System
 Objectives
 What is meant by Computer?
 Difference between Data and Information.
 Describe the three fundamental characteristics of computers.
 Describe different areas of society in which computers are used.
 Identify the basic components of a computer system.
 Describe the hardware of computer include input, processing, output,
and storage.
 List some common input, output, and storage media.
 Explain the various classifications of computers.
➢ What is meant by Computer?

 A Computer is a machine that can be programmed to

accept data, process it into useful information, and
store it away with high speed.
➢Difference between Data and
Information:
• Data: raw material that can be analyzed to produce
information, can be stored in a database.

• Information: Processed data that is organized, and useful.

Data Processing Information

Computer
➢ What Is Computer Literacy?
 Awareness
 Knowledge
 Interaction
➢ Awareness
▪ Becoming aware of the importance, and Spread of
computers in our society.

➢ Knowledge
▪ Learning what computers are and how they work.
▪ Learning some technical Terms.

➢ Interaction
▪ Knowing how to use computers for some simple
applications.
➢ Fundamental Characteristics
of Computers
 Speed
 Accuracy
 Storage Capability (Capacity)
➢ Areas of society in which computers
are used

Education
Medicine
An Automation Robotics
Finance
Transport
 Education

◼ Teaching.
◼ Distance Learning.
 Medicine

▪ Monitor patients.

▪ Electronic imaging.

▪ Diagnosis of illnesses.
 An Automation Robotics
▪ Perform jobs that
are dangerous for
humans.
▪ Factory work.
 Finance
▪ Electronic Banking.
▪ ATM.
 Transport
▪ Railways Control.
▪ Air Traffic Control.
➢ Computer System Components

 Hardware
▪ Equipment associated with the system.
 Software
▪ Instructions that tell the hardware what to do.
 People
▪ Computer programmer: writes software.
▪ User: purchases and uses software.
▪ Often called end-user.
Primary Hardware Components

 Four primary hardware components:

 Input devices
 Processor

 Output devices
 Storage
Input: What Goes In
 Input: the data put into the computer for processing.

 Common input devices:

 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Scanner
 Microphone
Keyboard

 Most common input

device.
 Generates electrical signals
which are translated into
characters.
Mouse

 Moves over a flat surface

 Movement of mouse ball causes corresponding
movement of pointer on screen.
Scanner

 Reads special letters,

numbers, and symbols.
 Bar code reader often
used in stores.
 Flatbed scanners scan
pictures or printed
documents.
 The Processor

 Processor
 Also called central processing unit (CPU).
 Center of activity in the computer
 Consists of electronic circuits
 Communicates with input, output, and storage devices.

 Actually transforms data into information.

 Memory (Primary Storage)

 Memory (primary storage)

 Provides temporary storage.
 Data in memory lost if power is lost or program closed.
Output: What Comes Out

 Output: the result produced by the CPU.

 Common forms of output: text, numbers, graphics,
and sounds.

 Common output devices:

 Screen (monitor)
 Printer
 Speakers
Screen (monitor)
Can display text, numbers, photographs, even video, in full
color.
Printer
Produces printed reports as instructed by a program.
 Secondary Storage
 Provides long-term storage and used to store data
permanently.

Secondary Storage
 Common media:
 Magnetic disks
 Optical disks
 Magnetic tape
Magnetic Disks Optical Disks Magnetic Tapes

Floppy Disks Hard Disks

Magnetic Disks

 The most common storage media

 Diskette: 3.5” flexible diskette in plastic case.
 Hard Disk: more storage capacity and faster
access than diskette.
Optical Disks

 Use a laser beam to read large volumes of

data.
 CD-ROMs

 DVD-ROMs
Magnetic Tape
 Stores large amounts of data.
 Often used for system backup.
 Consists of plastic film coated by magnetic material (iron
oxide).
Peripheral Devices

 All hardware devices attached to the computer.

 Includes all input, output, and storage devices.
Classification of Computers

 Personal Computers
 Notebook Computers
 Handheld Computers
 Mainframes
 Supercomputers
Personal Computers

 Desktop computers:
 Also
known as PCs, microcomputers, or home
computers.

 Finefor home users, word processing, games, Internet

access, graphics, programming.
Notebook Computers

 Small, lightweight computers.

