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GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb I AvqZb ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

evsjv‡`‡ki f~-ZvwZ¡K BwZnvm Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;

evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK„wZi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

Ae¯’vb I AvqZb t cÖvK„wZK I f~-†KŠkjMZ ˆewkó¨

G BDwb‡Ui m~Pbv‡ZB Avcbv‡`i‡K evsjv‡`‡ki ‡fŠ‡MvwjK cwimi m¤c‡K© cwiwPZ Ki‡Z PvB| evsjv‡`‡ki
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cÖavb D‡Ïk¨|
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cwiwPZ n‡q Avm‡Q| AZx‡Z Gi mxgvbv cwð‡g cyi“wjqv †_‡K c~‡e© KvQvo ch©š— we¯—„Z wQj| ivR‰bwZKfv‡e,
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v‡bi c~e©vsk wnmv‡e (c~e© cvwK¯—vb bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj) cvIqv †M‡Q ; hv 1971 mv‡j GKwU ¯^vaxb †`k wnmv‡e AvZ¥
cÖKvk K‡i|

Ae¯’vb I AvqZb
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DcK‚‡ji ˆ`‡N¨© t 600 wK.wg. °03′ †_‡K 92°36′ c~e© `ªvwNgv ch©š— we¯—„Z| evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶YfvM
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evsjv), Dˇi Avmvg I †gNvjq, c~‡e© wÎcyiv Ges `w¶b c~e©vs‡k gvqvbgv‡ii
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cÖvq 193 wK.wg. e¨vcx gvqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ ¯’j I †bŠ mxgvbv M‡o D‡V‡Q| `w¶‡b e‡½vcmvM‡ii DcK‚jxq mxgvbv,
hv AZ¨š— Amgvb Ges ˆ`‡N¨© cÖvq 600 wK.wg. e¨vcx| G `xN© DcK‚‡ji AmsL¨ †QvU-eo b`x-bvjv e‡½vcvm‡ii
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(Exclusive Economic Zone) 200 bwUK¨vj gvBj ch©š— we¯—„Z| evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU AvqZb1,47,570 eM©
wK.wg.| eZ©gv‡b b`x‡Z Ges e‡½vc mvM‡i Pi †R‡M IVvq GB mxgvbv wKQyUv e„w× †c‡q‡Q| G ¶z`ªvqZ‡bi GKwU
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cwiwPZ|
evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb wK?

mgZj f~wg - 80% cÖvK„wZKfv‡e †`kwUi g~j Ask GKwU c−veb mgf~wg kZKiv 80 fvM, gvÎ 12
cvnvox f~wg - 12% kZvsk DPz cvnvox f~wg Ges evKx 8 kZvsk c−veb f~wgi PvB‡Z DuPz †mvcvb bv‡g cwiwPZ|
DPuy †mvcvb - 8% cvnvox f~wg g~jZt †`‡ki `w¶Y c„e©vsk, c~e©vs‡ki Ask we‡kl I DËivs‡k †gNvj‡qi †Kvj
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

†N‡l Aew¯’Z| AZx‡Z G †`‡ki (Awef³ e½ bv‡g _vKv Ae¯’vq) DËi cwðgvsk e‡i›`Ö bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj|
ZvQvov, `w¶Y cwðgvsk, hv c`¥v I †gNbv Øviv Dˇi I c~‡e© mxgvwqZ Zv e½ bvg AewnZ nZ Ges †gNbvi
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eÖþcyÎ I ‡gNbvi ga¨eZ©x Ask †K›`Öxq AÂj wnmv‡e L¨vZ wQj| DËi cwð‡gi e‡i›`Ö f~wg eZ©gv‡b †Zgb c−veb
nq bv Ges G GjvKvi b`x mg~n MwZc_ cwieZ©b Kivq †ekxi fvM †mªvZaviv ¶xYKvq n‡q ‡M‡Q| Z‡e, G
A‡ji wZ¯—v, aijv I eÖþcyÎ-hgybv cÖwZeQi wecyj Rjivwk cwjmn cwZZ n‡q f~LÛ MVb K‡i‡Q hv
e‡½vcmvM‡ii eØx‡ci Ask we‡kl| `w¶‡Yi Mv‡½i eØxc cwð‡g fviZxq fvwMi_x I c~‡e© c`¥v b`xi Øviv fivU
n‡q hvIqvq G Ask‡K g„ZcÖvq wnmv‡e †`Lv‡bv nq Ges c`¥v - Avwoqvj Luv b`xi ga¨eZ©x As‡ki b`x mg~n †ek
bve¨ ZvB G GjvKv mwµq e-Øxc bv‡g cwiwPZ| mwµq I g„ZcÖvq As‡ki `w¶‡Yi Ask wbqwgZ †RvqvifvUv
cÖevwnZ, Gi bvg cwiYZ e-Øxc| e-Øxc As‡ki f~wg LyeB mgZj| ZvB K„wli Rb¨ LyeB Dc‡hvMx| ZvQvov, cÖPzi
b`-b`x _vKvq HwZnvwmKfv‡e DcK‚jxq GjvKvq †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g wnmv‡e †bŠc‡_i LyeB ¸i“Z¡ wQj|
cÖvK„wZKfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb fvM KqwU?

b`x e¨e¯’vwfwËK evsjv‡`k‡K 4wU cÖavb As‡k fvM Kiv nq| h_v- M½v-c`¥v, hgybv-eÖþcyÎ, †gNbv I KY©dzjx-mv½y
AeevwnKv| Gme b`x AeevwnKvi mw¤gwjZ AvqZb 1.72 wgwjqb eM© wK.wg. Z‡e, G AvqZ‡bi gvÎ 7 fvM
evsjv‡`k mxgvbvq Aew¯’Z| Gme AeevwnKvi cÖavb b`x mg~n g~jZt DRv‡b fviZxq mxgvbv †cwi‡q evsjv‡`‡k
cwZZ nq| ZvB, evsjv‡`‡ki cvwb m¤c‡`i Avš—R©vwZKZv GKwU AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq| KviY, G‡`‡ki K„wl, f~-
Mf©¯’ Rjvavi I b`x mg~‡ni bve¨Zv I †bŠ †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v I Dbœqb eûjvs‡k I mg¯— b`xi w¯’wZe¯’vi Ici
wbf©ikxj| ZvQvov, wZb w`‡K fviZxq f~-LÛ Øviv cwi‡ewôZ nIqvq †KŠkjMZ w`K †_‡K evsjv‡`k, cwðge½ I
c~e©vÂjxq ivR¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ GKwU f~-†mZz wnmv‡e ¸i“Z¡cyY© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| we‡klK‡i, Avmvg, wÎcyiv I
wg‡Rvivg iv‡R¨i mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki †bŠ, mgy`ª I ¯’j e›`‡ii gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM I evwYR¨ m¤cbœ Kivi we‡kl
my‡hvM i‡q‡Q, hv eZ©gv‡b ¯^í gvÎvq Pj‡Q| GKBfv‡e f~-Ave× †bcvj evsjv‡`‡ki LyeB wbK‡U (30 wK.wg. Gi
Kg) nIqvq Lye mn‡RB fviZxq Ask †cwi‡q evsjv‡`‡ki gsjv mgy`ª e›`‡ii e¨envi m¤¢e, hv Dfq †`‡ki
mge„w×i Rb¨ mnvqK n‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb b`x AeevwnKv¸‡jv wK wK?

AvÂwjKfv‡e Ae¯’vbMZ Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqv I cwðg Gwkqvi gv‡S ‡mZz eÜb wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Q|
Avkv Kiv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki Ici w`‡q cÖ¯—vweZ Gwkqv gnvmoK I UªvÝ Gwkqvb †ij wbg©vY m¤cbœ n‡j evsjv‡`k
h_v©_fv‡e c~e© Gwkqv I cwðg Gwkqvi cÖ‡ekc_ wnmv‡e ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z m¶g n‡e|

cvV ms‡¶c
evsjv‡`k `w¶Y Gwkqvi Aš—©MZ GKwU †QvU †`k| †`kwU c„w_exi Rbeûj †`k¸wji Ab¨Zg, f~-cÖK„wZMZfv‡e
4wU cÖavb b`x AeevwnKvq †`kwU MwVZ| cÖwZ‡ekx †`k, fviZ Gi cwðg, DËi I c~e© mxgvbv wN‡i Av‡Q,
`w¶‡Y e‡½vcmvMi| cÖavb b`x mg~‡ni Drm evsjv‡`‡ki evwn‡i, d‡j cvwb m¤c‡`i Ici G‡`‡ki wbqš¿Y
mxwgZ|

A_©‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj c„ôv # 111

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb ¯‹zj

8.1.1 t f~-Zvw˦K BwZnvm t Uviwmqvix I c−vB‡óvwmb hy‡Mi Av‡jv‡K

MZ cv‡V Avcbviv evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb, cwimi I f~‡KŠkjMZ ˆewkó¨ m¤c‡K© AeMZ n‡q‡Qb| AvR
evsjv‡`‡ki f~Zvw˦K BwZnvm m¤c‡K© Rvb‡eb| we‡klZt evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb f~MVb KvVv‡gvi AZxZ BwZnvm, wK
cwi‡ek Gi m„wó Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡e|

