Assignment of Computer Graphics

Question.1 What is Computer Graphics ? Explain its applications .

Answer. Computer graphics is a field of study and practice that focuses on generating and
manipulating visual content using computers. It involves creating, displaying, and manipulating
images, animations, and graphical elements to convey information, simulate real-world
scenarios, or enhance the user experience. Computer graphics find applications in various
domains, including entertainment (video games, movies), design (architecture, industrial
design), visualizations (scientific simulations, data visualizations), virtual reality, computer-
aided design (CAD), and more.

The types of computer graphics: passive graphics and active graphics.

1. Active Graphics: These are dynamic or interactive visual elements that respond to user
input or changes in data. Examples include interactive charts, maps, and diagrams
where users can manipulate data or parameters to explore different aspects of the
visualization.

2. Passive Graphics: These are static visual elements that do not change based on user
input or data variations. They convey information without interaction, such as
traditional charts, infographics, and illustrations. Passive graphics are typically used for
presenting fix Kied information or for situations where interactivity is not necessary.

APPLICATIONS

. Computer graphics find a wide range of applications across various industries and domains.
Some of the key areas where computer graphics are extensively utilized:

1. Entertainment Industry:

Computer graphics have revolutionized the entertainment industry, particularly in the realms
of movies, television shows, and video games. They enable the creation of stunning visual
effects, realistic animations, and immersive virtual worlds. Some applications include:

- Visual Effects (VFX): Computer graphics are used to create lifelike and fantastical visual
effects, such as explosions, creatures, and environments, enhancing the overall cinematic
experience.
- Animated Movies: Computer-generated imagery (CGI) allows for the production of animated
films, where characters, environments, and special effects are created and rendered digitally.

- Video Games: Computer graphics play a fundamental role in video games, enabling the
rendering of 3D game worlds, characters, physics simulations, and special effects.

2. Design and Visualization:

Computer graphics have transformed the fields of design, architecture, and visualization,
providing powerful tools for creating, modeling, and presenting designs. Some applications
include:

- Architectural Visualization: Computer graphics facilitate the creation of 3D models and

visualizations of architectural designs, enabling architects and clients to preview and explore
virtual representations of buildings and spaces.

- Industrial Design: Computer-aided design (CAD) software utilizes computer graphics to assist
in creating and visualizing product designs, prototypes, and engineering simulations.

- Data Visualization: Computer graphics help in representing complex data sets and patterns
visually, making it easier to analyze and interpret information in fields like science, finance,
and marketing.

3. Simulation and Training:

Computer graphics are extensively used in simulations and training scenarios to create realistic
virtual environments and interactive experiences. Some applications include:

- Flight Simulators: Computer graphics allow for the creation of flight simulators that replicate
the experience of flying an aircraft, aiding pilots in training and practice.

- Medical Simulations: Computer graphics are used to develop medical simulations for training
surgeons, practicing procedures, and visualizing anatomical structures.

- Military Training: Virtual reality (VR) and computer graphics are employed in military training
simulations, providing realistic combat scenarios, vehicle simulations, and tactical training
exercises.
4. Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality:

Computer graphics play a crucial role in the development of virtual reality (VR) and augmented
reality (AR) experiences. These technologies create immersive virtual environments or overlay
digital information onto the real world. Some applications include:

- VR Gaming and Experiences: Computer graphics enable the creation of realistic and
immersive virtual worlds for gaming, training simulations, and interactive experiences.

- AR Applications: Computer graphics contribute to augmented reality applications found in

fields like education, healthcare, architecture, and entertainment, overlaying digital
information onto the real world.

5. Advertising and Marketing:

Computer graphics have transformed the advertising and marketing industries, allowing for
visually captivating campaigns and interactive digital experiences. Some applications include:

- Visual Effects in Commercials: Computer graphics are used to create eye-catching visual
effects, animations, and product visualizations in commercials and advertisements.

- Interactive Digital Experiences: Computer graphics enable the development of interactive

websites, mobile apps, and digital installations that engage users through visually appealing
interfaces and interactive elements.

6. Scientific Visualization:

Computer graphics aid in visualizing complex scientific data and phenomena, helping
researchers and scientists understand and communicate their findings. Some applications
include:

- Molecular Modeling: Computer graphics assist in visualizing and simulating molecular

structures and interactions, aiding in drug design and biological research.