 Capabilities approach that of desktop
computers.
 Similar processing and memory.
 Most have hard disk, and diskette
or CD-ROM drive.
 Typically more expensive than
comparable desktop computers.
Handheld Computers

 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

 Keeps track of appointments, contacts,
etc.
 Accepts input with hand-held stylus.

 Pocket PC
 Offers capabilities of PDAs, plus the
ability to run some software such as
word processing and spreadsheets.
Mainframes
 Very large and powerful computers
 Capable of processing billions of instructions per second.

 Often used for applications with many users

 Reservations systems
 E-mail servers
Supercomputers

 The fastest and most powerful

computers.
 Capable of processing trillions of
instructions per second.
 Used for very advanced
applications requiring huge data
manipulation:
 Weather forecasting
 Special effects for movies
Personal Computer System
 Chapter 2
Applications Software
Objectives
 Understand the applications software.
 List the various methods of acquiring software.
 List and briefly describe various types of task-oriented software.
 Discuss ethical issues associated with software.
 Describe the functions of various computer professionals.
Applications Software

 Software used to solve a particular problem or perform

a particular task
Acquiring Software:
Traditional Ways

 Custom software
 Written by programmers hired by organization.
 Packaged (commercial) software
 Purchased from a store, or Web site.
Custom Software

 It is tailored to an organization’s needs.

 Organization hires computer programmers to
design, write, test, and implement software.

 Can be complex and take years to write.

Packaged Software

 Sold in stores, or Web sites

 Sometimes downloaded from the Internet.

 Package contains one or more CDs or DVDs

holding the software.
 Typically contains software documentation.

 Designed to be user-friendly.
Acquiring Software:
New Ways
 Freeware
 Shareware
 Public Domain
 Open-Source software
 Freeware

 Author provides it free for all to use

 Author retains copyright.
 May place restrictions on its use.
 May not be altered or redistributed without permission.
Shareware

 Copyrighted software, freely distributed for a trial

period.

 If you like it, register it for a fee.

Public Domain

 Software that is not copyrighted

 May be used and even altered without permission.

 Typically developed by universities and/or research

institutions using government grants.
Open-Source Software

 Source code made available.

 Other programmers can modify and redistribute

the programs freely.
Buying Commercial Software

 Site license
 Electronic software distribution
Site License
 Software installed on some or all computers, depending on
license terms
 Customer keeps track of how many users
 Number of users cannot exceed number of licenses.
Electronic Software
Distribution
 Get software from the Internet
 Typically freeware and shareware.

 Typical scenario:
 Download software for trial period.
 Software disables itself after trial period
unless you register (pay).
Task-Oriented Software

 Often called productivity software

 Common categories
 Word processing
 Electronic spreadsheets
 Database management
 Graphics
 Communications

15
Working with Words

 Word Processing
 Most widely used personal
computer software.
 Create reports, papers, and
Brochures.
 Incorporate graphics into
documents.
Electronic Spreadsheets

 Made up of rows and columns

of numbers
 Perform “what if” analysis
 Change a cell and have
spreadsheet recalculate
 Present data graphically
 Show expenses as a pie chart
Database Management

 Software can store, retrieve,

update, and manipulate
data.
 Turn large amounts of data
into information.
Graphics

 Graphics software creates graphs

and charts from numeric data

 Presentation graphics creates

“slide show” presentations
 Combine high-quality graphics,
audio, and video
Communications

 The ability to connect the

computer to phone line and
communicate with another
computer.
 Typically connected over the
Internet.
 Needs a browser to access
other locations on the
Internet.
Ethics and Application Software

 Piracy: the acquisition and use of illegal copies of

software.

 Counterfeiting: copying large numbers of CD-ROMs or

DVD-ROMs and packaging them to look like the real
thing.

 Unauthorized copying of software is stealing.

Software Piracy

 Examples of piracy
 Copying software from a lab or from a friend.
 Buying 2 or 3 copies of software and
distributing it to hundreds of employees.
 Buying 1 copy of software and installing it on
several computers at home.
Computers and People

 Most organizations have some sort of

information technology (IT) department (help
desk).
 Made up of people who are responsible for the
organization of computer resources.
 Maintain data and provide services to end
users.
Computer Professionals
 Data entry operators: prepare data for processing.

 Computer operators: monitor systems and make backups.

