UNIT-4

1.Describe with neat sketches the working of a simple constant pressure open cycle gas turbine.

The Working Of A Simple Constant Pressure Open Cycle Gas Turbine:

The fundamental gas turbine unit is one operating on the open cycle in which a rotary compressor and a turbine are
mounted on a common shaft. Air is drawn into the compressor and after compression passes to a combustion chamber.
Energy is supplied in the combustion chamber by spraying fuel into the air stream, and the resulting hot gases expand
through the turbine to the atmosphere. In order to achieve network output from the unit, the turbine must develop more
gross work output than is required to drive the compressor and to overcome mechanical losses in the drive. The products
of combustion coming out from the turbine are exhausted to the atmosphere as they cannot be used any more. The
working fluids (air and fuel) must be replaced continuously as they are exhausted into the atmosphere.
2.Describe with neat diagram and the working of a closed cycle gas turbine, state also its merits and
demerits.

Closed-cycle gas turbines can be defined as gas turbines, which removes the drawbacks of open-cycle
gas turbines. In thises type of turbine, the air is continuously circulated within the gas turbine with the
help of a compressor, heat chamber, gas turbine, and cooling chamber. The ratio of pressure,
temperature, and air velocity will be constant in this type. It performs a thermodynamic cycle, which
means that the fluid is circulated and used continuously without leaving the system.

A closed-cycle gas turbine diagram is very simple and includes components such as a compressor,
heat chamber, and gas turbine. The generator, compressor, and cooling chamber are powered by a
gas turbine. Its picture is shown below.

 The gas is compressed in the compressor.

 Compressed gas is heated in a heating chamber.
 Gas turbine helps in generating electricity.
 Electricity is generated by the generator using a gas turbine.
 The cooling gases passing from the turbine are cooled in the cooling chamber.

Advantages of Closed Cycle Gas Turbine:

Closed-cycle gas turbine advantages are

 In a closed-cycle gas turbine, turbine blades erode due to contaminated gases, and dusting
leads to fouling of the compressor blades. Therefore the life of the turbine and compressor is
extended.
 There is no atmospheric back pressure on the turbine exhaust like an open cycle gas turbine in
a closed cycle.
 In a closed-cycle gas turbine, there is no need to filter the air coming into the compressor.
 Working fluid densities can be maintained high by increasing the internal pressure range.
Therefore, compressors and turbines are small for their rated output.
  Lower oil or solid fuel can be used because direct heating is done in a closed-cycle gas turbine.
These fuels are of very low cost. Therefore the process is more economical.
 It has a high output and efficiency.
 Maintenance costs are low.
Disadvantages of Closed Cycle Gas Turbine:
Closed-cycle gas turbine Disadvantages are

 Due to the high internal pressure in the system, all the components used have complex designs
that increase the cost significantly.
 Its response to differential load is worse than that of an open cycle gas turbine.
 It requires very large heat exchangers because, indirectly, the working fluid is heated.
 An additional component pre-cooler is added to the closed cycle gas turbine, which requires a
significant amount of cold water.
3.The air enters the compressor of an open cycle constant pressure gas turbine at a pressure of 1 bar and
temperature of 20°C. The pressure of the air after compression is 4 bar. The isentropic efficiencies of
compressor and turbine are 80% and 85% respectively. The air-fuel ratio used is 90: 1. If flow rate of air is 3.0
kg/s, find:(i) Power developed. (ii) Thermal efficiency of the cycle. Assume c p = 1.0 kJ/kg K and y = 1.4 of air
and gases
4.A gas turbine unit has a pressure ratio of 6:1 and maximum cycle temperature of 610°C. The isentropic
efficiencies of the compressor and turbine are 0.80 and 0.82 respectively. Calculate the power output in
kilowatts of an electric generator geared to the turbine when the air enters the compressor at 15°C at the
rate of 16 kg/s. Take C p = 1.005 kJ/kg K and y = 1.4 for the compression process, and take c p = 1.11 kJ/kg K
and y = 1.333 for the expansion process.
5.Find the required air-fuel ratio in a gas turbine whose turbine and compressor efficiencies are 85% and
80%, respectively. Maximum cycle temperature is 875°C. The working fluid can be taken as air (c p = 1.0 kJ/kg
K, y=1.4) which enters the compressor at 1 bar and 27°C. The pressure ratio is 4. The fuel used has calorific
value of 42000 kJ/kg. There is a loss of 10% of calorific value in the combustion chamber.
6.State the fundamental difference between the jet propulsion and rocket propulsion.

The fundamental difference between jet propulsion and rocket propulsion lies in the way they generate thrust and the
medium through which they operate.

