Matrix Algebra
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Algebra
Content:
✓ Introduction
✓ Types of Matrices
✓ Transpose of a matrix
✓ Determinant of a matrix
✓ Cofactor of a matrix
✓ Adjoint of a matrix
✓ Inverse matrix
✓ Operations on matrices
✓ Business applications
INTRODUCTION
A matrix, in general sense, represents a collection
of information stored or arranged in an orderly
fashion.
The mathematical concept of a matrix refers to a set
of numbers, variables or functions ordered in
rows and columns.
The numbers are referred to as elements of the
matrix.
The horizontal and vertical lines of entries in a
matrix are called rows and columns, respectively.
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The size of a matrix is defined by the number of
rows and columns that it contains.
A matrix is said to have size m × n, read “m by n”,
if it has m rows and n columns.
It is customary to enclose the elements of a matrix
in brackets or braces to signify that they must be
considered as a whole and not individually.
The dimensions of the following matrix
are 2×3 (read “two by three”), because there are two
rows and three columns.
1 9 -13
A= A=
20 4 9
Order of a Matrix
The order of a matrix is defined in terms of its
number of rows and columns.
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Order of a matrix = No. of rows × No. of columns
Above Matrix A, therefore, is a matrix of order
2 × 3.
Example: Find the order of the following matrices.
3 5 2 0
[−7 4 6] [2⁄5 3] [1]
9 1 8 √2
[7]
TYPES OF MATRICES
i. Row Matrix
If a matrix has only one row, then it is called a
‘Row Matrix’ or ‘Row Vector’.
[1 6 9]1×3
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iii. Square Matrix
A matrix having the same number of rows and
columns is called a ‘Square Matrix’.
3 5 2
[−7 4 6]
9 1 8
v. Null Matrix
When all the elements of the matrix are zero it is
a ‘Null Matrix’ or ‘Zero Matrix’.
0 0
[ ]
0 0
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vi. Identity Matrix
All the non-zero elements of a diagonal matrix are
equal to ‘1’ then it is called an ‘Identity Matrix’.
And denoted by I.
1 0 0
[0 1 0 ]
0 0 1
1 0 0
[2 3 0 ]
4 6 8
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TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
There are times when the data elements in a matrix
need to be rearranged. One rearrangement is to form
the transpose of a matrix.
Transpose of matrix A denoted by AT or Aꞌ.
Transpose of A can be obtained by interchanging
the rows and columns of a matrix A.
3 2 4
If A = [ ]
7 8 9
3 7
Then AT = [2 8]
4 9
3 2
Let A = [4 0] AT =
1 −2
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When a transpose of a matrix equal to an original
matrix it is said to be ‘Symmetric Matrix’.
i.e. A = AT then A is a Symmetric matrix.
2 0 −3 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟑
Let A = [ 0 1 1 ] AT = [ 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏]
−3 1 4 −𝟑 𝟏 𝟒
Then A said to be Symmetric.
COFACTOR OF A MATRIX
A matrix consists with cofactors of each element of
the matrix A is denoted by Cof(A).
Cofactor of a matrix (2×2)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 −𝑐
A=[ ] Cof(A) = [ ]
𝑐 𝑑 −𝑏 𝑎
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Cofactor of a = + d
Cofactor of b = - c
Cofactor of c = - b
Cofactor of d = + a
Example: Find the Cofactor matrix of the following
matrix.
5 8
C=[ ]
7 6
Cof(C) =
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𝑒 𝑓
Cofactor of a = + | |
ℎ 𝑖
𝑑 𝑓
Cofactor of b = - | |
𝑔 𝑖
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑑 𝑒
Cofactor of c = + |
𝑔 ℎ
| A = [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓]
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
𝑏 𝑐
Cofactor of d = - | |
ℎ 𝑖
𝑎 𝑐
Cofactor of e = + |𝑔 𝑖|
𝑎 𝑏
Cofactor of f = - | |
𝑔 ℎ
𝑏 𝑐
Cofactor of g = + | |
𝑒 𝑓
𝑎 𝑐
Cofactor of h = - |𝑑 𝑓|
𝑎 𝑏
Cofactor of i = + | |
𝑑 𝑒
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Example: Find the Cofactor of the following
matrix.
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
A = [𝟒 𝟓 𝟔]
𝟕 𝟖 𝟗
5 6
Cofactor of 1 = A11 = + | | = + (45 - 48) = -3
8 9
4 6
Cofactor of 2 = A12 = - | | = - (36 - 42) = 6
7 9
4 5
Cofactor of 3 = A13 = + | | = + (32 - 35) = -3
7 8
2 3
Cofactor of 4 = A21 = - | | = - (18 - 24) = 6
8 9
1 3
Cofactor of 5 = A22 = + | | = + (9 - 21) = -12
7 9
1 2
Cofactor of 6 = A23 = - | | = - (8 - 14) = 6
7 8
2 3
Cofactor of 7 = A31 = + | | = + (12 - 15) = -3
5 6
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1 3
Cofactor of 8 = A32 = - | | = - (6 - 12) = 6
4 6
1 2
Cofactor of 9 = A33 = + | |= + (5 - 8) = -3
4 5
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