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Matrix Algebra

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Matrix Algebra

Content:
✓ Introduction
✓ Types of Matrices
✓ Transpose of a matrix
✓ Determinant of a matrix
✓ Cofactor of a matrix
✓ Adjoint of a matrix
✓ Inverse matrix
✓ Operations on matrices
✓ Business applications
INTRODUCTION
A matrix, in general sense, represents a collection
of information stored or arranged in an orderly
fashion.
The mathematical concept of a matrix refers to a set
of numbers, variables or functions ordered in
rows and columns.
The numbers are referred to as elements of the
matrix.
The horizontal and vertical lines of entries in a
matrix are called rows and columns, respectively.

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The size of a matrix is defined by the number of
rows and columns that it contains.
A matrix is said to have size m × n, read “m by n”,
if it has m rows and n columns.
It is customary to enclose the elements of a matrix
in brackets or braces to signify that they must be
considered as a whole and not individually.
The dimensions of the following matrix
are 2×3 (read “two by three”), because there are two
rows and three columns.

1 9 -13
A= A=
20 4 9

Each element of above matrix A can be referred to


by its row and column number. For example,

A23 = A12 = A21 =

Order of a Matrix
The order of a matrix is defined in terms of its
number of rows and columns.
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Order of a matrix = No. of rows × No. of columns
Above Matrix A, therefore, is a matrix of order
2 × 3.
Example: Find the order of the following matrices.
3 5 2 0
[−7 4 6] [2⁄5 3] [1]
9 1 8 √2

[7]

TYPES OF MATRICES
i. Row Matrix
If a matrix has only one row, then it is called a
‘Row Matrix’ or ‘Row Vector’.
[1 6 9]1×3

ii. Column Matrix


If a matrix has only one column, then it is called
a ‘Column Matrix’ or ‘Column Vector’.
1
[6]
9

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iii. Square Matrix
A matrix having the same number of rows and
columns is called a ‘Square Matrix’.
3 5 2
[−7 4 6]
9 1 8

iv. Diagonal Matrix


When all the elements except the diagonal
elements of a square matrix are zero it is called a
‘Diagonal Matrix’.
In a square matrix, the elements lies from top left
corner to the bottom right corner of the matrix
along the diagonal are called its diagonal
elements.
1 0 0
[0 3 0 ]
0 0 8

v. Null Matrix
When all the elements of the matrix are zero it is
a ‘Null Matrix’ or ‘Zero Matrix’.
0 0
[ ]
0 0

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vi. Identity Matrix
All the non-zero elements of a diagonal matrix are
equal to ‘1’ then it is called an ‘Identity Matrix’.
And denoted by I.
1 0 0
[0 1 0 ]
0 0 1

vii. Upper Triangular Matrix


When all the elements lie below the diagonal of
a square matrix are zero then it is called an
‘Upper Triangular Matrix’.
1 2 4
[0 3 6 ]
0 0 8

viii. Lower Triangular Matrix


When all the elements lie above the diagonal of
a square matrix are zero then it is called an
‘Lower Triangular Matrix’.

1 0 0
[2 3 0 ]
4 6 8

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TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
There are times when the data elements in a matrix
need to be rearranged. One rearrangement is to form
the transpose of a matrix.
Transpose of matrix A denoted by AT or Aꞌ.
Transpose of A can be obtained by interchanging
the rows and columns of a matrix A.

3 2 4
If A = [ ]
7 8 9

3 7
Then AT = [2 8]
4 9

Example: Find the transpose of the following


matrix.

3 2
Let A = [4 0] AT =
1 −2

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When a transpose of a matrix equal to an original
matrix it is said to be ‘Symmetric Matrix’.
i.e. A = AT then A is a Symmetric matrix.

2 0 −3 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟑
Let A = [ 0 1 1 ] AT = [ 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏]
−3 1 4 −𝟑 𝟏 𝟒
Then A said to be Symmetric.

Is the following statement ‘True’ or ‘False’? Justify.


“All the Square Matrices are not Symmetric
Matrices but all Symmetric Matrices are the Square
Matrices”.

Two matrices are said to be equal only if both have


the same order and all the corresponding elements
are equal.

Let A = [ ] B=[ ] Then A = B


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DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX
You can find the determinant only for a square
matrix. Determinant enclosed between two vertical
bars.
The determinant of order 2 matrix,
𝑎1 𝑏1
𝑎2 𝑏2
a1b2 – a2b1
Example: Find the determinant of the following
matrices.
5 6 4 2
A = [ ] B = [ ]
3 −4 2 3
|A| = (5×-4) – (3×6) |B| = ( × ) – ( × )
= (-20) – 18 = –
= - 38 =

COFACTOR OF A MATRIX
A matrix consists with cofactors of each element of
the matrix A is denoted by Cof(A).
Cofactor of a matrix (2×2)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 −𝑐
A=[ ] Cof(A) = [ ]
𝑐 𝑑 −𝑏 𝑎

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Cofactor of a = + d
Cofactor of b = - c
Cofactor of c = - b
Cofactor of d = + a
Example: Find the Cofactor matrix of the following
matrix.
5 8
C=[ ]
7 6

Cof(C) =

Cofactor of a matrix (3×3)


𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
A = [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓]
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖

The signs of the elements are as follows,


+ − +
[− + −]
+ − +

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𝑒 𝑓
Cofactor of a = + | |
ℎ 𝑖

𝑑 𝑓
Cofactor of b = - | |
𝑔 𝑖

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑑 𝑒
Cofactor of c = + |
𝑔 ℎ
| A = [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓]
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖

𝑏 𝑐
Cofactor of d = - | |
ℎ 𝑖
𝑎 𝑐
Cofactor of e = + |𝑔 𝑖|

𝑎 𝑏
Cofactor of f = - | |
𝑔 ℎ

𝑏 𝑐
Cofactor of g = + | |
𝑒 𝑓
𝑎 𝑐
Cofactor of h = - |𝑑 𝑓|

𝑎 𝑏
Cofactor of i = + | |
𝑑 𝑒

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Example: Find the Cofactor of the following
matrix.

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
A = [𝟒 𝟓 𝟔]
𝟕 𝟖 𝟗
5 6
Cofactor of 1 = A11 = + | | = + (45 - 48) = -3
8 9
4 6
Cofactor of 2 = A12 = - | | = - (36 - 42) = 6
7 9

4 5
Cofactor of 3 = A13 = + | | = + (32 - 35) = -3
7 8
2 3
Cofactor of 4 = A21 = - | | = - (18 - 24) = 6
8 9
1 3
Cofactor of 5 = A22 = + | | = + (9 - 21) = -12
7 9
1 2
Cofactor of 6 = A23 = - | | = - (8 - 14) = 6
7 8
2 3
Cofactor of 7 = A31 = + | | = + (12 - 15) = -3
5 6

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1 3
Cofactor of 8 = A32 = - | | = - (6 - 12) = 6
4 6
1 2
Cofactor of 9 = A33 = + | |= + (5 - 8) = -3
4 5

The Cofactor matrix of A is [Aij] =


A11 A12 A13 −𝟑 𝟔 −𝟑
A21 A22 A23 = 𝟔 −𝟏𝟐 𝟔
A31 A32 A33 −𝟑 𝟔 −𝟑

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