INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

Electric energy, which is an essential aspect of existence, is becoming increasingly important as

technology advances. Electricity is created from nonrenewable energy sources, but the severe
pollution, high expense, and poor efficiency of fossil fuel-burning heating systems have harmed
the nation's ecology in recent years. Clean energy sources include solar, tidal, biomass,
hydroelectric, wind, and other non-renewable sources. Solar energy provides significant heat and
light. One kilowatt hour of solar power reduces one kilogram of CO2 emissions. Therefore, solar
energy is always preferred (Khapare & Bhirud, 2018).
The sun supplies the energy required to support life in our solar system. The earth absorbs
enough energy from the sun in one hour to cover its energy requirements for roughly a year
(Messenger & Abtahi, 1999). Photovoltaic is the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity. It
is an appealing alternative to conventional sources of electricity for many reasons: it is safe,
silent, and non-polluting; renewable; highly modular in that its capacity can be increased
incrementally to match with gradual load growth; and reliable with minimal failure rates and
projected service lifetimes of 20 to 30 years (Ritchie, 1999). It requires no special training to
operate, has no moving parts, is incredibly dependable and nearly maintenance-free, and can be
installed in almost any place. Sunlight intensity varies based on time of day, season, location,
and meteorological conditions. The overall energy on a daily or annual basis is known as
irradiation, and it reflects the power of sunlight. Irradiation is measured in Wh.m-2 per day or in
kWh.m-2 per day.
Photovoltaic technology reliably turns solar radiation into electricity. Modules vary based on
their power ratings. Every module contains some solar cells. Solar cells are made from
semiconductor materials like silicon cells and provide power in a clean manner, which is the
primary issue for today's environment. Solar PV stand-alone systems offer superior power
quality compared to grid-connected systems. This research analyzes a 1KW PV system built for
small rooms using real-time data. Design and cost study of a 1KW PV system based on real
performance(Ahsan et al., 2016).
The location of our home has a significant impact on the design of a photovoltaic system from
several angles, including panel orientation, calculating the number of days during the year when
the sun doesn't shine, and selecting the optimal tilt angle for the solar panels. This is because
different geographic regions have different weather patterns. Installing photovoltaic panels on a
tracker that tracks the sun's movement increases their energy output; yet, this is a costly
procedure. They often have a fixed location with an angle known as the tilt angle β because of
this. The seasonal fluctuations influence this angle (Masters, 2004). For example, in the summer,
the solar panel must be more level, and in the winter, it is set at a steeper inclination.

Many scholars offered procedures for designing standalone solar systems (Sulaiman et al., 2012).
The purpose of this project is to introduce the techniques used in designing and selecting
equipment for a stand-alone solar system based on Watt-Hour demand. A case study of the
federal University of Petroleum Resources, computer science lecturer's office with medium
energy use is chosen.

1.1 Statement of the Problems

The instability of power supply in the office of the Head of Department and lectures offices,
Computer Science Department Federal University of Petroleum Resources leads to an increase in
expenditure in the purchase of fuel to power the standby generator.

1.2 Aim and Objectives

The project aims to design and install a 2KVA solar system in the office of the Head of
Department of Computer Science and lectures offices at the Federal University of Petroleum
Resources.

The specific objectives of the solar system are to:

a) To reduce the intermittent supply of electricity in the Head of Department office.

b) To alleviate the cost of fuel purchase.

c) To increase the efficiency of the administrative system of the computer science Department.

1.3 Scope of study

The solar power system (SPS) system achieves this by direct current from solar panels and by
rectifying the standard main supply, using the direct current to charge the batteries and to provide
clean alternative power by passing the energy to a filter system.
It has zero change over time and LEDs which indicate mains fail and battery discharge level and
it provides 100% protection against line noise, spikes surges, and audio frequency interference.
The scope is to design and install a 2KVA solar system in the office of the Head of Department
of Computer Science and lectures offices at the Federal University of Petroleum Resources.

1.4 Significance of the study

The radiation is free and renewable that is, the source will never be exhausted. Only minimal
maintenance is required to keep the system running. The systems are modular and can be quickly
installed anywhere. It produces no noise, harmful emissions, or polluting gases.

2.1 Methodology Adopted

The proposed framework is a solar photovoltaic (PV) cluster for the department of the computer
science department, outlined to generate power supply using a Solar panel, Charge controller,
inverters, and batteries.

Solar system

Solar systems are classified based on their connection to other power sources, including stand-
alone (SA) and utility-interactive (UI) systems. Solar photovoltaic (PV) clusters for private,
commercial, or agricultural use; an important consideration is determining the site's benefits
(Khamisani, 2018). Identifying the location and position of the panels is an important step in
building a PV system because the subsequent components will be streamlined at this stage. A
few principles and tips to keep in mind while conducting the site assessment are:
1. Shade Analysis: Shading can be a concern for solar panels since it reduces the amount of
power that can be generated. Shade on solar panels can be caused by various sources, the most
common of which are:

i) Shade from nearby trees and buildings,

ii) usual overcast weather, and iii
iii) shade from adjacent solar panels.