- Climate and Weather Visualization: Computer graphics are used to visualize climate data,
weather patterns, and simulations, aiding meteorologists and researchers in understanding
and predicting weather phenomena.

These are just a few examples of the diverse applications of computer graphics. As technology
advances, computer graphics continue to have a profound impact on various industries,
enhancing visual experiences, enabling simulations, and driving innovation in design,
entertainment, training, and scientific fields.

Question.2 What is Cathode Ray Tube ? Explain its working.

AnswerA Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube that displays images when an electron
beam strikes a phosphorescent surface. CRTs were widely used in older television sets and
computer monitors before being largely replaced by LCD and LED technologies.

Here's a brief overview of how a CRT works:

1. Electron Gun: At the back of the CRT, there's an electron gun that emits a stream of
electrons. This electron gun typically consists of a cathode (negatively charged
electrode) and one or more anodes (positively charged electrodes).

2. Deflection System: The electron beam produced by the electron gun is directed
towards the front of the CRT through a series of electromagnetic coils. These coils can
move the beam horizontally (to scan across the screen) and vertically (to scan down
the screen), allowing the creation of the entire image.

3. Phosphorescent Screen: The front of the CRT is coated with a phosphorescent

material. When the electron beam strikes this material, it emits light, producing the
image that appears on the screen.
 4. Color CRTs: In color CRTs, the phosphorescent screen is divided into tiny dots or
stripes of red, green, and blue phosphors. By varying the intensity of the electron
beams striking these phosphors, a wide range of colors can be displayed.

Question.3 What are various Display Devices? Explain their working.

Answer.

Direct View Storage Tube (DVST):

The Direct View Storage Tube (DVST) is a display device that was commonly used in early
computer systems. It consists of a cathode ray tube (CRT) with a phosphor-coated screen. The
DVST differs from a regular CRT in that it has an additional storage grid positioned between
the control grid and the phosphor-coated screen. This storage grid allows the CRT to maintain
an image even after the electron beam has moved on. The DVST is capable of storing
information on the screen for an extended period without requiring constant refreshing. This
feature made it well-suited for applications that required static or semi-static images.

The Direct View Storage Tube (DVST) utilizes a cathode ray tube (CRT) and an additional
storage grid to maintain an image even after the electron beam has moved on. The working
process involves the following steps:

● Electron Beam Generation: The DVST employs an electron gun, similar to a regular CRT.
The electron gun consists of a heated cathode that emits electrons through thermionic
emission.
● Electron Beam Acceleration: The emitted electrons are accelerated towards the screen
by a high voltage applied between the cathode and the screen. This acceleration causes
the electrons to gain energy and form a high-speed electron beam.
● Electron Beam Scanning: The high-speed electron beam scans across the phosphor-
coated screen, creating an image. The scanning pattern is controlled by deflecting the
electron beam using magnetic or electrostatic deflection plates.
● Storage Grid Function: The DVST incorporates an additional storage grid positioned
between the control grid and the screen. The purpose of this grid is to store the charge
that represents the image. When the electron beam passes over a particular area on the
 screen, the storage grid retains the charge corresponding to that area, effectively
"storing" the image information.
● Image Persistence: The stored charge on the storage grid keeps the image visible even
after the electron beam has moved on to scan other areas. The phosphor-coated screen
continues to emit light due to the retained charge, allowing the image to persist on the
screen for an extended period without requiring constant refreshing.

Flat Panel Display:

Flat panel displays are a type of display technology that has become prevalent in modern
computer graphics. These displays are thin and lightweight, making them suitable for a
wide range of devices, including laptops, tablets, and smartphones.

Flat panel display are divided into two categories:

1. 1: Emitter Displays:

Emitter are the class of devices that emit light to form display on screen. i.e they convert
electronical energy into light. For example plasma display and LED display.

2. Non-Emitter Displays:

Non emitter are the class of devices that use optical effect to convert light from other
source into graphical patterns. For example LCD

1. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):

● LCDs work by manipulating the polarization of light passing through liquid crystal
molecules. When an electric current is applied to a pixel, the liquid crystal
molecules twist, allowing light to pass through or blocking it, depending on the
orientation. This modulates the amount of light reaching the viewer and creates
the desired image.