7 †KvwU †_‡K 6 ‡KvwU

evsjv‡`‡ki f~Zvw˦K BwZnvm ej‡Z Gi MVb KvVv‡gv, cwj mÂvqb I MVb ch©vq
eQi c~‡e© eZ©gvb i¤úy‡ii mg~n‡K eySvq| Gi f~Zvw˦K BwZnvm fviZxq f~LÛ M‡Ûvqvbvi mv‡_ RwoZ|
wbKU mgy`ª DcK‚j wQj G M‡Ûvqvbv f~wg †_‡K Avjv`v nIqvi ci fviZxq †c−U-BD‡iwkqvb †c−‡Ui mwnZ msN‡l©
mgq e½ AeevwnKv cwj wngvjq ce©Z gvjvi DÌvb nq| eZ©gvb †h Ae¯’v‡b evsjv‡`k g‡b Kiv nq GLv‡b
fiv‡Ui Kvi‡Y mgy`ª †_‡K ZLb mgy`ª weivR KiwQ‡jv| †cwjIwmb (7 †KvwU eQi) I B‡qvwmb (5-6 †KvwU eQi
†R‡M D‡V| hy‡M mgy`ª DcK‚j i¤úy‡ii `w¶‡Y MvBevÜvi wbKUeZ©x wQ‡jv e‡j aviYv Kiv nq|
wngvj‡qi DÌvb Ges cÖPzi e„wócv‡Zi `i“b f~wg¶‡qi Kvi‡Y wecyj cwigvb cwj b`-
b`x Øviv evwnZ n‡q G DcK‚j eivei Rgv n‡Z ïi“ K‡i| Gfv‡e e½ AeevwnKv fivU n‡q mgy‡`ªi Dc‡i D‡V
Av‡m| evsjv‡`‡ki f~-Zvw˦K BwZnvm‡K K‡qKwU ch©v‡q fvM Kiv hvq| h_v -
(K) e½ AeevwnKvi Rš§ I mgy`ª MÖvm,
(L) eØxcxq cwi‡e‡k cwjmÂqb,
(M) mgy‡`ªi c−v`cmvib I
(N) †KvqvUvibvix hy‡Mi cwi‡e‡k cwieZ©b|

(K) e½ AeevwnKvi Rš§ I mgy`ª MÖvm

cÖvq 4 ‡KvwU eQi B‡qvwmb hy‡M A_v©r 5-6 †KvwU eQi c~‡e© cjj mÂq‡bi gva¨‡g Avmvg I evwg©R
Av‡M e½ AeevwnKv AeevwnKvi g‡a¨ wKQy †QvU †QvU Øxc Rš§jvf K‡i| G mg‡qi †klfv‡M ‘Bó †e½j
Avevi mgy‡`ª Wz‡e hvq wiR’ bvgK GKwU evjyKvgq D”P f~wg `w¶Y-cwðg I DËi c~e© jvBb eivei Avmvg I
e½ AeevwnKvi gv‡S mgy‡`ª Rgv n‡Z _v‡K (wPÎ 8.2.1)| Awj‡Mvwmb (cÖvq 4 †KvwU eQi) mgq ch©š— mgMÖ e½
AeevwnKv mgy‡`ªi bx‡PB wQ‡jv| `ª“Z fivU nIqvi d‡j AeevwnKvi ¸‡jvi MfxiZv µgkt nªvm †c‡Z _v‡K| G
mg‡q AmsL¨ b`x mgy‡`ª G‡m wgwjZ nq| b`x evwnZ cwj AeevwnKvq cjj cvLvi gZ Qwo‡q hvq|
B‡qvwmb hy‡M e½ AeevwnKvi cwi‡ek †Kgb wQj?
Awj‡Mvwmb mg‡q e½ AeevwnKv f~-Av‡›`vjbMZ Kvi‡Y †X‡e hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’v‡b cÖPzi cwj Rgv nq| aviYv
Kiv nq cwj mÂq‡b G cÖwµqv G A‡j 2.5 †KvwU eQi ch©š— j¶¨ Kiv †M‡Q|
(L) e-Øxcxq cwi‡e‡k cwj mÂqb
cÖvq 2.5 †KvwU eQi Av‡M G mg‡q GKwU eØxc cwi‡e‡k e½ AeevwnKvq cwj mÂqb Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| GKB
evsjv‡`‡ki cvnvo mg~‡ni mv‡_ c−v` fv‡M Aweivg f~wgi DÌvb Pj‡Z _v‡K| eØxcxq cwi‡e‡k b`x mg~n
cwj mÂqb KvR ïi“ nq| ¯^fveZtB w`K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges Dl· I Av`ª© AvenvIqvq DcK‚‡j Mivb
(Mangrove) Rš§vq|
gv‡qvwmb (2.5 †KvwU eQi) cieZ©x mg‡q AvivKvb B‡qvgv I wngvjq ce©Zgvjv †_‡K cÖPzi cwigv‡Y cwj e½
AeevwnKvq Rgv n‡Z _v‡K| wewfbœ cvjwjK ¯—ivqb I Zv‡`i Amsw¯’wZ †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h G mgq
GKvwaKevi f~-Av‡›`vjb cÖwµqv KvR K‡i‡Q| G mg‡q evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb PÆMÖvg I cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi cvnvox
GjvKvi †Mvov cËb nq|

BDwbU- 8 c„ôv # 112

I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

gv‡qvwmb hy‡Mi †klfv‡M e½ AeevwnKvi me‡P‡q MfxiZg Ask myigv AeevwnKvq (eZ©gvb wm‡jU) mgy`ªZj ùxwZi
cÖgvY my¯úó nq| Ab¨w`‡K MvBevÜv GjvKvq †hLv‡b c~‡e© DcK‚jxq cwi‡ek weivR KiZ †mLv‡b mgy`ª ms‡KvPb †`Lv
hvq; d‡j f~wg ¶q cwijw¶Z nq| evKx cy‡iv AeevwnKvq jebv³ I ¯^v`y cvwbi wgkÖY NUZ|
gv‡qvwmb hy‡M e½ AeevwnKvi cwi‡e‡k wK cwieZ©b Av‡m?
(M) mgy‡`ªi c−v`cmvib
c−v‡qvwmb hy‡M c−v‡qvwmb (1.3 †KvwU eQi) hy‡Mi ïi“ †_‡KB eØx‡ci cwi‡ek G µgvš^‡q b`xR cwi‡ek
evsjv‡`‡ki cvnvox iƒc wb‡Z _v‡K| mgy`ª µgkt `w¶‡Y m‡i ‡h‡Z _v‡K| DËi-c~e© Ges `w¶Y-cwðg w`‡K
f~wgi m„wó nq| h_vµ‡g wngvjq ce©Zgvjv I B‡›`v-evg©vb cve©Z¨vÂj n‡Z cwj cÖevwnZ n‡Z _v‡K| G
mgq evjyKvivwk cÖavbZt b`xR wKsev eØxcxq cwi‡e‡k mwÂZ n‡q‡Q e‡j aviYv Kiv nq|
cieZ©x‡Z G evwj ¯—‡ii Ici K`©g Rgv nq Ges f~-Av‡›`vjb MZ cwieZ©b I cvkŸ©Pv‡ci d‡j PÆMÖvg, cveZ©¨
PÆMÖvg Z_v DËi c~ev©sk Ry‡o cvnvox f~wgi m„wó nq|
(N) †KvqvU©vibvix (cÖvq 20 j¶ eQi c~‡e©i) cwi‡ek I cwieZ©b

c−vB‡¯Uvwmb hy‡M †KvqvUvibvix hy‡M e½ AeevwnKv cÖ_‡g ei‡d †X‡K hvq, c‡i mgy‡`ª c−vrcmvib N‡U _v‡K|
e½ AeevwnKv G mgq mgy‡`ªi c−v`cmvib I evsjv‡`‡ki ga¨eZ©x As‡k c−vB‡óvwmb (8-10 j¶ eQi)
ei‡d XvKv wQj| †mvcvb mg~n m„wó nq|
c−vB‡óvwmb hy‡Mi ïi“‡Z e½ AeevwnKvi mxgvbv eivei †QvU †QvU cjj cvLv I eØxcxq cwi‡e‡ki cwj mÂq GKK
†_‡K aviYv Kiv nq †h, †m mgq mgy`ª Zj A‡bK DPuy‡Z wQj| GKvwaK evi my`ªZ‡ji cwieZ©‡bi d‡j GKvwaK
g„wËKv ¯—i †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| e½ AeevwnKvi †Kv_vI †Kv_vI G cjj ¯—i 60 wgUvi cyi“| c−vB‡óvwmb hy‡M mgy`ª
Zj cÖvq 130 wgUvi wb‡P †b‡g hvq| d‡j, DcK‚j AÂj Z_v ZU‡iLv cÖvq 100 wK‡jvwgUvi `w¶‡Y m‡i hvq|
†Kej gvÎ ‘†mvqvk Ae †bv MÖvDÛ’ GjvKv w`‡q ZLb c`¥vb`xi aviv mgy‡`ª cÖevwnZ nZ e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| cÖvq
6000 eQi Av‡M mgy`ªZj m‡e©v‡”P †cŠu‡Q e‡j weÁvbxMY g‡b K‡ib| mgy‡`ªi ZU‡iLv ZLb eZ©gvb A‡c¶v Av‡iv
Dˇi P‡j Av‡m| f~-weÁvbx‡`i aviYv ZU‡iLv ZLb XvKv kn‡ii wbKUeZ©x wQ‡jv|
evsjv‡`‡ki c~e©fv‡M jvjgvB, eØxcxq mgf~wg Ges Pvw›`bv mgf~wg Aa©P›`ÖvK„wZi| c~e© †_‡K cwð‡g av‡ci gZ
Xvjy| aviYv Kiv nq, jvjgvB c−vB‡óvwmb hy‡Mi gaycyi I e‡i›`Ö f~wgi mgmvgwqK; Pvw›`bv mgf~wg n‡jvwmb hy‡Mi
(AwZ mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡ji) cÖ_gfv‡Mi Ges †gNbv mn Ab¨vb¨ (c`¥v-hgybv) e„nrb`xi c−veb f~wg¸‡jv cieZ©x‡Z
A_v©r n‡jvwmb hy‡Mi †klfv‡M m„wó n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e mgy`ª ms‡hvM `w¶‡Y m‡i wM‡q eZ©gvb Ae¯’v‡b G‡m‡Q|
cÖwZwbqZ cwj mÂq‡bi d‡j DcK‚‡j f~wg MVb Ae¨vnZ _vKvq mgy`ª ùxwZ hw` bv N‡U Z‡e Zv µgkt `w¶‡Y
m‡i hv‡e hv wbtm‡›`‡n evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ mymsev`|
†KvqvU©vibvix hy‡M e½ AeevwnKvi cwi‡e‡ki wK cwieZ©b nq?