Jet propulsion relies on the principle of Newton's third law of motion, which states that for every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction. In a jet engine, such as a turbojet or turbofan engine used in aircraft, thrust is generated by
the expulsion of high-velocity gases from the engine's exhaust nozzle. This is achieved by compressing incoming air,
mixing it with fuel, igniting the mixture, and then expelling the hot gases at high speeds. The expelled gases create a
reaction force that propels the aircraft forward. Jet engines require an external source of oxygen, usually from the
atmosphere, for combustion.

On the other hand, rocket propulsion operates differently. Rockets are self-contained and do not rely on an external
source of oxygen for combustion. They carry both the fuel and oxidizer on board, allowing them to operate in
environments where there is no atmospheric oxygen, such as in space. Rocket engines work based on the principle of
conservation of momentum. They expel high-velocity gases generated by the combustion of fuel and oxidizer in the
rocket's combustion chamber. As the gases are expelled at high speeds through the rocket nozzle, they create a forward
thrust that propels the rocket in the opposite direction.

In summary, jet propulsion uses atmospheric air as an oxygen source and expels gases to generate thrust, while rocket
propulsion carries its own oxidizer and fuel, enabling it to operate in environments without an external oxygen supply.

7.Explain working principle of Pulse-jet engine with neat sketch

Pulse-jet engine:

A pulse-jet engine is an intermittent combustion engine and it operates on a cycle similar to a reciprocating
engine, whereas the turbo-jet and ram-jet engines are continuous in operation and are based on Brayton
cycle. A pulse-jet engine like an athodyd, develops thrust by a high velocity of jet of exhaust gases without the
aid of compressor or turbine. Its development is primarily due to the inability of the ram-jet to be self starting.

The incoming air is compressed by ram effect in the diffuser section and the grid passages which are opened
and closed by V-shaped non-return valves.
The fuel is then injected into the combustion chamber by fuel injectors (worked from the air pressure from the
compressed air bottles). The combustion is then initiated by a spark plug (once the engine is operating
normally, the spark is turned off and the residual flame in the combustion chamber is used for combustion).

GAS TURBINES AND JET PROPULSION

•As a result of combustion (of mixture of air and fuel) the temperature and pressure of combustion products
increase. Because the combustion pressure is higher than the ram pressure, the non-return valves get closed
and consequently the hot gases flow out of the tail pipe with a high velocity and in doing so give a forward
thrust to the unit.

• With the escape of gases to the atmosphere, the static pressure in the chamber falls and the high pressure
air in the diffuser forces the valves to open and fresh air is admitted for combustion during a new cycle.

Advantages:

1. Simple in construction and very inexpensive as compared to turbo-jet engine. Well adapted to pilotless aircraft.

2. Capable of producing static thrust and thrust in excess of drag at much low speeds.

Shortcomings:

1. High intensity of noise.

2. Severe vibrations.

3. High rate of fuel consumption and low thermodynamic efficiency.

4. Intermittent combustion as compared to continuous combustion in a turbo-jet engine.

5. The operating altitude is limited by air density consideration.

6. Serious limitation to mechanical valve arrangement.

8.Describe with neat diagram and working principle of Turbo prop.

TUEBO PROP:-

a turbo-prop system employed in aircrafts. Here the expansion of guses takes place partly in turbine (80%) and
partly (20%) in the nozzle. The power developed by the turbine is consumed in running the compressor and
the propeller. The propeller and jet produced by the nozzle give forward motion to the aircraft. The turbo-
prob entails the advantages of turbo-jet (i.e., low specific weight and simplicity in design) and propeller (ie.,
high power for take-off and high propulsion efficiency at speeds below 600 km/h). The overall efficiency of the
turbo-prop is improved by providing the diffuser before the compressor as shown. The pressure rise takes
place in the diffuser. This pressure rise takes place due to conversion of kinetic energy of the incoming air
(equal to aircraft velocity) into pressure energy by the diffuser. This type of compression is known as "ram
effect".
9.Explain the working difference between turbo-jet and turbo prop.

The working difference between a turbojet engine and a turboprop engine lies in how they generate thrust
and utilize their power output.