 Librarians: catalog processed disks and tapes.

 Programmers: write, implement , and test computer programs.

Computer Professionals

 Systems analysts: plan and design entire

systems
 Must have knowledge in programming.

 Chief Information Officer (CIO): a person who

makes strategic decisions.
 Chapter 3
Operating Systems
Objectives
 Describe the systems software.
 Describe the functions of an operating system.
 Explain the basics of a personal computer operating system.
 Describe the advantages of a graphical operating system.
 List the different versions of Microsoft Windows.
 Describe the meaning of files management.
 List several utility programs and their functions.
Systems Software
 All programs related to coordinating computer operations.

 Examples
 Operating systems
 Language translators
 Convert program code to machine language
 Utility programs
 Perform secondary chores.
Operating System: Hidden Software

 A set of programs that lies between

applications software and the
hardware.

 Manages computer’s resources (CPU,

peripheral devices)
 Provides and executes services for
applications software.
 Kernel

 The most important program, which manages the operating

system.

 Loaded from hard drive into memory when computer is booted

(resident)
 Booting (bootstrapping) refers to starting the computer
Operating Systems for Personal
Computers
 Platform: combination of computer hardware and
operating system software.

 Common Platforms
 MS-DOS

 Windows

 MAC OS
MS-DOS

 Uses a command-line interface

 Screen provides prompts for user
 User types commands
 Largely replaced by graphical user interfaces
 Not user-friendly
Microsoft Windows

 Began as an operating environment for MS-DOS

 required MS-DOS
 Uses a graphical user interface
 Users can use DOS commands and interface
 Now a complete family of operating systems
MS-DOS Operating
Environment
 Windows 3.1
 A layer added “on top” of DOS
 Makes operating system easier to use
 Called a shell
 Graphical User Interface

 User clicks an icon to

perform tasks.

 Start Menu in lower left

corner launches programs.
The Windows Family

 Windows 9x
 Windows 95
 Windows 98
 Windows Millennium Edition (ME)
 Corporate Market
 Windows NT
 Windows 2000
 Windows XP
 Windows 7
 Windows 8
 Windows 10
MAC OS

 Designed for the Macintosh

computer.
 First commercially successful
GUI.
File Management
 You need to learn two main things for file management:
 What files, folders, and paths are.
 The specifics of actually managing your files.

13
 Files, Folders, and Paths
 A file is a storage device for digital data.
 Files are organized in folders.
 Folders may have subfolders, or folders within folders.
 The computer follows a path to find a file.

Primary
Storage Primary Secondary Tertiary File
Device Folder Folder Folder

+ + + +
Drive C: Classes Biology 101 Assignments plant_diseases.doc
File Naming Conventions
 Each file needs a specific filename.
 The filename has two parts:
 The name
 The extension
 The extension identifies the type of data the file contains.

Example filename: Exam.doc

15
Commonly Used Extensions

Extension File Type

.exe Application Program
.doc Microsoft Word
.xls Microsoft Excel
.ppt Microsoft Power Point
.mdb Microsoft Access
.pdf Adobe acrobat reader
.txt Simple Text
.htm or .html Web Pages
.jpeg or .jpg Image Format

16
 File Management Utilities
 My Computer is the main file management utility.

Left Pane– Right Pane– Lists

Displays links stored files and
to system devices attached
tasks to the computer.

17
Creating Folders
 A folder can be created in two steps.

Step 1. Click Step 2. Choose

on the drive in File, New, and
which you then Folder.
want to create
a folder.

18
 Transferring Folders and Files
 There are two basic ways to transfer your files and folders.

Method 1 Method 2
To move the files and
To copy or move the
folders within the same
files and folders,
drive, left-drag them to
right-drag them to
the new location.
the new location.
When left-dragging
between drives, a copy is
created.

19
Utility Programs

 Perform secondary chores

 Examples
 File compression.
 Back up and restore.
 Disk Defragmenter.
 Anti-Virus software.
File Compression

 Reduces amount of space a

file requires.
 Makes file take up less space
on disk.
 Takes less time to transmit
across communication lines.
Backup and Restore

 Backup: make copies of disks and store in a safe place.

 Restore: restore files from backups.
Disk Defragmenter
 Disk defragmenter: reorganizes disk so all files are
stored in adjacent locations.
Anti-Virus Software

 We must protect our computers from viruses.