cvV ms‡¶c
evsjv‡`‡ki f~-ZvwË¡K BwZnvm‡K 4wU ch©v‡q fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt e½ AeevwnKvi †MvovcËb, eØxcxq cwi‡ek
m„wó, mgy‡`ªi c−v`cmvib I †KvqvU©vibvix hy‡Mi cwieZ©b| †cwj‡qvwmb †_‡K Awj‡Mvwmb hy‡Mi g‡a¨ eZ©gvb
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb Ask e½ AeevwnKv mgy‡`ªi bx‡P wQj| c−vB‡qv-gv‡qvwmb hy‡M evsjv‡`‡ki cvnvo mg~‡ni
DrcwË N‡U| c−vB‡¯Uvwmb hy‡M evsjv‡`‡ki gaycyi, e‡i›`Öf~wg I jvjgvB †mvcvb mg~n M‡o D‡V| evsjv‡`‡ki
evKx c−vebf~wg AwZmv¤cÖwZKKv‡j m„wó n‡q‡Q|

A_©‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj c„ôv # 113

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb ¯‹zj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1.1| evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb KZ ?
K) 40° 24′ 40″ †_‡K 42° 52′ 30″ DËi A¶vsk
Ges 80° 40′ 00″ †_‡K 85° 00′ 50″ c~e© `ªvwNgv|
L) 20° 35′ †_‡K 25° 42′ DËi A¶vsk
88° 03′ †_‡K 92° 36′ c~e© `ªvwNgvsk|
M) 50° 34′ 00″ †_‡K 52° 42′ 50″ DËi A¶vsk
Ges N) 20° 37′ 42″ †_‡K 22° 48′ 42″ c~e© `ªvwNgvsk|

1.2| evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU AvqZb KZ wK. wg. ?

K) 1,47,570 e. wK. wg. L) 1,40,038 e. wK. wg. M) 1,39,320 e. wK. wg.

1.3| b`x e¨e¯’v wfwËK evsjv‡`k‡K KqwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq ?
K) 2wU L) 3wU M) 4wU

1.4| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK mgy`ªmxgv KZ bwUK¨vj gvBj ?

K) 400 bwUK¨vj gvBj L) 200 bwUK¨vj gvBj M) 150 bwUK¨vj gvBj|

1.5| evsjv‡`‡k Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq ?

K) `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqvq L) `w¶Y Gwkqvq M) c~e© Gwkqvq

DËit 1.1| L 1.2| K 1.3| L 1.4| L 1.5| K

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1. evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb wjLyb|
2. cÖK„wZMZfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb fvM KqwU Ges wK wK?
3. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb b`x AeevwnKv ¸‡jv wK wK?
4. †KvqvU©bvix hy‡M e½ AeevwnKvi cwi‡e‡ki wK cwieZ©b nq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. Uviwkqvix I cÖvB‡q‡¯Uvwmb hy‡Mi Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki f~-Zvw˦K BwZnvm Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

BDwbU- 8 c„ôv # 114

I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV- 8.2 t evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK„wZ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK„wZ m¤c‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;

evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK„wZi †kÖYxwefvM m¤c‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|

BwZc~‡e© Avcbviv evsjv‡`‡k f~-Zvw˦K BwZnvm m¤c‡K© AeMZ n‡q‡Qb| f~Zvw˦K cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ f~-cÖK„wZi
we‡kl m¤cK© Av‡Q| G ch©v‡q Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK„wZ wK ai‡bi Ges Zv †Kgb f~cwi‡ek M‡o D‡V‡Q †m
m¤c‡K© Avcbv‡`i‡K avibv †`Iqv n‡e|

evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK„wZ 3 evsjv‡`k mvgwMÖK A‡_© GKwU c−veb mgf~wg| mgy`ª mgZj †_‡K G‡`‡ki cÖvq 30
fv‡M wef³| h_v cvnvo kZvsk f~wg gvÎ 3 wgUvi DPuy Ges cÖwZeQi cÖvq 30-40 kZvsk f~wg c−vweZ n‡q _v‡K|
†mvcvb I c−vebf~wg| G‡`‡ki cÖvš—fvM cvnvox GjvKvq MwVZ| G me cvnvox PovB-DrivB, I ¯^í D”PZvi
wUjv mg~n mgf~wg‡Z GKwU e¨wZµgag©x f~wgiƒc| f~wgiƒ‡ci eqm, MVb cÖK„wZ I
cwi‡ek Gi wfwˇZ evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK„wZ wZbwU cÖavb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvh, hvi g‡a¨ c−veYf~wg cÖvq 80 fvM ¯’vb
`Lj K‡i Av‡Q| evKx 20 fvM c−vB‡óvwmb hy‡Mi †mvcvb Ges `w¶Y c~e©vs‡ki cvnvox A‡ji Aš—M©Z| c−veYf~wg
†gvUvgywUfv‡e mgZj, Z‡e DËi †_‡K `w¶‡Yi w`‡K Lye mvgvb¨ bwZ mn Xvjy| we¯—„Y© c−veY f~wg‡K MVb cwi‡e‡ki
wfwˇZ Av‡iv KZ¸‡jv Dcfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| G me DcfvM wbæiƒc t

(1) Uviwkqvix hy‡Mi cvnvox f~wg

(2) c−vB‡óvwmb hy‡Mi †mvcvb
(3) mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡ji c−vebf~wg
(3.1) wZ¯—v cjj cvLv
(3.2) M½v-eÖþcyÎ -†gNbv mgf~wg
(3.3) nvIo AÂj
(3.4) g„ZcÖvq Mv‡½q e-Øxc
(3.5) mwµq Mv‡½q e-Øxc
(3.6) wÎcyiv mgf~wg
(3.7) DcK‚jxq mgf~wg

A_©‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj c„ôv # 115

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb ¯‹zj

wPÎ 8.1 t evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK„wZ

(1) Uviwkqvix (2.5 †KvwU eQi) hy‡Mi cvnvox I wUjv mg~n
cvnvo I wUjv wb‡q wm‡j‡Ui DËi I c~e©vsk Ges PÆMÖvg I cveZ©¨ PÆMÖv‡gi cvnvox AÂj mg~n wb‡q G
Uviwkqvix hy‡Mi f~fvM GjvKv MwVZ| Rvgvjcy‡ii DËi mxgvš— wkjs gvjf~wgi cv`‡`‡k mylvs wUjv mg~n
MwVZ| cvnvo¸‡jv DËi Aew¯’Z| wUjv¸‡jvi me©vwaK D”PZv 92 wgUvi; c¶vš—‡i gvSLv‡bi DcZ¨Kv¸wj I
`w¶‡Y j¤^vjw¤^ Aew¯’Z| mgy`ª mgZj †_‡K 31 wgUvi DPzu‡Z| wm‡j‡Ui cvnvo mg~n PviwU gvjvq wef³| Lvwmqv
Ges †XD †Ljv‡bv I ˆRš—v cvnvo wm‡j‡Ui DËi mxgvš— eivei, mybvgM‡Ä cvnvo¸‡jv ci¯úi wew”Qbœ|
†fvjvM‡Äi wbKU cvnv‡oi m‡e©v”P D”PZv 52 wgUvi| nviviMR cvnvo 337 wgUvi DPzu hv wm‡j‡Ui `w¶Y fv‡M Aew¯’Z|
`w¶Y c~e© evsjv‡`‡ki cvnvo mg~n‡K gvSLv‡b wekvj DcZ¨Kv w`‡q `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v t cwðg fv‡Mi
cvnvox GjvKv I c~e©fv‡Mi cvnvox AÂj| cvnvo mg~n DËi cwðg I `w¶Y c~e© w`‡K Qwo‡q Av‡Q|
cwðgfv‡Mi cvnvo mg~n wmZvKzÛ I gviv Us Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ| wmZvKzÛ cvnv‡oi m‡e©v”P D”PZv 352 wgUvi
Ab¨w`‡K gviv Us Gi m‡e©v”P D”PZv 113wgUvi| cvnvo mg~‡ni D”PZv DËiw`‡K µgvš^‡q e„w× cvq| ¯’vbxq

