PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

ADAPTIVE TEACHING GUIDE

Most Essential Topic # 10: Fundamental Concepts of Hypothesis Testing

Lesson # 3: Hypothesis Testing Using t - test

Prerequisite Content Knowledge Prerequisite Skill

The teacher - participants should know: The teacher - participants should know how to:
● the steps in hypothesis testing; and ● write the null and alternative hypothesis;
● concepts of mean and standard deviation. Communication, Problem Solving, & Critical Thinking Skills

Prerequisite Assessment:
Analyze the following situation then (a) write the null and alternative hypotheses; (b) identify if it is two-tailed, right-tailed, or left-tailed; and (c) show the critical and non-critical
regions with the critical values at 0.01 and 0.05 using the z-table

1. To test whether the average expense of teacher-participants is at least P5,000 a month (n=75).
2. To test whether the average time a customer has to wait in a queue to get his order is at most 10 minutes. (n = 47)
3. To test whether the mean number of hours spent working by managers in a day is different from 8 hours. (n = 35)
Answer Key
1 2 3
a. 𝐻 : μ = 5000 (The average expense of the a. 𝐻0: μ = 10 (The mean time a customer has to wait a. 𝐻0: μ = 8 (The mean number of hours spent
0
teacher-participants is at least P5000 a month.) in a queue to get his order is at most 10 minutes.) working by managers in a day is not different from
𝐻1: μ < 5000 (The average expense of the 𝐻1: μ > 10 (The mean time a customer has to 8 hours.)
teacher-participants is less than P5000 a month.) wait in a queue to get his order is more than 10 𝐻1: μ≠8 (The mean number of hours spent
b. left – tailed minutes.) working by managers in a day is different from 8
c. α=0.01; critical value = -2.378 b. right – tailed hours.)
α=0.05; critical value = -1.666 c. α=0.01; critical value = 2.410 b. two-tailed
α=0.05; critical value = 1.679 c. α=0.01; critical value = ± 2.728
α=0.05; critical value = ± 2.064
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

Pre–lesson Remediation Activity

For teacher-participants with Insufficient Level on Prerequisite For teacher-participants with Fairly Sufficient Level on Prerequisite
Content-knowledge and/or Skill(s) Content-knowledge and/or Skill(s)
● Feedbacking on the results of the prerequisite assessment through commenting or
● Reading materials, lecture notes, and video tutorials will be provided which will
synchronous discussion.
discuss the concepts and processes involved in the steps of hypothesis testing,
● teacher-participant’s sharing their correct understanding on the process of
mean, and standard deviation.
hypothesis testing.

Introduction
In this lesson, the teacher - participants will learn how to perform one sample t-test in hypothesis testing. It will help them assess claims about one population mean which will
be useful in completing their performance tasks and solve real-life situations. At the end of the lesson, the teacher - participants are expected to know when to use t-test in
conducting a hypothesis test, apply t-test in conducting a hypothesis test, and analyze and interpret the results of a hypothesis test. teacher - participants will also be given real
life situations problems where they can apply hypothesis testing using t - test. (The lesson is good for 120 minutes and if the needs arises, the teacher can be reached
through email or 09xxx

Teacher-participant’s Experiential Learning

Formative Questions For teacher-participants with Poor or No Internet Connectivity For teacher-participants with Strong Internet Connectivity
Chunk 1: Conducting a Hypothesis Test using t – test
(Prompting Connection to Prior Knowledge)
Recall: The average weight of newborn babies in the Philippines is 3 kg with a variance of 1.58 kg. A pediatrician of CAEP Medical Center measured the weight of 100 babies
and resulted in an average weight of 3.2 kg. Test at α = 0.05 level of significance whether the weight of newborn babies is not 3 kg.

Step1: Hypotheses
Ho: μ = 3kg (The average weight of newborn babies is 3 kg.)
Ha: μ ≠ 3kg (The average weight of newborn babies is not 3 kg.)

Step 2. Level of Significance: α = 0.05

PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

Step 3. Test Statistics: z-test (one sample)

Step 4. Decision Rule: If zc > 1.96 or zc < - 1.96, then reject Ho.

Step 5. Computations: Given: 𝑥 = 3.2, μ = 3, n = 100, σ = 1.257

𝑥 −μ
𝑧𝑐 = σ
𝑛

3.2 − 3
𝑧𝑐 = 1. 25 =1.6
100

Step 6. Decision: Since zc < 1.96, hence fail to reject Ho.

