TEACHING IN THE SPECIALIZED FIELD (Module 2)

GRACE MISSION COLLEGE
Catiningan Socorro Oriental Mindoro
TEACHING IN THE SPECIALIZED FIELD

(MATHEMATICS - MODULE 2)
Objectives: At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
a. Grasp the idea of the different methods of teaching-learning Mathematics, and
b. Apply methods of teaching mathematics by doing and evaluating their lesson plan.
II. METHODS OF TEACHING MATHEMATICS

The teaching of mathematics also involves different methods. The mathematics is taught at different
levels of school education. No one single method is fully suitable or appropriate for each level. Thus,
different methods are used for the students of different level. There are different methods of teaching
mathematics for primary, secondary and higher level education as the students of each level differ in age,
maturity, mental abilities, mental development, mathematical understanding etc. therefore, one method
cannot be applied to teach mathematics to all the classes. Besides this, with the use of one method, all the
students of a class cannot be equipped with equal amount of knowledge because individual difference lies
among them. Individual difference is an important psychological phenomenon which affects teaching and its
outcome to a great extent. According to Thorndike, “There is a much difference between lower and higher
categories of students of the same class. Higher category students learn six times more than the lower
category students or lower category students learn only one sixth in comparison of higher category
students.” Therefore, a teacher has to apply different methods to teach same topic to same class so that every
student could understand and learn the given content. Now, in this module we will deal with important
lesson patterns that can help us with our teaching-learning process.
2.1 Inductive and Deductive Method
Inductive Method is based on principle of induction. Induction means to establish a universal truth by
showing that if it is true for a particular case and is further true for a reasonably adequate number of cases
then it is true for all such cases. Thus, in this method, at first stage a problem is solved on the basis of
previous knowledge, thinking, reasoning and insight of the learner. At this stage he does not know about any
formula, principle or method for the solving the given problem. When adequate number of similar examples,
facts or objects is presented to the learners, they try themselves to arrive at a conclusion for all those. Thus,
they arrive at a generalization or derive a formula through a convincing process of reasoning and solving of
various similar problems. Thus, in this method rules and formulas are not supplied by the teachers to the
students. Here only various facts and examples are presented to the learners and from where they have to
find out rules or establish a general formula. Therefore, it is a method of constructing a formula with the
help of adequate number of concrete examples. Thus, inductive method of teaching leads us from known to
unknown, particular to general or example to general rule and from concrete to abstract. When a number of
concrete cases have been understood, the learner himself is able to attempt for generalization.
Method and Example:
In this method following steps are-
1. Presentation of Examples:- At this step a sufficient number of similar examples of a particular type are
presented to the learners.
2. Observation:- At this step students observe the various presented examples minutely and try to see
relationship among them and seek some general or common elements of findings.
3. Generalization:- On the basis of common elements of findings of different similar examples, learner
arrives at a general conclusion which leads him towards establishing a general rule or formula.
4. Verification:- At the last step of this method, learner can verify the truthfulness of general rule or formula
by using it to solve another similar problems.
Example : Derivation of the formula (a+b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
Step. I- Write an expression on the blackboard in the form of addition of two terms e.g. (x+y), and ask the
students to find its square by the method of multiplication. Students will multiply (x +y) by (x +y) and will
get the result x² + 2xy + y². Then give them a number of similar cases e.g. (l + m), (p + q), (a + b), (c + d)
etc. and ask them to find the squares in each case by the same method. Students will find the squares in each
case.
Step. II- The Teacher will ask the students to tell the square of each expression separately and will put it
on blackboard, in the following from.
(x + y)² = x² + 2xy + y²
(l + m)² = l² + 2lm + m²
(p + q)² = p²+ 2pq + q²
(a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
Step. III- Teacher will tell the students to observe the answer, and generalises that,
(First term + Second term)2 = Square of the first term + twice the product of the first and second term +
Square of the last or second term.
Step.IV - The teacher will give more examples for the learners to prove the reliability and truthfulness of the
formula or the general truth.
Deduction o Deductive method is the process by which a particular fact is derived from some general
known truth. Thus, in the deductive method of teaching learner proceeds from general to particular, abstract
to concrete and from formula to examples. Here a pre-established rule or formula is given to the learners and
they are asked to solve the related problems by using that formula. Therefore, in this method, the learner has
to perform only calculation or to simplify the substituted known values in the given formula to get the
solution of the problem. According to Joseph London, “Deductive teaching secures first the learning of
definition or law or rule, then carefully explains its meaning and lastly illustrates it fully by applying to fact.”
Method and Example