BDwbU- 8 c„ôv # 116

I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

b`xbvjv mg~n G me cvnvo Øviv cÖfvweZ| wmZvK‚Û n‡Z cvnvo cÖvq mgy`ª DcK‚ji mwbœK‡U Ges mgvš—iv‡j
m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡q †UKbv‡d wM‡q me©‡k‡l mgf~wg‡Z wg‡k‡Q|
c~e©fv‡Mi cvnvomg~n ‡XD †Ljv‡bv I LvovXvj mg„×; cvnv‡oi Mo D”PZv 300 wgUvi| G GjvKvi cvnvox
b`x¸‡jv A¯’vqx cÖK„wZi D”P Xvj wewkó; d‡j e„wócv‡Zi mv‡_ mv‡_B wbæXv‡j b`x cÖevn bvg‡Z ïi“ K‡i Ges Zv
`ª“Z eb¨vi KviY NUvq| GLvbKvi wKQy b`x ¯^í ‰`‡N©¨i Ges G me b`xi gva¨‡g cÖwZ ermi b`x Zj‡`‡k Ges
wbæ AeevwnKvq e¨vcK cwj mÂqb N‡U _v‡K| `w¶Y c~‡e©i cÖavb b`x KY©dzjx I mv½y|
(2) c−vq‡¯Uvwmb hy‡Mi †mvcvb mg~n
e‡i›`Öf~wg, gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji †`‡ki DËi cwðgv‡ji e‡i›`Öf~wg Ges ga¨fv‡Mi gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji Mo
Mo c−v‡¯Uvwmb hy‡Mi f~wgiƒc| AÂj c−vB‡¯Uvwmb hy‡Mi †mvcvb mg~‡ni Aš—M©Z|
Gme f~wgiƒ‡ci g„wËKv jvj| e‡i›`Ö AÂj †mvcvb mg~‡ni Mo D”PZv 19 †_‡K wgUv‡ii g‡a¨ AmsL¨ b`xbvjv
Øviv G †mvcvb ¶z`ª ¶z`ª As‡k wef³| D”Pf~wg, jvj‡P A_ev njy`vKvi K`©g
g„wËKv hv ¯’vbxq fv‡e ˆLqvi (Khiyar) bv‡g cwiwPZ| eû kvLv cÖkvLv mn Aš— cÖevnx (entrenched) b`x G
A‡ji ‰ewkó¨| e‡i›`Ö f~wg‡K 5wU ¶z`ªv‡j wef³ Kiv hvq| DËi c~e©vs‡ki wZbwU Avjv`v Ask wZ¯—v b`xi
c−vebf~wg Øviv mxgve×| wKQy f~-Pz¨wZ Øviv G AskwU g~jf~wg n‡Z wew”Qbœ Ges Mvp jvj‡P g„wËKvq mg„×; hv
†j‡UivBwUK g„wËKv bv‡g cwiwPZ| cy‡iv AÂjwU cÖvq 1930.90 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi e¨vcx we¯—„Z| c~e© ga¨fv‡Mi
e‡i›`Öf~wg M‡o gvÎ 12 wK. wg. cÖk¯—| ga¨ cwðg e‡i›`Ö 145 wK. wg. `xN© Ges 16 †_‡K 37 wK. wg. cÖk¯—| †gvU
AvqZb 1770 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| ALÛ fv‡e GwU w`bvRcyi †_‡K c`¥v b`x ch©š— we¯—„Z| ga¨fv‡M f~wgi eÜyiZv
AwaK| e‡i›`Öf~wg‡Z AmsL¨ wbæf~wg Lvwo bv‡g cwiwPZ| cwðg e‡i›`Öf~wg PviwU Avjv`v Avjv`v Ask wb‡q MwVZ
hv‡`i ‡gvU AvqZb gvÎ 81 e. wK. wg.|
gaycyi †mvcvb cÖvq 2558 wK.wg. we¯—„Z Ges µgvš^‡q `w¶Y c~e©w`‡K Xvjy| DËivsk D”P wUjvi gZ Pvjv wb‡q
MwVZ, hv‡`i Mo D”PZv 9 †_‡K 14 wgUvi, †Wvg AvK„wZi Ges AcÖk¯— bvjv wb‡q MwVZ, hv evuB` bv‡g cwiwPZ|
evuB` ¸‡jv K„wlKv‡R g~jZ FZzwfwËK avb Pv‡l e¨enƒZ nq| evuB` ¸‡jv AMfxi I wW¤^vK„wZi Zj‡`k m¤cbœ|
cwðgfvM LwÛZ Pvjvmg~n ¶z`ªvK„wZi| b`x¸‡jv kvLv cÖkvLv hy³| `w¶Yv‡ji f~-cÖK„wZ Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡bi †P‡q
Avjv`v| evuB` ¸‡jv cÖvqB mgZj| c~e©w`‡K A‡bK ¸‡jv Rjve× evuB` †`Lv hvq| cyivZb eÖþcyÎ I kxZj¶v b`x
Øviv g~j gaycyi †mvcvb †_‡K c~e©Â‡ji †mvcvb Ask wew”Qbœ| †mvcv‡bi f~-cÖK„wZ †Kgb?
(3) mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡ji c−vebf~wg
mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡ji c−vebf~wg m¤c‡K© wb‡æ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
(3.1) wZ¯—v-cjj cvLv
wngvqjq ce©Z gvjvi cv`‡`‡k b`x we‡avZ n‡q †ZuZzwjqv w`bvRcyi A‡j mwÂZ cjj mgy`ª c„ô †_‡K 97-34
wgUvi ch©š— DPzu| G A‡ji Xvj cÖwZ wK‡jvwgUvi 0.91 wgUvi| cy‡iv AÂjwU †XD †Ljv‡bv DPzu wbPz| wZ¯—v cjj
cvLv c~‡e© wZ¯—vi cwð‡g gnvb›`v b`x n‡Z e¸ovi †kicyi ch©š— wZ¯—vi cyiv‡bv MwZc_ a‡i eÖ¶¥cyÎ b`xi cvo
ch©š— we¯—„Z| DPuy cvo mg„× bxPz Rjvf~wg Gme ¯’v‡bi ˆewkó¨, hv eb¨vq c−vweZ nq| Dˇii w`‡K f~wgi Dcwi fv‡M
cwj (Silt), `w¶‡Y b`x cvo mg~n evjyKvgq `vuov (diarai) MVb K‡i| cÖavb cÖavb b`x mg~‡ni g‡a¨ KzwjK, wZ¯—
v, aijv Ges `yaKzgvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨| `w¶‡Y, e‡i›`Öf~wgi c−vq‡¯Uvwmb K`©g Gi DciI G cjj mwÂZ n‡q‡Q|
wZ¯—v cjj cvLvi ˆewkó¨ wK?
(3.2) M½v-eÖþcyÎ I ‡gNbv mgf~wg
M½v-eÖþcyÎ †gNbv b`x f~wgiƒ‡ci e„nËg Ask M½v-eÖ¶¥cyÎ-†gNbv mgf~wgi Aš—M©Z| wZ¯—v cjj cvLv †_‡K ïi“
we‡aŠZ c−veb mgf~wg K‡i c`¥v b`xi DËi Zxi Ges †gNbv b`xi cwðg Zxi ch©š— G mgf~wg we¯—„Z| c−v‡óvwmb
el©vq cÖvq 1wgUvi hy‡Mi †mvcvb e¨ZxZ cyiv AÂj b`x we‡aŠZ mgf~wg| Gi DËi-c~e©vs‡k wm‡j‡Ui nvIo
cvwb‡Z c−vweZ nq| AÂj Aew¯’Z| DËi cÖvš— †N‡l wkjs gvjf~wgi cv`‡`‡ki wUjvmg~n Ges G‡`i ga¨w`‡q
AmsL¨ ¯^í we¯—vi mg„× cjj cvLv i‡q‡Q|
1787 mv‡ji c~‡e© hgybv eÖþcyÎ bv‡g c~e© w`K w`‡q cÖevwnZ nZ| d‡j eÖþcyÎ I hgybv b`xi mgf~wg †`‡ki DËi
ga¨ A‡j mywe¯—„Z| ev½vjx-Ki‡Zvqv c−veb f~wg I hgybv-a‡jkŸix mgf~wg wb‡q MwVZ| el©v †gŠmy‡g cy‡iv AÂj
cÖvq 1 wgUvi ch©š— c−vweZ nq|

A_©‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj c„ôv # 117

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb ¯‹zj

cyiv‡bv eÖþcyÎ mgf~wg evnv`yivev` †_‡K ˆfie ch©š— cjj mwÂwZi d‡j cÖvK„wZK euva M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| G¸‡jv GLb
cÖvq FZzwfwËK|
†gNbv mgf~wg g~jZt wZ¯—v AeevwnKv, †gNbv-kxZj¶v †`vqve Ges ga¨-†gNbv c−vebf~wg wb‡q MwVZ| PvZjvcyi
†_‡K †gNbv n‡Z wZ¯—v b`x kvLv wnmv‡e †ei n‡q bexbM‡i cybivq wgwjZ nq| kxZj¶v - eskvB †`vqve AÂj
wbæ I De©i f~wg| ga¨ †gNbv A‡j AmsL¨ Pi I `vqiv Av‡Q| `vD`Kv›`x I ˆfie evRv‡i ga¨eZ©x As‡k A‡bK
e„nr Pi †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| DRvb GjvKvq fvwU GjvKvi †P‡q ¯’vqx Pi cwjw¶Z nq|
M½v-eÖþcyÎ-†gNbv mgf~wgi ˆewkó¨ wK?
(3.3) nvIo AÂj eÖþcyÎ b`xi MwZc_ KLb cwieZ©b nq?