A turbojet engine is designed primarily for high-speed flight. It consists of several main components: an inlet, a
compressor, a combustion chamber, a turbine, and an exhaust nozzle. Air is drawn into the engine through the
inlet, compressed by the compressor, and then mixed with fuel in the combustion chamber. The fuel-air
mixture is ignited, resulting in a rapid and continuous combustion process. The hot gases produced by the
combustion expand and pass through the turbine, where they drive the compressor and other accessories.
Finally, the gases are expelled through the exhaust nozzle at high velocity, creating thrust. In a turbojet engine,
the majority of the thrust is derived from the expulsion of the hot exhaust gases.
On the other hand, a turboprop engine is designed to provide high efficiency and propulsion at lower speeds.
It combines a gas turbine engine with a propeller system. The basic operation of a turboprop engine is similar
to that of a turbojet, with the main difference being that instead of relying solely on the expulsion of exhaust
gases for thrust, a significant portion of the engine's power is used to drive a propeller. In a turboprop engine,
after the air is compressed and mixed with fuel in the combustion chamber, the resulting hot gases pass
through a turbine. The turbine is connected to a shaft, which drives the propeller through a reduction gearbox.
As the propeller spins, it creates a forward thrust by accelerating a large mass of air rearward, similar to how a
traditional propeller-driven aircraft generates lift. The expelled exhaust gases in a turboprop engine contribute
to a smaller proportion of the total thrust compared to a turbojet engine.

In summary, a turbojet engine primarily generates thrust from the expulsion of exhaust gases, while a
turboprop engine generates thrust by using a portion of its power output to drive a propeller, which
accelerates a large mass of air backward, providing additional thrust. Turbojets are more suitable for high-
speed flight, while turboprops are efficient at lower speeds and are commonly used in aircraft that require
short takeoff and landing distances, such as regional commuter planes.

10.Classify the rockets and explain single stage liquid propellent with neat sketch.

Rockets can be classified based on various criteria such as propulsion type, stages, and mission profiles.
Here, I will classify rockets based on the number of stages they have:

1. Single-Stage Rockets: These rockets consist of a single stage or section, where all the necessary
components, including the engines, propellant, and payload, are contained within a single unit. The entire
rocket is ignited at liftoff, and it continues to burn until it reaches its desired altitude or velocity. Single-stage
rockets are typically used for small payloads or suborbital flights.

2. Two-Stage Rockets: Two-stage rockets consist of two sections, or stages, stacked on top of each other. The
lower stage, known as the first stage, contains the main engines and carries the majority of the propellant. It
provides the initial thrust to lift the rocket off the ground. Once the first stage has exhausted its propellant, it
separates from the upper stage, and the upper stage ignites its engines to continue the ascent. Two-stage
rockets are commonly used for launching payloads into orbit around the Earth.

3. Multi-Stage Rockets: Multi-stage rockets have three or more stages, with each stage igniting in sequence
and then separating from the rest of the rocket once its propellant is depleted. The lower stages provide the
initial thrust to lift the rocket off the ground, while the upper stages take over as the rocket reaches higher
altitudes. This sequential staging allows the rocket to achieve higher speeds and altitudes by shedding the
weight of the empty stages. Multi-stage rockets are used for various missions, including satellite launches and
interplanetary missions.

Now, let's discuss the single-stage liquid propellant rocket and its working with a neat sketch.
A single-stage liquid propellant rocket typically consists of three main components: the propellant tanks, the
combustion chamber, and the nozzle. The propellant tanks contain the liquid fuel and oxidizer, usually stored
separately. The fuel and oxidizer are pumped into the combustion chamber, where they are mixed and
ignited.

The working of a single-stage liquid propellant rocket can be summarized as follows:

1. Propellant Injection: The liquid fuel and oxidizer are pumped from their respective tanks into the
combustion chamber. The flow rate is carefully controlled to maintain the desired combustion conditions.

2. Combustion: Once the fuel and oxidizer are mixed in the combustion chamber, they are ignited. The
combustion process releases a large amount of energy in the form of hot gases.

3. Thrust Generation: The hot gases generated by combustion expand rapidly, creating high pressure within
the combustion chamber. This pressure forces the gases out of the rocket nozzle, generating a powerful jet of
exhaust gases.

4. Nozzle Expansion: The rocket nozzle is carefully designed to accelerate the exhaust gases and maximize
thrust. It is typically shaped as a converging-diverging nozzle. The converging section initially accelerates the
gases, and then they expand rapidly in the diverging section, creating a high-velocity exhaust jet.

5. Thrust and Motion: According to Newton's third law of motion, for every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction. The expulsion of the high-velocity exhaust gases generates a forward thrust, propelling the
rocket in the opposite direction.
The sketch of a single-stage liquid propellant rocket would show the tanks for fuel and oxidizer, the
combustion chamber, and the nozzle, all integrated into a single unit. The propellant lines connecting the
tanks to the combustion chamber, as well as the exhaust nozzle, would be visible. The shape and size of the
nozzle would depend on the specific design and mission requirements of the rocket.