Step 7. Conclusion: There is not enough evidence to conclude that the average weight of newborn babies is not 3 kgs. This means that the average weight of newborn
babies is 3 kgs.

● Lesson presentation (with the use of printed material) on

how to conduct t-test in hypothesis testing.
● Given the data, the teacher-participants will be tasked to ● Lesson presentation (with the use of any platform) on how to conduct
test the hypothesis and do computations manually. t-test in hypothesis testing.
● Given the data, the teacher-participants will be tasked to test the
1. How do we conduct a Ask teacher-participants: Do you really believe that the hypothesis with the use of MS Excel and/or other statistical software/
hypothesis test for one mean
content of this Chippy is exactly 27 grams, as advertised? application.
using t-test?
(Drawing Attention to Meaning) ● If Chippy or the weighing scale, or both, are not available, the
participants can randomly generate possible values for weights using
How do you test if it is true or not? (Possible answer: weigh technology.
each Chippy and find out if it is really 27g or at least an
average of 27g)
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

The following scenario is a non-example for a z-test since

not all conditions for it are met.

We can ask the participants: “Can we use z-test to test the

hypothesis? Why or why not?

To test whether it is true or not, we weigh some of these

Chippy chips or collect data on its weights and use a z-test.
However, if we can only collect a limited number of Chippy
(e.g. 10 Chippy chips), then the appropriate test is the t-test
instead of z-test. (few samples vs large samples)

If Chippy or the weighing scale, or both, are not available,

the participants can randomly determine possible values
using a Table of Random Values

What is a t - test? (Drawing Attention to Meaning)

PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

t - test - is a tool used in inferential statistics used to

determine if there is a significant difference between the
sample mean and population mean (or between two groups)
when the population variance is unknown.

t - tests can also be used when the data sets follow a normal
distribution and when sample size is less than 30.

Test Statistic when the Variance is Unknown

The following are the essential formulas in solving the test statistic when the variance is unknown.

where: 𝑡𝑐 – compute value of t s – sample standard deviation

𝑥 – sample mean df – degrees of freedom
n – sample size µ0 – hypothesized mean

1. How do we conduct a
hypothesis test for one mean
using t-test?
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

Example 1. Solve for the computed value of t given the following conditions.

a. 𝑥 = 11; µ0 = 15; 𝑠 = 9; 𝑛 = 20 b. 𝑥 = 65; µ0 = 60; 𝑠 = 45; 𝑛 = 37

11−15 (65−60) 37
𝑡𝑐 = 9 =− 1. 988 𝑡𝑐 = = 0. 676
45
20

Quick Check
Solve for the computed value of t given the following conditions.
1. 𝑥 = 139; µ0 = 125; 𝑠 = 57; 𝑛 = 57 Answer: 1.854
2. 𝑥 = 89; µ0 = 101; 𝑠 = 72; 𝑛 = 100 Answer: -1.667

Determining the critical value/s from the t-table

Steps in determining the critical values using the t-table.

1. Locate the level of significance (α) of the appropriate row.
2. Locate the degrees of freedom (𝑑𝑓) under the df column.
3. Get the intersection of α and 𝑑𝑓.

Example 2. Determine the critical value based on the given conditions.

Table Reference: https://www.tdistributiontable.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/using-t-table-1.png

a. 𝑡α (right-tailed); α = 0. 05 ; 𝑑𝑓 = 20
Answer: Critical Value = 1.725

b. 𝑡α/2 (two-tailed); α = 0. 05 ; 𝑑𝑓 = 10
Answer: Critical Value = ±2.228

c. 𝑡α (left-tailed); α = 0. 01 ; 𝑛 = 15
Answer: Critical Value = –2.624
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

Quick Check
Determine the critical value based on the given conditions.
1. two – tailed; α = 0. 05 ; 𝑛 = 28 Answer: ±2.052
2. one – tailed; α = 0. 001 ; 𝑑𝑓 = 80 Answer: 3.195

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Mean

Example 6. The national average daily wage in the Philippines is P 590. The labor union in a company claims that they have a higher
average daily wage than the national average. The daily earnings for a random sample of 21 employees in the private company showed
an average of P 600 with a standard deviation of P 30. Can it be concluded that the claim of the labor union is correct at 0.05 level of
significance?

Step 1. Hypothesis
H0: μ = 𝑃590 (The average daily wage of employees in a private company is P 590.)
H1: μ > 𝑃590 (The average daily wage of employees in a private company is more than P 590..)

Step 2. Level of Significance

α = 0. 05 with a degree of freedom df = n - 1 = 21 - 1 = 20.