nvIo mmvi AvK„wZi nvIo AÂj g~jZt wm‡j‡Ui DËi c~e©vs‡ki cvnvwo AÂj e¨ZxZ cy‡iv GjvKv Ry‡o we¯—„Z|
wbæf~wg, cÖavbZt wm‡jU GB A‡ji AvqZb cÖvq 4505.20 eM© wK. wg.| mmvi AvK„wZi wbæf~wg MZ 200 eQ‡i
GjvKvq †`Lv hvq| cÖvq 9 †_‡K 12 wgUvi wb‡P †W‡e ‡M‡Q| nvIo AÂjwU‡K K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
h_v t ga¨fvM, mymvs AÂj, †gNvjq, cv`f~wg AÂj Ges wm‡j‡Ui ga¨fv‡Mi wbæf~wg|
ga¨fv‡Mi D”PZv mgy`ª mgZ‡ji KvQvKvwQ| G A‡j wej I nvI‡oi web¨vm b`xi wew”Qbœ Ask, cÖvK„wZK evua, wbPz
Pi BZ¨vw`i mgš^‡q MwVZ| DPz cvo¸wj‡K Kv›`v e‡j| mymvs A‡j mymvs cv`‡`wkq mgf~wg Ges cyivZb eÖ¶¥cyÎ
c−veb f~wgi gvSLv‡b wbæf~wg Av‡Q hv eb¨vi mgq Mfxi cvwb‡Z gMœ nq| †gNvjq cv`f~wgi A‡j i¶v b`x †_‡K
jyev b`x ch©š— wbævÂj I nvIo A‡ji Aš—M©Z| GLv‡b me©wbæ fvM n‡”Q Uv½yqv nvIo GjvKv| ga¨ wm‡j‡Ui
nvIo mg~‡ni g‡a¨ nvKvjywK nvIo Ab¨Zg| Rywi I Kzwkqviv b`x evwnZ cwj Øviv G nvIo `ª“Z fivU n‡q hv‡”Q|
nvI‡oi ˆewk󨸇jv wK?
(3.4) g„ZcÖvq Mv‡½q e-Øxc
evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶Y cwðg g„ZcÖvq Mv‡½q eØxc AÂjwU m¤¢eZt cyivZb eÖ¶¥cyÎ I c`¥v b`xi wgwjZ cjj
mxgvbv †_‡K gaygwZ `w¶Y mÂq‡bi d‡j m„ó GKvwaK eØx‡ci mgš^q| evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶Y cwðg mxgvš— †_‡K
cvo ch©š— we¯—„Z| GjvKvi ïi“ K‡i gaygwZi `w¶Y cvo ch©š— Gi we¯—„wZ| b`x¸‡jv †ekxi fvMB cwj‡Z fivU
b`x ¸‡jv ïwK‡q †M‡Q| n‡q wM‡q‡Q| eb¨vi mgq c`¥v b`xi wecyj cÖevn G me b`x w`‡q evwnZ nq| ¯^vfvweK
eb¨vi †P‡q c−veb f~wg¸wj DPzu, b`x Ges AkŸ¶zK„wZi nª‡`i cÖvPzh© cwijw¶Z nq|
g„wËKv evjyKvgq| eØx‡ci gv‡S gv‡S †h wej¸‡jv cwijw¶Z nq Zv g~jZt `ª“Z cwj mÂqb Gi Kvi‡Y m„wó n‡q‡Q
e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| gaygwZ b`xi c−vr‡`‡ki f~wg‡Z wewea f~-iƒc cwijw¶Z nq h_vt AMfxi c−veb, Mfxi c−veb
BZ¨vw`| M½vi g~j cÖev‡ni MwZc_ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j G As‡k f~-MVb cÖwµqv Kvh©KvwiZvi I ZviZg¨ N‡U‡Q|
(3.5) mwµq Mv‡½q e-Øxc
mwµq Mv‡½q e-Øxc AÂjwU gaygwZ b`x †_‡K Puv`cyi ch©š— c`¥vb`xi `w¶Y cvo †_‡K DcK‚jxq mgf~wgi mxgvbv
ch©š— we¯—„Z| G A‡ji b`x¸‡jv mwc©jvKvi, Pi I `vqov mg„×| †ewkifvM Pi evjyKvgq, †gŠmy‡g 1-2 wgUvi
MfxiZvq c−vweZ nq| GLv‡b †Rvqvi fvUvi cÖZ¨¶ cÖfve cwijw¶Z nq| AMfxi wbævÂj I cÖvK„wZK euva G
A‡ji ˆewkó¨| cÖavb cÖavb b`x mg~‡n ms‡hvM Lvj †`Lv hvq| el©vKv‡j cy‡iv A‡jB †Rvqvi-fvUvi cÖfve †`Lv
hvq| g„ZcÖvq I mwµq Mv‡½q eØxcxq b`x ˆewkó¨ wK wK?
(3.6) wÎcyiv mgf~wg
wÎcyiv mgf~wg wÎcyiv †bvqvLvjx GjvKvi K`©g cwj mg„× mgf~wg‡K wÎcyiv mgf~wg ejv nq| G A‡ji
K`g© cwj mg„× | b`x¸‡jv PZ©yt‡Kvb f~wgiƒ‡ci Rš§ †`q| c−veb f~wg wKs¤^v eØxc A‡ji g„wËKv A‡c¶v
GLvbKvi gvwU jvj‡P| mgf~wg AÂj‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v t c~‡e©i cv`‡`kxq
f~wg I jvjgvB cvnvo, wbæ c−veb f~wg GeO D”P c−veb f~wg| wÎcyiv cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k j¤^v Rvwji b¨vq cv`‡`kxq
mgf~wg 2 †_‡K 15 wK. wg. cÖk¯— n‡q fvi‡Z we¯—„Z| GB f~wgi g~jMVb c−vB‡¯Uvwmb K`©g wKš‘ cveZ©¨ we‡aŠZ
evjyKv Øviv GwU A”Qvw`Z| jvjgvB cvnv‡oi m‡e©v”P D”PZv 46 wgUvi| wbæ c−vebf~wg bexbM‡ii `w¶Y n‡Z
gvBRw` ch©š— we¯—„Z, †gŠmy‡g ‡MvgwZ I WvKvwZqv b`xi c−ve‡b Mfxifv‡e c−vweZ nq| D”P c−vebf~wg AMfxifv‡e
el©v †gŠmy‡g c−vweZ nq| G A‡ji D”Pf~wg¸‡jv cÖk¯— wKš‘ wbæf~wg AcÖk¯—|

BDwbU- 8 c„ôv # 118

I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

(3.7) DcK‚jxq mgf~wg

DcK‚jxq mgf~wgi cUzqvLvjx ewikvj Ges Puv`cy‡ii `w¶YvÂj wb‡q DcK‚jxq mgf~wg MwVZ| `w¶Y
D”PZv mgy`ª c„ô †_‡K c~e©v‡ji cvnvox GjvKvi mgvš—iv‡j mgf~wg AwZ ¯^í cÖk¯—Zvq we¯—„Z| AmsL¨ b`xbvjv
3 wgUv‡iiI Kg| GLv‡b Rv‡ji b¨vq Qwo‡q Av‡Q| wbZ¨ †Rvqvi-fvUvi cÖfve †`Lv hvq, b`x ¸‡jv †ewki
fvMB †gvnbvq Pi ˆZix K‡i|
DcKj~xq b`xi cvwb jeYv³| axiMwZ‡Z †gvnbvq cwj mwÂZ nq| DcK‚jxq A‡ji cÖk¯— †gvnbv ¸wji g‡a¨
nwib NvUv, Av¸bgyLv Ges †gNbv Ab¨Zg| DcK‚‡ji A‡ji g‡a¨ cwðgvÂj evjyKv K`©g hy³, c~e© I ga¨fvM
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DcK‚‡ji b`x mg~‡ni ˆewk󨸇jv wK wK?

wPÎ 8.2 t evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK„wZi Dc-wefvMmn