When constructing a solar PV system, these aspects must be thoroughly investigated to achieve
the highest possible production. Solar pathfinders are a popular tool for determining the sun's
direction and the amount of sunshine a certain region will receive throughout the year. Aside
from having this technology, the site evaluation must be completed correctly to find the finest
site while considering all variables(II, 2012).

2. Sun hours: Sun hours are critical for determining how much radiance will be required to
achieve the desired output power. This statistic indicates the number of hours an area will receive
maximum sunlight(Khamisani, 2018).

3. Tilt angle: The tilt angle is the panel setting required to achieve maximum radiance. Ideally,
the tilt angle corresponds to the latitude of the geographic region. Adjustable panel frames are
recommended due to seasonal variations in solar hours and tilt. To maximize radiance year-
round for a fixed panel, a specific tilt angle is calculated for each location. Also, to receive the
most afternoon solar, position the panels facing south.

Energy Calculations
The agreement is to increase the wattage of the equipment that will be powered by the PV
system. Alternatively, for this assignment, we might use online baseload calculators. We utilized
one of these tools to determine the baseload of our project. The system voltage is another
important factor to consider. Before we can proceed with the design, we must first determine the
system level. The subsequent equipment design would be based on the system voltage level.

Panel Sizing

Once the entire load to be electrified by the PV system has been computed, we must determine
the size of the solar panels required to create that quantity of power. Internal losses are inherent
in all panels. This point should be kept in mind. As with the energy calculation, we have already
discovered the total watt-hours. To get the wattage of panels that would be required, we need to
divide the total watt-hours by peak sun hours.

Battery Sizing
PV battery system assesses various strategies from a financial perspective. The valuable
existence of the battery is limited to 5,000 cycles or in the planned living time of 20 years. The
maintenance of photovoltaic and rechargeable annual activities and expenditure systems is set at
1.5% per the speculative cost. Assume that the cost system for the battery and PV is comparable
to their size. Following is a formula that will enable them to calculate what size of battery they
should have.
Battery Capacity (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances x Days of autonomy
(0.85 x 0.6 x nominal battery voltage)

Inverter
Inverter deals with the following main tasks of energy:
i. Convert DC from PV module to AC
ii. Ensure that the cycle of alternating current cycles is 60 cycles
iii. Reduce voltage variations
iv. Ensure that the condition of the AC waveform is suitable for the application
Most system-connected inverters can be introduced externally, and most of the off-grid inverters
are not weather-resistant. There are two types of grid intelligent Inverters: Those designed for
batteries and those designed for systems without battery-connected inverters systems give
excellent void-quality strength. But for the project, we are using the one design for a battery.

Inverters used for solar PV systems are usually based on the total wattage of the solar panels, as
the investor will be continuously converting the power generated. The second consideration one
must investigate is the voltage level of the system. For example, if the system is designed to
generate 2000 Watts at a voltage level of 12 V then the invertor selected should be rated 12V,
2000 Watts.

Charge Controller

Charge controller ensures is used to charge your batteries, it ensures that the battery is not over-
charged or over-discharged; it stops receiving from the solar panel when the battery is fully
charged and switches off every DC load connected to it when the battery is discharged to the
minimum level. These charge controllers regulate the charging of your batteries because they are
programmed. The quality of these programs determines the lifespan of your batteries. This is the
reason only quality charge controllers should be used because batteries are the most expensive
part of any solar system installation. DC loads are taken directly from the charge controller. The
procedure for selecting a Charge controller is by determining the operating voltage of the PV
array and the current, i.e. the charge controller must be sized to handle the maximum current and
voltage produced by the solar PV array(A.C, 2015).
Batteries Sizing

stores energy for supplying electrical appliances when there is a demand. Battery bank, which is
involved in the system to make the energy available at night or days of autonomy (sometimes
called no-sun-days or dark days), when the sun is not providing enough radiation. These
batteries, usually lead-acid, are designed to gradually discharge and recharge 80% of their
capacity hundreds of times. Automotive batteries are shallow cycle batteries and should not be
used in PV systems because they are designed to discharge only about 20% of their capacity.

3.1 Conclusion

The project was intended to supply 200 watts of energy to the offices of the HOD and lecturers
in the Department of Computer Science. To serve as another source of alternative energy besides
the fuel and diesel engine, this serves the electrical utilities of the faculty.
 REFERENCE
A.C, N. (2015). “Solar PV Installation and Maintenance.

Ahsan, S., Javed, K., Rana, A. S., & Zeeshan, M. (2016). Design and cost analysis of 1kW photovoltaic
system based on actual performance in Indian scenario. Perspectives in Science, 8, 642–644.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2016.06.044

II, J. M. (2012). Why even partial shading is bad for solar power systems. Solar Choice Newsletter.
http://www.solarchoice.net.au/blog/partial-shading-is-bad-for-solar-panels-power-systems/

Khamisani, A. A. (2018). Design Methodology of Off-Grid PV Solar Powered System ( A Case Study of
Solar Powered Bus Shelter). Design Methodology of Off Grid Solar Systems, 20.

Khapare, B. R., & Bhirud, P. N. L. (2018). A Study on Various Installation of Solar PV System. JETIR, 5(5),
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Masters, G. M. (2004). Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems. Renewable and Efficient Electric
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Messenger, R. A., & Abtahi, A. (1999). Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. Photovoltaic Systems
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