Step 3. Test Statistic

The appropriate test statistic to use is the t-test when the variance is unknown (n < 30).

Step 4: Decision Rule

If tc > tα = 1.725, reject H0.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

Step 5: Computation
Given: 𝑥 = 600; µ0 = 590; 𝑠 = 30; 𝑛 = 21

(600−590) 21
𝑡𝑐 = 30
= 1. 528

Step 6: Decision
Since tc = 1.528 and tα = 1.725, tc < tα, fail to reject H0.

Step 7: Conclusion (This part will be highlighted since drawing conclusions and inferences are critical parts of the hypothesis testing)
There is NO sufficient evidence at the α = 0.05 level of significance that the average daily wage of employees in a private company
is greater than P 590. This means that the claim of the labor union that their company has a higher daily wage than the national
average is NOT true.

note: It is important to emphasize that the opposite of rejecting is NOT accepting. We just failed to reject the null hypothesis
(because we don’t have enough evidence) but we are not dismissing the fact that it may still happen.

Rejecting H0 means Ho is false. While Fail to Reject Ho means we have NO sufficient evidence that Ho is false. We just accept it
OR we have no evidence to reject Ho

Example 7. The following data are the daily sales of a store.

108.98 152.22 111.45 110.59 127.46 107.26

93.32 91.97 111.56 75.71 128.58 135.11

At 0.05 level of significance, is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the average daily sales of the store is different from P 120?

Step 1. Hypothesis
H0: μ = 120 (The average daily sales of the store is not different from P 120.)
H1: μ ≠ 120 (The average daily sales of the store is different from P 120.)

Step 2. Level of Significance

α = 0. 05 with a degree of freedom df = n - 1 = 12 - 1 equal to 11.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

Step 3. Test Statistic

The appropriate test statistic to use is the t-test when the variance is unknown ( or n < 30).

Step 4: Decision Rule

If tc > tα/2 or tc < -tα/2, reject H0.

Step 5: Computation
Given: 𝑥 = 112. 8508; µ0 = 120; 𝑠 = 20. 798; 𝑛 = 12

(112.8508−120) 20.798
𝑡𝑐 = 12
=− 1. 191

Step 6: Decision
Since tc = -1.191 > -tα/2 = -2.201, tc > -tα/2, fail to reject H0.

Step 7: Conclusion
There is no sufficient evidence that the average daily sales of the store is significantly different from P 120. Hence the average
daily sales of the store is significantly not different from P 120.

TRY THIS!
Given the weights of 12 Chippy Barbeque chips, test whether or not the average weight of Chippy is 27 grams (as advertised) at the 0.05
level of significance.
22 25 35 24 21 20
31 33 26 28 27 27
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

More examples and exercises will be given as requested by the participants.

In this lesson, the teacher-participants learned what the t - test is and when or how to test hypotheses about a population mean.

To familiarize themselves in solving for the t-value, the teacher-participants are given the formula for the test statistic sample when
variance is unknown.

The teacher-participants also learned how to determine the critical value using the t-table.

They also applied their previous knowledge about the step-by-step procedure in hypothesis testing in the context of t-test using real-life
Synthesis
problems.

Lastly, and most important of all, the teacher-participants can fully interpret, conclude and draw inferences from a hypothesis testing.

Supplemental Questions:

1. What conditions should be met before proceeding to testing the hypothesis using the t-test?
2. What does it mean to “reject/fail to reject” the null hypothesis?

Given a set of data, the teacher-participants will be tasked to

Given a set of data, the teacher-participants will be tasked to
conduct a test of hypothesis with the use of MS Excel (or other
conduct a test of hypothesis and report the interpretation of the
statistical applications) and report the interpretation of the results
results manually.
through MS Word (and/or other platforms)
The normal total cholesterol level for adults should be less than 200 mg/dl. We will test to see if the patients from PGH where the sample
was gathered is statistically different from the normal level, on average, at 0.01 level of significance.
RUA of a teacher-participant’s
Learning
240 203 184 384 348 284
302 250 209 393 177 285
325 337 327 254 209 277
200 290 312 204 184 264
298 193 302 347 298 310
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

Post–lesson Remediation Activity

● Given another set of data, the teacher-participants will be tasked to conduct a test
● Given another set of data, the teacher-participants will be tasked to conduct a test
of hypothesis with the use of MS Excel (or other statistical applications) and report
of hypothesis and report the interpretation of the results manually.
the interpretation of the results through MS Word (and/or other platforms).