A_©‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj c„ôv # 119

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb ¯‹zj

cvV ms‡¶c
evsjv‡`‡ki f~cÖK„wZ cÖavbZt wZbfv‡M wef³| Z¤g‡a¨ cvnvox I †mvcvb RvZxq D”Pf~wg gvÎ 20 fvM Ry‡o
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Mv‡½q eØxc| DcK‚jxq mgf~wg mgy`ª mgZ‡ji mvgvb¨ Dc‡i Aew¯’Z| mgf~wgi cÖvq 30-40 kZvsk f~wg cÖwZ
eQi c−vweZ nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.2
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1| fviZxq †c−U I BD‡iwkqvb †c−‡Ui mwnZ msN‡l© †Kvb ce©Zgvjvi DÌvb nq?
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2| evsjv‡`‡ki f~-Zvw˦K BwZnvm‡K KqwU ch©v‡q fvM Kiv hvq?
K) 5wU L) 4wU M) 3wU
3| Avmvg I evwb©R Øx‡ci g‡a¨ wKQy †QvU †QvU Øxc Rš§jvf K‡i?
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4| †e½j †ewm‡bi me‡P‡q MfxiZg Ask ‡KvbwU?
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5| evsjv‡`‡ki c~e©fv‡M jvjgvB eØxcxq mgf~wg Ges Pvw›`bv mgf~wg -- |
K) j¤^vK„wZ L) PZzf~©RvK„wZ M) Aa©P›`vK„wZ
6| evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK„wZ‡Z cÖavb KqwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
K) 5wU L) 3wU M) 8wU
7| wZ¯—v cjb cvLv A‡j f~wgi Xvj cÖwZ wK‡jvwgUvi KZ?
K) 1.5 wgUvi L) 0.52 wgUvi M) 0.91 wgUvi
8| 1787 mv‡ji c~‡e© hgybv eÖþcyÎ bv‡g †Kvb w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡Zv?
K) c~e© w`‡K L) cwðg w`‡K M) `w¶Y w`‡K|
9| c−vq‡¯Uvwmb hy‡Mi †mvcvb †Kvb ¸wj?
K) e‡i›`Öf~wg Ges gaycyi I fvIqvj Mo| L) wm‡jU I cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi cvnvo| M) c−vebf~wg|
10| nvIi A‡ji me© wbæfvM n‡”Q -- |
K) nvBj nvIi L) nvKvjywK nvIi M) Uvs½yqv nvIi
11| wÎcyiv †bvqvLvjx GjvKvq K`©g cwj mg„× mgf~wg‡K ejv nq -- |
K) ga¨fv‡Mi mgf~wg L) wÎcyiv mgf~wg M) c−veb mgf~wg
12| jvjgvB cvnv‡oi m‡e©v”P D”PZv KZ ?
K) 45 wgUvi L) 35 wgUvi M) 56 wgUvi|
k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki“b
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2| evsjv‡`‡ki c~e© mxgv‡š— msjMœ fviZxq 3wU iv‡R¨i 2wUi bvg Avmvg I wÎcyiv evKx 1wU bvg |
DËit 1| g„Z cÖvq 2| †gNvjq
msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ
1| f~-cÖK„wZ Abymv‡i evsjv‡`k‡K Kqfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq Ges wK wK?
2| Uviwkqvix hy‡Mi cvnvo¸‡jv msw¶ß cwiwPwZ wjLyb|
3| e-Øxc Kv‡K e‡j?
4| evsjv‡`‡ki DcK‚jxq mgf~wgi weeiY w`b|
iPbvg~jK DËi cÖkœ
1| wPÎmn evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK„wZi weeiY w`b|

BDwbU- 8 c„ôv # 120

I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV-8.3 t A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vejxi Ici f~-cÖK„wZi cÖfve

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vejxi Dci f~-cÖK„wZi cÖfve ej‡Z cvi‡eb

gvby‡li Rxebaviv I ms¯‹„wZi Dci f~-cÖK„wZi cÖfve ej‡Z cvi‡eb

evsjv‡`‡ki m¤c`, RbmsL¨v I wbe©vwPZ †`‡ki mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
c~e©eZ©x cv‡V Avcbviv evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK„wZ m¤c‡K© Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| G Aa¨v‡q Gme f~-cÖK„wZ G‡`‡ki
A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vejxi Ici wK ai‡bi cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡e|
evsjv‡`k evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ g~jZt K„wlwfwËK| GKwU †`‡ki cÖvK„wZK m¤c‡`i cÖK„wZ I
cÖavbZt K„wl cÖvPzh©Zv †m †`‡ki K„wl I Ab¨vb¨ mge„w×i cÖavb wbqvgK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| evsjv‡`k Gi
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De©i, Z‡e bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi NvUwZ j¶¨Yxq|
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• c−vebf~wg eb¨v I b`x fv½b
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dmj, gvSvix Rwg‡Z 2 dmj Ges wbPz Rwg‡Z 1 dm‡ji Pvl Kiv nq|
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wbw`©ó mgq I cwigvY gZ evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy Dcµvš—xq Dl· I Av`ª©fvevcbœ| G ai‡bi AvenvIqvi Rb¨
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A_©‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj c„ôv # 121

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb ¯‹zj

AvMg‡bi b¨vq Gi ¯’vqxZ¡ I Kg ¸i“Z¡c~Y© bq| †gŠmygx evqy wba©vwiZ mg‡qi c~‡e© cÖ¯’vb NU‡j DPz GjvKvi
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M‡o D‡V‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki f~wg e¨env‡ii GKwU gvbwPÎ j¶¨ Ki‡j f~-cÖK„wZi cÖfve ¯úófv‡e cÖwZfvZ nq|
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8.3.1 evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Rxebaviv I ms¯‹„wZi Dci f~-cÖK„wZi cÖfve
c~e©eZx© cv‡V f~-cÖK„wZ wKfv‡e A_©bxwZK Kvh©vejx‡Z cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i †m m¤c‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G
ch©v‡q f~-cÖK„wZ G‡`‡ki Rxebaviv I ms¯‹„wZi Ici †h cÖfve †d‡j Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
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f~wgi Dc‡hvwMZv me‡P‡q j¶¨bxq|

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iv‡L| RwbZ cvnvox X‡j cÖvqkt e¨vcK ¶q¶wZi mš§yLxb nq|
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hvq Ges mg‡qi mv‡_ RbmsL¨v e„w× cvIqvq RbemwZ Abyf~wgK fv‡e wewfbœ w`‡K mgcÖmvwiZ nq| d‡j, Zv Avi
mvwie× bv †_‡K Gi wKQy Ask ¸”QvK„wZ‡Z iƒc †bq| evsjv‡`‡ki †e‡` m¤cÖ`vq b`x wfwËK Zv‡`i Kvh©µg

mgZj f~wgi RbemwZi aiY¸‡jv †Kgb?

BDwbU- 8 c„ôv # 122
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Pvwj‡q hvq| †Kvb f~wg‡Z RbemwZ ¯’vcb bv K‡i †bŠKvq emevm K‡i| G m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jvKRb MÖv‡g-M‡Ä Ny‡i
wewfbœ e¨emvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|

e‡i›`Ö I gaycy‡iAvevi, mgZjf~wgi DcK‚jxq As‡k f~wg Xvj LyeB Kg _vKvq Ges eb¨vi AvskKv bv _vKvq
gvwUi Nievwo Nievox Qov‡bv nq Ges Zv f~wgi mgZ‡j M‡o D‡V| wbg©vb mvgMÖx‡Z ¯’vbxq K`©gv³ gvwU w`‡q
†`Lv hvq| Ni wbg©vb Kiv nq| N‡ii Pvj wbg©v‡b Qb ev †MvjcvZvi QvDwb e¨envi Kiv nq| gvwUi Ni
e‡i›`Öf~wg I gaycyiMo GjvKv‡Z †`Lv hvq| ZvQvov Kzwóqv, Lyjbv, h‡kvni GjvKvq I gvwUi
Nievox cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|

cvnvox GjvKvi evoxNi Qov‡bv ev wew¶ß Ges †ekxi fvM Kv‡Vi ev euv‡ki cvUvZ‡bi Dci| eb¨ cÖvbxi Avµgb
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Lvwmqv ev †g‡_jMb gvwUi †`qvj I DuPz wfUv wewkó N‡i emevm K‡i| ivsMvgvwU ev›`ieb I LvMovQwo‡Z
emevmiZ eû DcRvwZ we‡klZt KzwK, wUciv, PvKgv, wg‡Rv, gvigvMb DPz cvUvZ‡bi Dci Ni wbg©vY K‡i _v‡K|

BDwbU- 17 G evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxb emwZi aib web¨v‡mi GKwU wPÎ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| G wP‡Î we‡kl fv‡e
j¶¨bxq †h b`xK‚jeZ©x Rbc` mvwie× n‡jI mgZj f~wgi we¯—„Z Ask †ekxi fvM emwZ wew¶ß| Avevi cvnvox
emwZ wew”Qbœ Ges wew¶ß nvIo I wej A‡ji emwZ Aby‡Kw›`ÖK|
RbemwZ QvovI K„wl e¨e¯’v †`Lv hvq †h mgZjf~wgi AwaevmxMb AwaKvskB K„wl wbf©i Ges Zv avb wfwËK|
Aciw`‡K, cvnvox GjvKvq Ryg Pvl c×wZ, d‡ji Pvl ev ZiKvix/ AvbvR Ges AK„wl †ckv we‡klZt eqb Kv‡Ri
AvwaK¨ †ekx| mgZj f~wgi †jv‡Ki †cvkvK I Lv`¨vf¨vm I cvnvox‡`i †P‡q wfbœ| mgf~wgi †jvKRb cÖavbZ
fvZ-gvQ‡fvRx Ges cyi“liv j~½x I kvU© cwiavb K‡i _v‡K, gwnjviv kvox- eÐvDR cwiavb K‡i, Z‡e wn›`yiv ayZx
cwiavb K‡i| cvnvox GjvKvi DcRvZxqMb fvZ, i“wU, gvQ-ïK‡ii gvsm gmjvhy³ meB Lvq; gwnjviv jyw½ I
eÐvDR cwiavb K‡i _v‡K Ges cyi“liv jyw½ kvU© cwiavb K‡i|
cvnvox GjvKvi Pvl c×wZi ˆewkó¨ wK wK?