 Anti-virus programs help catch viruses before they infect
our computers.
 Two things to remember about anti-virus programs:
 They need to be updated regularly.
 They need to be used every time you put a new file or
program on your computer.

24
 Chapter 4
The Central Processing Unit
Objectives

 Identify the components of the central processing

unit.
 Describe how program instructions are executed
by the computer.
 Explain how data is represented in the computer.
 RAM and ROM.
 System Bus.
 Measure of Microprocessor Speed.
 Cache
Central Processing Unit

 Complex set of electronic

circuitry.
 Executes stored program
instructions.
 Two parts
 Control unit
 Arithmetic/logic unit
(ALU)
Control Unit
 Directs the computer system to execute stored program
instructions.
 Must communicate with memory and ALU.
Arithmetic Logic Unit
 Executes all arithmetic and logical
operations.
 Arithmetic operations
 Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
 Logical operations
 Compare numbers, letters, or special
characters.
 Tests for one of three conditions
 Equal-to condition
 Less-than condition
 Greater-than condition
The CPU and Data Storage
 Two types of storage:
 Primary storage (memory)
 Often expressed as random-access memory (RAM).
 Stores data temporarily

 Secondary storage
 Long-term storage.
 Stored on external medium, such as a disk.
How the CPU Executes Instructions

 Four steps performed for each instruction.

 These four steps are called Machine cycle.
 Personal computers execute in less than one millionth of a
second.
 Supercomputers execute in less than one trillionth of a
second.
The Machine Cycle
 The time required to
retrieve, execute, and store
an operation.
 Components
 Instruction time
 Execution time
Instruction Time (I-time)

 Control unit gets instruction from memory.

 Control unit decodes instruction.
Execution Time (E-time)

 Control unit moves data from memory to ALU.

 ALU executes instruction on the data

 Control unit stores result of operation.

Data Representation

 Computers understand two things: on

and off.
 Data represented in binary form
 Contains only two digits, 0 and 1
Representing Data

 Bit
 Byte
Bit
 Short for binary digit
 Two possible values: 0 and 1

 Basic unit for storing data

 0 means off, 1 means on
Byte
 A group of 8 bits
 Each byte has 256 (28) possible values

 For text, stores one character

 Can be letter, digit, or special character

 Memory and storage devices measured in

number of bytes
Storage Sizes
 Kilobyte: 1024 (210) bytes
 Memory capacity of older personal computers

 Megabyte: roughly one million (220) bytes

 Personal computer memory

 Gigabyte: roughly one billion (230) bytes

 Storage devices (hard drives)

 Terabyte: roughly one trillion (240) bytes

 Storage devices on very large systems
System Unit
System Unit (Cont.)
Motherboard Microprocessor
 Flat circuit board that holds the ➢ Contain tens of millions
computer circuitry. of tiny transistors.
➢ Electronic switches that may or
may not allow electric current
to pass through.
- If current passes through,
switch is on, representing a 1
bit.
- Otherwise, switch is off,
representing a 0 bit.
RAM and ROM

 Random Access Memory (RAM)

 Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Random Access Memory

 Types:
 Static RAM (SRAM)
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Read-Only Memory

 Contains programs and data permanently

recorded into memory at the factory.

 Cannot be changed by user

 Not volatile
The System Bus
 Parallel electrical paths that transport data
between the CPU and memory
 Bus width
 The number of electrical paths to carry data
 Measured in bits

 Bus speed
 Measured in megahertz (MHz)
Microprocessor Speeds
 Usually expressed in gigahertz (GHz)
 Billions of machine cycles per second
 Some old PCs measured in megahertz
(MHz)
Cache

 A temporary storage area

 Speeds up data transfer within computer.
Processor Cache

 Internal (Level 1) cache built into microprocessor.

 Fastest access, but highest cost.

 External (Level 2) cache on separate chip

 Incorporated into processor on some current
microprocessors
 Chapter 5
Computer Networks
Objectives
 Define the computer networks and describe their benefits.
 Differentiate among the various types of computer networks
according to various factors.
 Describe the network topologies of the computer networks.
 Describe the various transmission media.
Computer Networks
 A computer network is a collection of two or more computers
linked together to exchange data and share resources.
Benefits of Networks

Resource Sharing
◼ Hardware (printers, scanners)
◼ Software (files, programs)

Data

Printer
Computation Speed up
◼ Distribute computations between network computers.
Benefits of Networks (Cont.)