In this method following steps are-
1. Presentation of Rule of Formula for the Problems or Topic to be Taught:-
Just after presenting the problem to be studied, teacher provides the relevant formula or rule to solve it. He
explains the formula and its use.
2. Application of the Formula:
Teacher solves few problems on the blackboard to explain the application of formula to problems on the
blackboard to explain the application of formula to problems. Thus, students learn how the formula can be
applied to solve the related problems. Then a few problems are given to the students. They apply the formula
to the problems and solve them according to the procedure explained by the teacher.
3. Inference:
After getting proper solution of the problems with the help of given formula, the students come to
understand that this formula is the key to solve these types of problems.
4. Verification:
On reaching to the conclusion, the learner needs the verification of the conclusion or inference. Then the
learner applies the formula to solve any other problem and thus rechecks or verifies the validity of
conclusion.
Example: To know the area of the classroom.
STEP I. Giving of the formula or general truth.
The teacher will tell the students, if length, width and height of a room is given the area of four walls of the
room can be calculated from the formula.
Area of the rectangle = (Length x width) or (l x w )
STEP II. - Application of Formula:- The measures of length and width of the room are 8 metres, and 6
metres. Find the area of of the classroom.
Area of rectangle = (length x width)
= (8 m x 6 m)
= 48 m2
Then the teacher will ask students to solve the problems of this type or same situation but with different
given. The students will solve them on the same line as explained on the blackboard.
Inference: After solving few problems with the help of given formula, the students will infer that this
formula holds true and can be used to solve another relevant problems. This can also be done using checking
for some problems if possible.
Verification : Students may verify the validity of formula by using it to solve the another problem related
with the area of four walls and then memorize this formula for use in future.
Inductive Method Deductive Method

1. Proceeds from the particular to the 1. Proceeds from the general to the particular.
general; from the concrete to the from the abstract to the
abstract. concrete.
2. It takes care of the needs and 2. The child is provide with information of facts,
interests of children. It is a principles & theories.
developmental prcess.
3. It encourages "discovery" and 3. It establishes linkages with real life observations

and stimulates thinking. knowledge already gained.
4. The generalization or rule is 4. The rule is first learn and then derived by the
formulated by the child therefore he child. So, he/she is likely to forget it.
remembers it with ease.
5. The "how" and "why" of the rule/ 5. The process is accepted by the child
generalization are made clear without much reasoning.
through reasoning.
6. It starts from observation and direct 6. It starts with a rule and provides for
experiences and ends in developing rules practice and applications.
in the abstract form.
7. It encourages child participation and 7. It demands individual learning and group work.
treats a child as a passive recipient.
TASK
Direction: This coming May 2023, will be having your final output in this subject which is group demo-
teaching. With regards to this, your task for this module will be doing you lesson plan. Your group leader
will send your lesson as a group. Give emphasis on your activity and examples and check wether you will
use inductive or deductive method of teaching.
Note: Group leader, please me those names who didn’t participate for this activity.
Prepared by:
Denia, Maria Angelica M.
Instructor

TEACHING IN THE SPECIALIZED FIELD (Module 2)

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GRACE MISSION COLLEGE

Catiningan Socorro Oriental Mindoro

TEACHING IN THE SPECIALIZED FIELD

II. METHODS OF TEACHING MATHEMATICS

Example : Derivation of the formula (a+b)² = a² + 2ab + b²

Method and Example

Inductive Method Deductive Method

3. It encourages "discovery" and 3. It establishes linkages with real life observations

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