cvV ms‡¶c
evsjv‡`‡ki K„wl f~-cÖK„wZK ˆewkó¨ we‡klZt Rjevqy, cvwb I g„wËKvi Ici wbf©ikxj| ZvQvov, iv¯—vNvU, wkí
¯’vcb I RbemwZi ¯’vb wbe©vP‡b I f~-cÖK„wZi Acwimxg cÖfve j¶¨bxq| †`‡ki †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v, †hgb- ‡bŠ
I mgy`ª e›`i wbg©v‡Y I f~-cÖK„wZi ¸i“Z¡ D‡j−L‡hvM¨| evsjv‡`‡ki f~wgiƒc I Rjvevqy G‡`‡ki Rxeb aviv I
ms¯‹„wZi Dci we‡kl cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| G‡`‡ki MÖvgxY emwZi aib I MV‡b Rjevqyi we‡kl cÖfve j¶¨bxq|
ZvQvov, K„wlPvl c×wZ, Lv`¨vf¨vm †cvlvK cwiav‡bI G cÖfve my¯úó|

8.3.2 t evsjv‡`‡ki m¤c`, RbmsL¨vi AbycvZ Ges wbe©vwPZ †`‡ki mv‡_ Zzjbv
cv‡Vi ïi“‡ZB Avgiv AvR evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ RbmsL¨vi I m¤c‡`i GKwU Zzjbv wPÎ Zz‡j ai‡Z PvB| GKB mv‡_
cÖwZ‡ekx †`k mg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki m¤c‡`i Zzjbv G wel‡q Avgv‡`i Av‡cw¶K Ae¯’vb Rvb‡Z mnvqK
n‡e| Zvn‡j Avmyb Avgiv G wel‡q g‡bvwb‡ek Kwi|
evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k| G‡`‡ki 16,00,00,000 cÖvq †jvK emevm Kivq †`kwU c„w_exi me‡P‡q
NbemwZc~Y© †`k¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg (775 Rb cÖwZ eM© wK.wg.)| Ab¨vb¨ Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki b¨vq G‡`‡kiI A_©bxwZ
AZ¨š— `~e©j| G‡`‡ki cÖavb ˆewk󨸇jv wbæiƒct
(K) gv_vwcQy Avq Kg Ges Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e D”P RbmsL¨v e„w× nvi;
(L) ¯^í wk¶vi nvi Ges wbæ gvÎvi mvavib wk¶v;
(M) cÖvPxb K„wl Drcv`b c×wZ I Rwgi ¯^í Drcv`b gvÎv;
(N) LwbR m¤c‡`i ¯^íZv Ges ¯^í msL¨K wkíKviLvbv;
(O) Ach©vß †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v, cwienb Ges we`y¨r Drcv`b ¶gZv Ges

A_©‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj c„ôv # 123

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb ¯‹zj

(P) ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi e¨vcK NvUwZ|

Gme mgm¨v ¯^‡Ë¦I evsjv‡`‡k ¯^vaxbZvi ïi“ †_‡KB G‡`‡ki m¤c‡`i wPwýZKiY, AvniY I m‡ev©”P e¨env‡ii
†Póv Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki m¤c` ej‡Z G‡`‡ki K„wlf~wg, ebR m¤c`, cvwb, LwbR I gvbe m¤c` eySv‡bv nq| Gme m¤c`
GLbI cwic~Y©fv‡e e¨envi m¤¢e nq bvB| AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Pvc I cÖvK„wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y G‡`‡ki
A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ cÖvqkt gviZœKfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ nq; Gi d‡j gvbe m¤c` Ges Ab¨vb¨ m¤c` Dbœq‡bi Kg©KvÛ
euvavMÖ¯’ nq| GZ`m‡Ë¦I evsjv‡`k Gme m¤c` Dbœq‡b h_vmva¨ †Póv Ki‡Q| wb‡æ Gme m¤c‡`i Dci
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|

K„wl m¤c`
†`‡ki wRwWwc Gi evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU AvqZ‡bi gvÎ 12 fvM cvnvox I DPzuf~wg, evKx As‡ki Rjvf~wg I emwZ
kZKiv 57 fvM e¨ZxZ cÖvq c~‡iv AskB Pvlvaxb| †`‡ki Pvl †hvM¨f~wgi cwigvb †gvU f~wgi cÖvq kZKiv
K„wl †_‡K Av‡m| 67 fvM| †`‡ki wRwWwc -Gi cÖvq 57 fvM K„wl †_‡K Av‡m Ges kÖg kw³i cÖvq kZKiv 65
fvM K„wl‡Z wb‡qvwRZ hv cÖwZ‡ekx †`k fvi‡Zi Abyiƒc (65%)| G‡`‡ki Dl· Av`ª©
Rjevqy I nvjKv, msw¶ß kxZKv‡ji Kvi‡Y wewfbœ ai‡bi dmjvw` Drcv`b m¤¢e nq| dmj Drcv`‡bi cÖavbZt
wZbwU FZz Av‡Q|
(K) iwe - hv b‡f¤^i-wW‡m¤^i †_‡K ïi“ n‡q †deÖ“qvix-gvP© ch©š— _v‡K;
(L) Lwic-1 / ˆPZvjx, gvP©-GwcÖj †_‡K Ryb-RyjvB ch©š—;
(M) Lwic-2 / fv`yB, RyjvB-AvMó †_‡K b‡f¤^i-wW‡m¤^i ch©š— we¯—„Z|
iwe †gŠmy‡g kvK-mewR QvovI e¨vcKfv‡e mwilv, Avjy, Mg, ev`vg, gwiP, †ev‡iv av‡bi Pvl Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
Lwic-1 †gŠmy‡gi cÖavb dmj AvDk, cvU, wZj, KvDb, Pxbv, wgwó Avjy, †cqvR, imyb, gwiP I D”P djbkxj avb|
Lwic-2 ev fv`yB †gŠmy‡gi cÖavb dmj Avgb avb I B¶z| ebR m¤c‡`i w`K †_‡K evsjv‡`k cÖwZ‡ekx ‡`k
mg~‡ni Zzjbvq A‡bK wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q| gv_vwcQy ebf~wg †bcvjx‡`i m‡e©v”P (cÖvq 1200 eM© wg.) Gi ciB
kÖxj¼vb‡`i (cÖvq 1027 eM© wg.)| evsjv‡`‡ki Awaevmx‡`i ebf~wgi gv_vwcQy nvi gvÎ 99 eM© wg.| G‡`‡ki
cÖavb ebf~wg DcK‚jxq my›`ieb hvi †gvU AvqZb cÖvq 6000 eM© wK.wg.| Gi e„nr AskB evsjv‡`‡ki AvIZvf~³
GQvov, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg I PÆMÖv‡gB evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb ebf~wg i‡q‡Q| gaycyi ebvÂj bv‡g MvRxcyi, Uv½vBj I
gqgbwms‡ni wKq`s‡k I ebf~wg Av‡Q| Z‡e Gme ebf~wg GK‡Î †gvU f~-fv‡Mi 9 fv‡Mi I Kg (1970 eM©
wK.wg.)| evsjv‡`‡ki K„wli cÖavb ˆewkó¨ wK?

cvwb m¤c‡`i w`K †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’v cÖwZ‡ekx †`k fvi‡Zi Zzjbvq g›` bq| we‡kŸi cÖavb b`x mg~‡ni
wZbwU M½v-c`¥v, eÖþcyÎ-hgybv I †gNbv evsjv‡`‡ki Dci w`‡q e‡q hvIqv Gme b`xi A‡bK kvLv-cÖkvLv wb‡q
G‡`‡k GKwU we¯—„Z b`x Rvj M‡o D‡V‡Q| G‡`‡k cÖvq cÖwZ 10 wK.wg. Gi g‡a¨B GKwU eo b`x cvIqv hvq|
b`xi G cÖvPzh© m‡Ë¦I G‡`‡ki we‡kl ˆewkó¨ n‡jv, el©vq †`‡ki cÖvq kZKiv 30-40 fvM Ask c−vweZ nq Ges
cÖvqktB eb¨v KewjZ nq Aciw`‡K ï®K †gŠmy‡g cvwbi Afve †`Lv †`q, d‡j K„wl Kv‡R e¨vNvZ N‡U| †m mgq
A‡bK †¶‡Î f~-Mf©¯’ cvwbi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| G‡`‡k †gvU b`-b`xi msL¨v cÖvq 700 Gi AwaK hv ˆ`‡N©¨
cÖvq 24,140 wK.wg.| Gme b`xi cvwb K„wlKv‡R, cvwb we`y¨r Drcv`b, grm¨ Avni‡b, †bŠcwien‡b, M„n¯’vjx I
kn‡i cvwb mieiv‡ni Kv‡R e¨vcKfv‡e e¨enƒZ nq| b`x QvovI †ek wKQy Rjvf~wg Av‡Q
†`‡k b`-b`xi msL¨v hvi AwaKvskB nvIo, wej I evIo bv‡g cwiwPZ| Gme Rjvf~wg wgVv cvwbi gr‡m¨i
cÖvq 700 Gi AwaK Ab¨Zg Drm Ges ï®K †gŠmy‡g Gi AwaKvsk †¶‡Î †ev‡iv av‡bi Pvl n‡q _v‡K| LwbR
G‡`‡ki cÖavb LwbR m¤c` ej‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK„wZK M¨vmB cÖavb D‡j−L‡hvM¨ m¤c`| GQvov, KvuP, evwj
m¤c`-cÖvK„wZK mv`vK`©g, Pzbvcv_i, fvix LwbR Kqjv, ¯^ígvÎvq cvIqv †M‡Q| cÖvK„wZK M¨vm m¤c`
M¨vm| eZ©gv‡b †c‡Uªv-ivmvqwbK wk‡í we‡klZt mvi, K„wÎg m~Zv, c−vw¯UK RvZxq c`v_© ˆZix‡Z
e¨vcKfv‡e e¨enƒZ n‡”Q| ZvQvov, we`y¨r Drcv`‡b, wm‡g›U KviLvbvq Ab¨vb¨ wkí KviLvbvq M„n¯’vjxi ivbœvi
R¡vjvbx Kv‡R I e¨enƒZ n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvq LwbR m¤c‡` fviZ I cvwK¯—vb A‡bK †ekx mg„×kvjx| G
`y‡Uv †`‡kB DbœZRv‡Zi Kqjv, †jŠn AvKwiK, e·vBU AvKwiK _vKvq m¯—v cvwb we`y¨‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ Gme AvKwiK