Load Balancing
◼ Move tasks from highly loaded to lightly loaded
computers.

Communication
◼ E-mail
◼ Chatting
◼ Video Conferences
 Network Benefits
• Resource Sharing
C • Computation Speedup
• Load balancing
A B • Communication

E D
Networks Types

Network Types: According to Geographical Area

◼ Personal Area Network (PAN)

◼ Local Area Network (LAN)
◼ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
◼ Wide Area Network (WAN)
Introduction to Computer Networks
Personal Area Network (PAN)

 A Network for one person

 It has a range about 10 meter
 Example: The wireless network connecting CPU to
mouse, keyboard, printers.
Local Area Network (LAN)

 A Network in small geographical area

 Fast Network
 Lower error rate
 Example: The network in Room, Building, or Campus.
Introduction to Computer Networks
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 A Network in a larger geographical area than LAN

 Example: The network in a City.
Wide Area Network (WAN)

 A Network in unlimited geographical area

 Consists of number of LANs
 Lower speed than LAN
 Higher error rate than LAN
 Example: The network in a Country or across Globe

switch
LAN LAN

LAN LAN
Networks Types

Network Types: According to Network Structure

◼ Peer-to-peer Network
◼ Server-based Network (Client/Server)
Peer-to-Peer Network

 All network computers are identical, known as peers.

 No servers.
 No administrator for the network, each user controls his
computer.
 It is simple, smaller in size, less expensive than server
based networks.
Server-Based Network

 The network has a server or many servers.

 Resources are centralized at the server, hence it can be
easily controlled.
 More expensive than peer-to-peer because powerful
servers are required.
 Comparison between
Peer-to-Peer and Server-Based Networks
Server-Based
Peer-to-Peer networks
network
- All computers are identical. - Use powerful computers as
Definition servers, while the others are
- No servers. clients.
- Has servers.

Resources - Distributed Resources. - Centralized Resources.

- Difficult to be controlled. - Easily controlled.

Size - Has small size. - Has opened size.

Cost - Less expensive. - High expensive.

Servers Types
File server:
◼ Stores the shared files and backups.

Printer server:
◼ Allows different clients to use the same printer.
Shared
Printer

Print
Server

Print Print
Queue Job
Servers Types (Cont.)

Mail server:
▪ Stores and forward e-mail messages between clients.

Web server:
◼ Stores shared web pages.

Database server:
◼ Stores Databases files used by network clients.
Networks Types

Network Types: According to Connectivity

◼ Wired Network
◼ Wireless Network
Wired Network

 Use wires to connect network computers.

Wireless Network

 No wiring, the connection is done using radio signals.

 The connection is done via base station (Access Point).

 Examples: Bluetooth (usually less than 10 meter),

wireless LAN, and wireless WAN.
Network Topology

 The physical layout of a network.

 Node - each computer, printer, or
server on network.
 Three common topologies
 Star
 Ring
 Bus
 Star Topology
 Central computer (hub) manages network.
 All messages routed through hub
 Helps prevent collisions among messages.
 Connection failure between hub and any node will not affect
overall system.
 If hub is down, the network fails.

22
Ring Topology
 Links all nodes in a circular chain
 Data messages travel around ring
 Each node checks message to see whether that node is the
destination or not..
 If not, message passed to next node.
 If one node fails, ring is broken
and network fails.
Bus Topology
 All nodes connected to single line (bus).
 Computers send messages to other computers on
network.
 If messages collide with other messages, sending node
resends message.
 If a node fails, network does not fail.
Transmission Media

 Telephone lines
 Coaxial cable
 Twisted-pair
 Fiber optics
 Microwaves
 Satellites
 Chapter 6
The Internet
Objectives

 Briefly describe the history of the Internet.

 Browser.
 Describe how to search the Internet.
 List and describe some services of the Internet
Growth of Internet

 Growth in host computers

 72 million in 2000
 162 million in 2002

 Growth in users worldwide

 567 million in 2002
 780 million projected in 2003
A Quick Timeline
 ARPANET developed in 1969
 Designed to connect computers at four locations.