● A backlight, usually made up of LEDs (in LED LCDs), provides the light source
behind the liquid crystal layer. The intensity of the backlight can be adjusted to
control brightness.

2. Light Emitting Diode (LED) Display:

 ● LED displays are essentially LCD displays with LED backlighting. LEDs (Light Emitting
Diodes) provide the light source behind the liquid crystal layer in the display. LED
backlighting offers advantages such as better energy efficiency, thinner form
factors, and improved brightness and color performance compared to traditional
CCFL (Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp) backlighting used in older LCDs.

● LED displays can be either edge-lit (LEDs arranged along the edges of the display
panel) or direct-lit (LEDs positioned behind the entire display panel).

3. Random Scan Display:

Random Scan Display (RSD), also known as Vector Display, was a display technology used in
early computer systems. Unlike raster scan displays, which scan the entire screen line by
line, RSDs use a vector graphics approach. In RSDs, the display is controlled by a set of
instructions that define the path of the electron beam as it moves across the screen. These
instructions, often referred to as "vectors," specify the start and end points of lines, curves,
and other graphical elements. RSDs are capable of producing precise and scalable shapes,
making them suitable for applications that require detailed and accurate line drawings.

Random Scan Display (RSD) or Vector Display operates on a vector graphics approach,
where the display is controlled by a set of instructions that define the path of the electron
beam. The working process involves the following steps:

● Vector Instructions: RSDs receive a series of vector instructions that define the start
and end points of lines, curves, and other graphical elements to be displayed.
● Electron Beam Control: The electron beam of the CRT is directed according to the
vector instructions. The beam is deflected and moved to the specified locations on
the screen, following the defined paths of the graphics elements.
● Draw and Refresh: As the electron beam moves along the vector path, it draws lines
or curves by illuminating the phosphor-coated screen. The phosphor emits light in
response to the electron beam, creating the desired graphical elements. After
completing the drawing of one element, the electron beam moves to the next
specified location and repeats the process.
● Refresh Rate: RSDs typically have a slower refresh rate compared to other display
technologies. This is because the electron beam needs to move to each specified
 location individually, following the vector instructions. The refresh rate determines
how often the screen is updated with new graphics elements, affecting the
smoothness of the displayed images.

4. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT):

The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is a display technology that was widely used before the advent
of flat panel displays. It consists of a vacuum tube with a phosphor-coated screen at one
end and an electron gun at the other. CRTs work by generating and controlling an electron
beam that strikes the phosphor-coated screen, causing it to emit light and create a visual
display. The electron beam is manipulated through the use of deflection plates, allowing for
the creation of complex images on the screen. CRTs have been used in television sets,
computer monitors, and oscilloscopes. While CRTs are bulky and consume more power
compared to flat panel displays, they offer advantages such as high contrast ratios, fast
response times, and wide color gamuts.

● Electron Beam Generation: The CRT employs an electron gun that consists of a
heated cathode. The cathode emits electrons through thermionic emission when
heated.

● Electron Beam Acceleration: The emitted electrons are accelerated towards the
screen by a high voltage applied between the cathode andthe screen. This
acceleration causes the electrons to gain energy and form a high-speed electron
beam
● Electron Beam Deflection: The electron beam is controlled by deflection plates,
which are positioned near the electron gun. The deflection plates apply electric fields
that can deflect the electron beam both vertically and horizontally. By modulating
the electric fields, the position of the electron beam can be precisely controlled,
scanning across the screen.
● Phosphor Coating: The screen of the CRT is coated with a thin layer of phosphor
material. When the electron beam strikes the phosphor-coated screen, it causes the
phosphor to emit light. The intensity of the emitted light depends on the energy of
the electrons and the characteristics of the phosphor material.
 ● Pixel Formation: By precisely controlling the position of the electron beam using the
deflection plates, the beam scans across the screen, illuminating specific areas of the
phosphor coating. The combination of the scanned areas forms the desired image on
the screen. By varying the intensity of the electron beam, different pixel intensities
can be achieved, resulting in different shades or colors.
● Persistence: The emitted light from the phosphor coating persists for a short
duration, allowing the image to remain visible even after the electron beam has
moved on to scan other areas. However, to maintain the image, the electron beam
needs to continuously scan the screen at a fast rate, typically 60 times per second or
more. This continuous scanning is known as refreshing or refreshing rate.

