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Introductory Lecture

TE-306 Wireless Communication and RF planning (2 + 0)

Instructor
Engr. Dr. Farzana Kulsoom

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Evolution of Mobile
Communications

Brief Overview about Mobile

Generation

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 LOGO 1G TECHNOLOGY
1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephone
technology, mobile telecommunications which was first
introduced in 1980s and completed in early 1990s
FDMA was used
It's Speed was upto 2.4kbps.
It allows the voice calls in 1 country.
1G network use Analog Signal.
AMPS was first launched in USA in 1G mobile
systems.

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LOGO DRAWBACKS OF 1G

Poor Voice Quality

Poor Battery Life
Large Phone Size
No Security
Limited Capacity
Poor Handoff Reliability
1G Wireless System

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 LOGO 2G TECHNOLOGY

 2G technology refers to the 2nd generation which is

based on GSM.
 It was launched in Finland in the year 1991.
 2G network use digital signals.
 It’s data speed was upto 64kbps.

Features Includes:

 It enables services such as text messages,

picture messages and MMS (multi media message).

 It provides better quality and capacity .

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 LOGO IS-95 Digital Cellular System

■ Based on CDMA technology

■ CDMA allows many users to share a common
frequency channel / time channel for transmission; the
user signals are distinguished by spreading them with
different codes.

■ Channel bandwidth used is 1.25 MHz

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 LOGO DRAWBACKS OF 2G

 2G requires strong digital signals

to help mobile phones work. If there
is no network coverage in any specific
area , digital signals would weak.

 These systems are unable to

handle complex data such as Videos.
2G Wireless System

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 LOGO 2.5G TECHNOLOGY

 2.5G is a technology between the second (2G) and

third (3G) generation of mobile telephony.
 2.5G is sometimes described as 2G Cellular
Technology combined with GPRS.

Features Includes:
 Phone Calls
 Send/Receive E-mail Messages
 Web Browsing
 Speed : 64-144 kbps
 Camera Phones
 Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3 mins. Mp3 song

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 LOGO 2.5G TECHNOLOGY

■ High Speed Circuit switched data (HSCSD)

■ Wireless data transmission system for GSM users @ 38.4
kbps, four times faster than the standard GSM rate
■ It is an evolutionary steps towards UMTS (3G)

■ General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

■ It is a non-voice service added to the existing GSM network
■ One of the 2.5G technology upgrades
■ A big step towards 3G
■ It uses the IP nature for transmission

■ EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment)

■ Faster data transmission up to 384 kbps
■ Enable the delivery of multimedia and other broadband
applications to mobile phone and computer users

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 LOGO 3G TECHNOLOGY

3G technology refer to third generation which was

introduced in year 2000s.

Data Transmission speed increased from

144kbps- 2Mbps.

Typically called Smart Phones and

features increased its bandwidth
and data transfer rates to accommodate
web-based applications and audio
and video files.

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 LOGO FEATURES OF 3G TECHNOLOGY

 Providing Faster Communication

 Send/Receive Large Email Messages

 High Speed Web / More Security

Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming

 TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls

 Large Capacities and Broadband Capabilities

 11 sec – 1.5 min. time to download a 3 min Mp3 song.

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 LOGO DRAWBACKS OF 3G TECHNOLOGY

 Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services

 It was challenge to build the infrastructure

for 3G

 High Bandwidth Requirement

 Expensive 3G Phones.

 Large Cell Phones

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LOGO 4G TECHNOLOGY (Anytime ,Anywhere)

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 LOGO 4G TECHNOLOGY (Anytime ,Anywhere)

4G technology refer to or short name of fourth Generation

which was started from late 2000s.
Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed.
One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC.
MAGIC:
Mobile Multimedia
Anytime Anywhere
Global Mobility Support
Integrated Wireless Solution
Customized Personal Services
Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere.

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 LOGO 4G (Anytime, Anywhere)

The next generations of wireless technology that promises

higher data rates and expanded multimedia services.
Capable to provide speed 100Mbps-1Gbps.
High QOS and High Security
Provide any kind of service at any time as per user requirements,
anywhere.

Features Include:
 More Security
 High Speed
 High Capacity
 Low Cost Per-bit etc.

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 LOGO DRAWBACKS OF 4G

Battery uses is more

Hard to implement

Need complicated hardware

Expensive equipment required

to implement next generation
network.

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 LOGO 5G (Connectivity anywhere any time)

5G data speed is 10 gigabits per second (Gbps).

hundred times faster than the current 4G technology

 Internet of things (IoT)

 Built in Sensors

 High Speed multimedia

 High data, video calls

 Ultra HD 3D video

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LOGO 5G (Connectivity anywhere any time)

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 LOGO WIRLESS MODELS OF 3G & 4G

 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM  4G WIRELESS SYSTEM

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 LOGO
BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

High Speed, High Capacity

5G technology providing large broadcasting of data in Gbps .
Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with the
clarity as to that of an HD Quality.
Faster data transmission that of the
previous generations.
Large Phone Memory, Dialing Speed,
clarity in Audio/Video.
Support interactive multimedia , voice,
streaming video, Internet and other
5G is More Effective and More Attractive.

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EVOLUTION OF 1G TO 5G TECHNOLOGY

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WIRELESS APPLICATIONS

Wireless applications are

those which we use free space
as the transmission medium &
do not involve cabling like
fibre or copper cables.

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 LOGO WIRELESS SERVICES

Wireless solution for:

Business and Industry

Schools , Colleges

Doctors , Pilots

Police and Vehicles etc.