 E-mail capability added in 1972

 National Science Foundation (NSFnet) connected its large

network to ARPANET in 1986
 Resulting network became known as the Internet.
Internet Links

 A link on a Web site is easy to

see.
 Either underlined and colored
text or an icon
 Clicking the link transfers from
one pager to another.
Browser

 Interface software used to

explore the Internet.
 Examples: Internet Explorer and
Firefox.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

 The complete, unique address of a Web page

 Web page URL begins with http
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol – allows communication by
using links to transfer data between sites

 Domain name – address of site’s host computer

 Last part of domain name is called a top-level domain
 Identifies country or purpose of organization
Searching the Internet

 Search Engine – a web site that

lets a user to specify search
terms for the information he/she
want.
 Search engine builds database of
sites that match those terms.
 Uses spider software to build
database.
Some Services of the Internet

 FTP
 E-mail
 E-Commerce
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

 A protocol for transferring files among computers.

 FTP servers maintain collections of downloadable
files.
E-Mail

 The most commonly used feature of the Internet.

 Network provides mail server.
E-Commerce

 Electronic commerce - buying and selling over

the Internet.
 Chapter (7)
Introduction to Computer
Programming
Objectives
 Program and Programming.
 Algorithms and Programs
 Software Life Cycle
 Computer Programming Languages
 Program and Programming
Program:
• A set of instructions written in a programming language that
a computer can execute.
• Program solves a problem
• Before writing a program:
– Understanding of the problem
– Carefully plan an approach for solving it.

Programming:
• The process of providing instructions to the computer.
Algorithms and Programs

 An Algorithm is a solution to a problem that is independent

of any programming language.

While

 A program is an algorithm expressed using a set of

instructions from any programming language.
Algorithm Example
• Maximum of two numbers
Steps:
1.Read/input two numbers
2.Compare two numbers
3.Print the Greater number

• Average of three numbers

Steps:
1.Read/input three numbers
2.Add three numbers
3. divide the sum by 3.
4.Print the result of division
Introduction to Computer Programming
Software Life Cycle

What Requirements Gathering, Problem definition

How Analysis and Design (Programming techniques)

Do it Coding

Test Testing

Use Implementation and Maintenance

Computer Programming Languages

- Machine language
- Assembly languages
- High-level languages
Machine Language

 Programs and memory locations are written in strings of

0s and 1s.

 Problems with machine languages

 Programs are difficult to write and debug

 Only option available to early programmers.

Assembly Language

 Use names rather than binary addresses for memory

locations.

 For example, Add for addition, CMP for compare, etc.

 Require an assembler to translate the program into

machine language.
High-Level Languages

 Transformed programming
 Programs could be written and debugged much more
quickly.

 Requires a compiler to convert the statements into machine

language
 Each computer has its own version of a compiler for each
language.
Major Programming Languages

 FORTRAN
 COBOL
 BASIC/Visual Basic/Visual Basic.Net
 C/C++/C#
 Java
Chapter (8)
Flowcharts
Objectives
 Flowcharts
 Examples
 Decision Making (Selection)
 Iteration (Repetitions)
Flowcharts
Flowcharts
Flowchart
Flowchart
– It is a graphical representation of an algorithm.

– Components:
• Arrows/lines: Flow of control

• Parallelogram: Indicates input and output operations

• Rectangle symbol (action symbol): Indicates any type of

action/computational step

• Oval symbol: Indicates the start or the end of a program or a

section of code.

• Diamond: Decision.
Flowcharts

Flowchart Notations

Arrows
Diamond

Parallelogram

Oval
Rectangle
Flowcharts

Flowchart Notations
(in Flowgorithm software)
Flowcharts

Examples
Flowcharts

Example: Print “Hello”

Flowcharts

Example: Add Two Numbers

Flowcharts

Example: Average of Three Numbers

Flowcharts

Example: Area of a Circle

Flowcharts

Decision Making (Selection)

Flowcharts

Example: Max. of Two Numbers

Flowcharts

Example: Print Pass or Fail according to

Student Degree
Flowcharts

Example: Degree to Grade

15
Flowcharts

Iterations (Repetition)
Flowcharts

Example: Print numbers from 0 to 10

17
Flowcharts

Example: Print even numbers from 0 to 10

18
Flowcharts

Example: Print odd numbers from 0 to 10

19