Question.4 Difference between Random Scan System and Raster Scan System.

Answer.

Base of
S.NO Difference Random Scan Raster Scan

While the resolution of raster

The resolution of random scan is
1. Resolution scan is lesser or lower than
higher than raster scan.
random scan.

While the cost of raster scan is

2. Cost It is costlier than raster scan.
lesser than random scan.

In random scan, any alteration is While in raster scan, any

3. Modification
easy in comparison of raster scan. alteration is not so easy .

In random scan, interlacing is not While in raster scan, interlacing

4. Interlacing
used. is used.

In random scan, mathematical

While in which, for image or
function is used for image or picture
picture rendering, raster scan
5. Line Drawings rendering. It is suitable for
uses pixels. It is suitable for
applications requiring polygon
creating realistic scenes.
drawings.

6. Motion of Electron Beam is directed to only Electron Beam is directed from

 Base of
S.NO Difference Random Scan Raster Scan

that part of screen where picture is top to bottom and one row at a
Electron Beam required to be drawn, one line at a time on screen. It is directed to
time. whole screen.

It stores picture definition as a

Picture It stores picture definition as a set of
7. set of intensity values of the
Definition line commands in the Refresh buffer.
pixels in the frame buffer.

Refresh rate depends on the number Refresh rate is 60 to 80 frames

8. Refresh Rate of lines to be displayed i.e. 30 to 60 per second and is independent
times per second. of picture complexity.

In random scan, Solid Pattern is In raster scan, Solid Pattern is

9. Solid Pattern
tough to fill. easy to fill.

10. Example Pen Plotter TV Sets

Question.5 Beam Penetration and Shadow Mask.?also explain difference.

1. ANS: Beam Penetration: In the context of radiation, beam penetration refers to the
ability of a radiation beam (such as X-rays, gamma rays, or electron beams) to penetrate
through a material. The ability of a beam to penetrate depends on various factors
including the energy of the radiation, the density and composition of the material being
penetrated, and the thickness of the material. Higher energy radiation beams can
penetrate thicker or denser materials compared to lower energy beams.

2. Shadow Masking: Shadow masking is a technique used in various applications, including

display technologies like cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) and certain manufacturing processes.
In the context of display technologies, shadow masking refers to a metal plate with
holes (or "masks") that is used to control the electron beams in a CRT, ensuring that
each beam hits only the appropriate phosphor dot on the screen, thereby creating the
desired image. In manufacturing processes, shadow masking is used to selectively
deposit or etch materials onto substrates by blocking certain areas from the deposition
or etching processes.
 Answer.

Sr.
No. Basis Beam Penetration Shadow Mask

In this method, there is the In this method, there is the production of

Colors
1. production of only four colors millions of colors.
produced
i.e., red, green, yellow, orange.

As in this method only four As in this method millions of colors are

2. Color colors are produced it is produced because it depends upon the
dependency because of the speed of the intensity value of the three available
electron gun. guns.

Number of
In this method, only one In this methods, three electron guns are
3. electron
electron gun is used. used; i.e red, green and blue.
guns used.

As we know in this different

As we know in this different colors and
Picture colors and shades are not
4. shades are possible. So, it’s picture
quality possible. So, it’s picture quality
quality is quite good.
is poor.

Realistic This method is not suitable for This method is suitable for providing the
5.
view providing the realistic view. realistic view.

This method provides high Whereas, this method does not able to
6. Resolution
resolution. provide high resolution.

It is cheaper than shadow

7. Cost It is an expensive method.
mask method.

It is used in random scan It is used in raster scan system to display

8. Application
system to display color. color.

QUES – 6 Explain the working of various input and output devices

Input Devices:

1. Keyboard: A keyboard is the most common input device. When you press a key, it
generates an electrical signal, which the keyboard controller interprets and sends to the
computer, where it's processed and displayed on the screen.
2. Mouse: A mouse typically uses a combination of optical, mechanical, or laser
mechanisms to track movement. When you move the mouse, it sends signals to the
computer, indicating the direction and speed of movement. Clicking buttons on the
mouse generates electrical signals that the computer interprets as commands.

3. Touchscreen: Touchscreens are sensitive to touch and use sensors to detect the position
and movement of fingers or styluses. When you touch the screen, it sends signals to the
computer, which interprets them as input commands.