BDwbU- 8 c„ôv # 124

fСLª¢aL pÇfc ¢i¢šL ¢L ¢L ¢nÒf N−s E−W−R?
I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Dfq †`‡kB fvix wkí KviLvbv †hgb- †jŠn I B¯úvZ wkí M‡o D‡V‡Q| cÖ‡qvRbxq wbR¯^
KuvPvgv‡ji Afv‡e evsjv‡`‡k G ai‡bi fvix wkíKviLvbv wbg©v‡Yi †¶‡Î LyeB AbMÖmi e‡q †M‡Q| Z‡e ¯’vbxq I
KvuPevwj, mv`vK`g e¨envi K‡i G‡`‡ki DbœZ gv‡bi Pxbv gvwUi ˆZRlcÎ wkí M‡o D‡V‡Q hvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ask
eZ©gv‡b we‡`‡k ißvwb n‡”Q|

gvbe m¤c`
cÖwZ‡ekx evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi kZKiv 83 fvM gymjgvb Ges 16 fvM wn›`y m¤cÖ`vqf~³ Ges
†`k
mg~‡ni evKxiv 8 Lªx¯Uvb, †eŠ× I Ab¨vb¨ ag©vej¤^x| G‡`‡ki wk¶vi nvi kZKiv 60 fvM cvwK¯—
g‡a¨
evsjv‡`‡k v‡bi mgvb n‡jI fviZ (52%) I kÖxjsKvi (90%) Zzjbvq A‡bK Kg| cÖZ¨vwkZ eq‡mi
wk¶vi
nvi Kg| (Life expectancy) †¶‡Î cvwK¯—v‡b (cyi“l-58 I gwnjv 59 eQi) Ges fvi‡Zi (cyi“l
59 I gwnjv 60 eQi) †P‡q evsjv‡`k (cyi“l I gwnjv 56 eQi) mvgvb¨ wcwQ‡q _vK‡jI kÖxjsKvi (cyi“l 70 eQi
Ges gwnjv 75 eQi) Zzjbvq `w¶Y Gwkqvi me †`kB h‡_ó wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvq fviZ, kÖxjsKv I
cvwK¯—v‡bi RbmsL¨vi wKQy ˆewkó¨ejxi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ mviwY 8.6.1 G †`‡Lv‡bv n‡jvt
mviwY 8.3.1 t evsjv‡`k, fviZ I kÖxjsKvi RbmsL¨vi wbe©vwPZ ˆewkó¨ejxi I cvwK¯—v‡bi Zzjbv
ˆewkó¨ evsjv‡`k fviZ cvwK¯—vb kÖxjsKv
RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡/eM©gvBj 2160 Rb 779 381 732
wk¶vi nvi (%) 60 52 38 90
Rš§nvi (cÖwZ nvRv‡i) 31 26 36 18
g„Zz¨nvi (cÖwZ nvRv‡i) 11 10 11 6
Rb msL¨v e„w× (%) 1.9 1.6 2.5 1.2
wkï g„Zz¨nvi (cÖwZ nvRvi) 102 71 97 21
nvmcvZvj 3218 R‡b 1357 R‡b 1702 R‡b 362 R‡b
kh¨v 1wU 1wU 1wU 1wU
kÖg kw³
K„wl (%) 65 65 27 45
wkí I Lwb (%) 14 - - 13
PvKzix (%) 21 - 32 -
Drm t World Almanac, 1997.
Dc‡i mviwY 8.3.1 G D‡j−wLZ RbmsL¨vi cÖvq cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB cÖwZ‡ekx `w¶Y Gwkqvi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Zzjbvq
evsjv‡`k wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| Z‡e, evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK w¯’iZv eRvq _vK‡j Avkv Kiv hvq wbKU fwel¨r G
evsjv‡`k Gme ‡¶‡Î `ª“Z GwM‡q hv‡e| evsjv‡`‡k evowZ Rbkw³ we‡`‡k ißvwbi gva¨‡g D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwigv‡b
ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©‡b m¶g n‡q‡Q| MZ 1980 Gi `kK †_‡K ga¨cÖv‡P¨ gvj‡qwkqv, gvwK©b hy³ivóÌ I BD‡iv‡ci
wKQy wKQy †`‡k evsjv‡`‡ki `¶ kÖwgK I Ab¨vb¨ †ckvi wecyj msL¨K †jvK KvR †bq| we‡`‡k Zv‡`i DcvwRZ
A_© evsjv‡`‡k ‡cÖiY K‡i _v‡K hv †`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv NvUwZi GKwU Ab¨Zg Ask|
cvV ms‡¶c
evsjv‡`‡ki m¤c` ej‡Z G‡`‡ki gvwU, Rjevqy, K„wl, cvwb I Rb‡Mvwô‡K eySvq| G‡`‡ki wecyj Rb‡Mvwói
Zzjbvq m¤c` mxwgZ| cÖwZ‡ekx †`k¸‡jvi Z‚jbvq cÖvq †ekxi fvM †¶‡ÎB evsjv‡`k wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| Avkv Kiv

A_©‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj c„ôv # 125

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb ¯‹zj

hvq A`~i fwel¨‡Z †`‡ki m¤c‡`i m‡e©v”P e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwZ‡ekxi Zzjbvq Avgv‡`i AbMÖmiZvi gvÎv
Kg‡bv hv‡e|

BDwbU- 8 c„ôv # 126

I‡cb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| 1988 mv‡ji eb¨vq evsjv‡`‡ki 64wU †Rjvi g‡a¨ KqwU †Rjv ¶wZMÖ¯’ nq?
K) 42wU L) 53wU M) 62wU
2| ˆPZvjx dmj †KvbwU -- |
K) Lwic-1 L) Lwic-2 M) Lwic-3
3| mgf~wgi D”PZv mgy`ª mgZj †_‡K KZ wgUvi D”PZvi AwaK bq?
K) 10-11 wgUvi L) 8-9 wgUvi M) 15-15 wgUvi
4| gvSvwi Rwg‡Z FZzwfwËK KqwU dmj nq?
K) 1wU L) 2wU M) 3wU
5| c−vebf~wg wK Kvi‡Y SyuwKc~Y©?
K) eb¨v I b`x fv½‡bi Rb¨ L) f~wgK‡¤ci Rb¨ M) evwji ¯—‡ii Rb¨
6| mgZj f~wgi KZ kZvsk cÖwZ eQi cvwb‡Z c−vweZ nq?
K) 25-30 L) 30-40 M) 42-45
7| Dl·Zv I Av‡cw¶K Av`ª©Zvi wfwˇZ AvÂwjK fv‡e KqwU A‡j fvM Kiv hvq?
K) 2wU L) 4wU M) 6wU
8| gvwUi Ni †Kv_vq †`Lv hvq?
K) e‡i›`Öf~wg I gaycyi AÂj L) Uviwkqvix cvnvo AÂj M) c−veb f~wg AÂj|
9| †bŠKvq emevmKvix m¤cÖ`v‡qi bvg --- |
K) †e‡` L) mvIZvj M) gM
10| evsjv‡`‡ki †jvK msL¨vi NbZ¡ KZ?
K) 750 Rb L) 775 Rb M) 780 Rb
11| evsjv‡`‡ki kÖg kw³i KZfvM K„wl‡Z wbqwRZ?
K) 60 fvM L) 64 fvM M) 70 fvM
12| b‡f¤^i-wW‡m¤^i †_‡K †deÖ“qvix-gvP© ch©š— †Kb K„wl FZz?
K) iwe L) Lwic-1 M) Lwic-2
13| evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQy e‡bi cwigvb KZ e.wg?
K) 98 e. wg. L) 99 e. wg. M) 100 e. wg.
14| evsjv‡`‡ki b`x ¸wji †gvU ˆ`N©¨ KZ?
K) 23,140 L) 24,140 M) 25,140
15| evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi KZfvM gymjgvb?
K) 80 fvM L) 83 fvM M) 84 fvM
16| evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi KZfvM wn›`y?
K) 15 fvM L) 16 fvM M) 17 fvM

iPbvg~jK DËi cÖkœ

1. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Kvh©ejxi Dc‡i f~-cÖK„wZi cÖfve Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
2. evsjv‡`‡ki Av‡jv‡K gvby‡mi ms¯‹„wZi Dc‡i f~-cÖK„wZi cÖfve my¯úó Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
3. evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ fviZ, cvwK¯—vb, kÖxjsKvi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v wb‡q GKwU Zzjbvg~jK cÖeÜ wjLyb|

A_©‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj c„ôv # 127