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 LOGO CONCLUSION

 All totally the best way to help all users is to use 5G as the
next wireless system and in totally it is safety and secure for
public, this the need that demands the solution.
 Today’s wired society is going wireless and if it has problem,
5G is answer.
 5G technology is going to give tough competition to
Computers and Laptops.
 It will be available in the market 2020/2021 at affordable
cost with more reliability than previous mobiles.

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 LOGO COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G , 4G and 5G

The basic difference between 3G and 4G is in data transfer and signal

quality.

Technology 3G 4G 5G
Data Transfer Rate 3.1 MB/sec 100 MB/sec 10 GB/sec

Internet Services Broadband Ultra Wireless World

Broadband Wide Web

Mobile - TV Low High Very high

Resolution

Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100MHz 30GHz-

300GHz

Frequency 1.6-2 GHz 2-8 GHz 28 GHz

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 LOGO
Network cells

CELL :
• It is a geographical
unit of a cellular network;
• Is the area around an antenna
where a specific frequency
range is used;
• is represented graphically as a
hexagonal shape,
• but in reality it is irregular in shape
• Why hexagonal?

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 LOGO
Cell shape

While designing a network, 2 things are

kept in mind:

1) a tower in a cell should provide equal

signal in that cell

2) no blackspots. Blackspots are those

areas where you wont get any signals.

Answering this question, lets see pros n

cons if we use square, circle or hexagon

a) Square
b) Triangle
c) Circle
d) hexagonal

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 LOGO
Network cells

• A CLUSTER is a group of adjacent cells, usually 7

cells; no frequency reuse is done within a cluster

• The frequency spectrum is divided into subbands and

each subband is used within one cell of the cluster

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 LOGO
Frequency reuse

It is a method used by service providers to improve the

efficiency of a cellular network and to serve millions of
subscribers using a limited radio spectrum.

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 LOGO
Types of cells

• Macrocell – their coverage is large (approx.. 6 miles

in diameter); used in remote areas, high-power
transmitters and receivers are used.
• Microcell – their coverage is small (half a mile in
diameter) and are used in urban zones; low-powered
transmitters and receivers are used to avoid
interference with cells in another clusters.
• Picocell – covers areas such as building or a tunnel.

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LOGO

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 LOGO
Base station

Microwave antenna

Sector antenna/GSM antenna

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LOGO Cellular network components

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LOGO
Cellular network components
BTS (Base Transceiver Station) – main component of a cell and
it connects the subscribers to the cellular network; for
• transmission/reception of information it uses several
• antennas spread across the cell.

BSC (Basic Station Controller) – it is an interface between

BTSs and it is linked to BTSs by cable or microwave links; it
routes calls between BTSs; it is also connected to the MSC.

MSC (Mobile Switching Center) – the coordinator of a cellular

network, it is connected to several BSCs, it routes calls between
BSCs; links the cellular network with other networks like PSTN
through fiber optics, microwave or copper cable.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JZG9x_VOwA
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Handover

Handover : Moving an ongoing call from one

CELL to another CELL due to subscriber’s
mobility

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LOGO
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

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LOGO MOBILE EQUIPMENT

 Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device

 Uniquely identified by an IMEI (InternationalMobile
Equipment Identity)
 Voice and data transmission
 Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding
cells for optimum handover
 Power level : 0.8W – 20 W
 160 character long SMS.

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LOGO SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE(SIM)

 Smart card contains the International Mobile

Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
 Allows user to send and receive calls and receive
other subscribed services
 Protected by a password or PIN
 Can be moved from phone to phone – contains key
information to activate the phone

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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE BASE
STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)

Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that

communicate across the standardized Abis interface allowing
operation between components made by different suppliers

1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

2. Base Station Controller (BSC)

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 LOGO BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION (BTS):

 Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and

feeds the RF signals to the antenna.
 Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
 Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units

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 LOGO BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)

 Manages Radio resources for BTS

 Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MS’s in its
area
 Handles call set up
 Handover for each MS
 It communicates with MSC and BTS

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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE NETWORK
SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM(NSS)

 The system contains the following functional units

Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Home

Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location
Register (VLR) Authentication Center
(AUC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

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 LOGO MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER (MSC)

• Heart of the network

• Manages communication between GSM and other
networks
• Billing information and collection
• Mobility management
- Registration
- Location Updating
- Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff

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 LOGO HOME LOCATION REGISTERS (HLR)

 Stores information about each subscriber that belongs to it MSC

in permanent and temporary fashion.
 As soon as mobile subscriber leaves its current local area,
the information in the HLR is updated.
 database contains IMSI, MSISDN, prepaid/ postpaid,
roaming restrictions, supplementary services.

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VISITOR LOCATION REGISTERS (VLR)
Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters
its area, by HLR database
 Assigns a TMSI to each MS entering the VLR area which keeps on

• changing.
 Controls those mobiles roaming in its area

 Database contains IMSI, MSISDN, Location Area, authentication

key

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 LOGO
AUTHENTICATION CENTER (AUC)

 Contains the algorithms for authentication as well as the keys

for encryption.
 Protects network operators from fraud.

 Situated in special protected part of the HLR.

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 LOGO EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER (EIR)

 Stores all devices identifications registered for this

network.
 Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI
(International Mobile Equipment Identity)
 Prevents calls from stolen, unauthorised or defective
mobile devices

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 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CENTRE
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(OMC)

 The centralized operation of the various units in the system

and functions needed to maintain the subsystems.
 Dynamic monitoring and controlling of the network.

 Functions :

- configuration management
- fault report and alarm handling
- performance supervision/management
- storage of system software and data

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LOGO
OMC

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 LOGO
Roaming
Allowing the subscriber to send/receive calls outside
the service provider’s coverage area

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THANK
YOU