4. Scanner: Scanners capture images or documents and convert them into digital formats.
They use sensors and light sources to scan the content, which is then converted into
binary data that the computer can process.

5. Microphone: Microphones convert sound waves into electrical signals. These signals are
then transmitted to the computer's audio input port, where they're processed and can
be used for various purposes such as voice recognition, communication, or recording.

6. Joystick: Joysticks are often used in gaming and simulation applications. They typically
consist of a stick that can be moved in different directions and buttons for additional
functions. Sensors within the joystick detect the movement and button presses, sending
corresponding signals to the computer.

7. Trackball: A trackball is similar to a mouse but with the ball on the top. When the user
moves the ball with their fingers or palm, sensors detect the movement and send signals
to the computer, controlling the cursor on the screen.

8. A SpaceBall, also known as a 3D mouse or 3D controller, is a type of input device used

primarily in computer-aided design (CAD), animation, and 3D modeling applications.
Unlike traditional mice or trackballs, which only allow movement in two dimensions (x
and y axes), a SpaceBall enables movement and manipulation in three dimensions (x, y,
and z axes), as well as rotation and scaling.

Here's how a SpaceBall typically works:

Sensors: A SpaceBall contains sensors that detect movement and rotation in multiple axes.
These sensors can detect the force and direction of movement applied by the user's hand.

Input Processing: The sensors capture the user's input and convert it into digital signals.
These signals represent the magnitude and direction of movement along each axis.
 Translation and Rotation: The digital signals are then transmitted to the computer, where
they are interpreted by software. Depending on the application being used, the software
translates the input signals into movements, rotations, and scaling operations within the 3D
environment.

Real-time Interaction: Users can manipulate objects within the 3D environment in real-
time by applying force and direction to the SpaceBall. For example, pushing the SpaceBall
forward might move an object in the 3D space away from the user, while twisting the
SpaceBall might rotate the object around a specific axis.

SpaceBalls provide a more intuitive and precise way to interact with 3D digital
environments compared to traditional input devices. They are particularly useful for tasks
that require precise positioning, rotation, and scaling of objects, such as architectural
design, engineering, animation, and virtual reality applications.

9. A digitizer, also known as a digitizing tablet or graphics tablet, is an input device used to
convert analog information (such as hand-drawn images or handwriting) into digital
data that can be processed by a computer. Digitizers consist of a flat surface and a stylus
or pen that the user can use to draw, write, or interact with digital content. Here's how
they typically work

1. Surface: The digitizer's surface is typically sensitive to pressure and sometimes also to
tilt. It may have a grid of wires or sensors underneath to detect the position of the stylus

2. Stylus/Pen : The stylus or pen is used by the user to draw or write on the digitizer's
surface. It contains sensors that can detect its position, pressure, and sometimes tilt
angle

3: Sensing Technology: When the user moves the stylus on the digitizer's surface, sensors
detect the position of the stylus and record it as digital data. Pressure sensors also measure
the pressure applied by the user, which can be used to vary line thickness or opacity in
drawing applications.

4: Data Transmission: The digital data collected by the digitizer's sensors is transmitted to
the computer, usually via a wired or wireless connection. The computer processes this data
and translates it into digital images or text.

5: Software Interaction: The digital data collected by the digitizer can be used with various
software applications, such as graphic design programs, handwriting recognition software,
or CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software. Users can draw, sketch, annotate, or input
handwritten text directly into these applications using the digitizer.

Output Devices:

1. Monitor/Display: Monitors or displays output visual information generated by the

computer. They receive signals from the graphics card and display images and text on
the screen using pixels arranged in a grid.

2. Printer: Printers produce hard copies of digital documents or images. They receive data
from the computer, process it, and transfer it onto paper using ink or toner.

3. Speakers: Speakers convert electrical signals into sound waves. They receive audio data
from the computer and produce sound through vibrating cones or membranes.

4. Projector: Projectors display images or videos onto a large screen or surface. They
receive input from the computer and use light sources and lenses to project the images
onto the desired surface.

5. Plotter: Plotters are used for producing high-quality graphical output, such as
architectural drawings or engineering designs. They use pens or other writing
instruments to draw precise lines on paper based on digital input from the computer.