Airpot Design-3 Geometric Design

Airport Design-3
Geometric Design
When designing airport runways, engineers and other
planners have many factors to consider. These include the
type and volume of air traffic, the impact of noise, and
restrictions due to nearby developments such as residential
developments, tall buildings, radio towers, etc.
* Design guidelines provided are according to the ICAO
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Aircraft Dimensions
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Runway System
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Runway System
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Runway Visibility Zone and Sight
Distance
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Airbus A340-600 Visibility from
Cockpit
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Runway (R/W) Cross Section
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Cross Section for R/W & T/W Area
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Runway Width
 ICAO recommends the pavement width varying from 18m to 45m
for different types of aircraft.
 The width of runway pavement depends upon the transverse

distribution of traffic at a distance from the center line
of runway pavement. It is found that the aircraft traffic is more
concentrated in the central 24m width of the runway pavements.
 Another consideration in determining the runway width is that the

outer most machine of larger jet aircraft using the airport should
not extend off the pavement on to the shoulders. This is
because the shoulder is usually of loose soil or established soil
etc. which is likely to get into the engine and damage it
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R/W Adjacent Safety Area
 Safety area consists of the runway plus the shoulder on either
side of runway plus the area that is cleared, graded and drained
 The shoulder are usually unpaved or partially paved as they are

used during emergency. The shoulders on the either side of
runway impart a sense of openness to the pilot and improve his
psychology during landing and take off.
 The length of the safety area is equal to the length of runway plus
120m
 Width of safety area depends on the size of airport, the size of

design A/C, and whether the R/W is Instrumental or Non-
Instrumental ( 150 m for small A/P to a minimum of 300 m for air
carrier A/P)
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R/W Transverse Gradient
 R/W Transverse gradient is essential for

quick drainage of surface water (1.5% to
2%)
 Shoulder Transverse gradient should

not exceed 2.5% for the first 75 m from
the centerline of the R/W to a maximum
of 5% for the rest of the width
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R/W Longitudinal Gradient
 Maximum Gradient should not exceed 1.5%
 Maximum Effective Gradient should not exceed 1%
 Rate of change of gradient is 0.1% (max) per 30m length of vertical
curve.
 Distance between two successive points of grade intersections (LDmin)
should be >300(IDaI+IDbI) meters
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Longitudinal Gradient
 Max. grade change such as ‘a’ or ‘b’ should not exceed 1.5% for
large Airports and 2% for small Airports
 Length of vertical curve (L1 or L2) for each one percent grade
change 300 m for large Airports and 90 m for small Airports
 Rate of change of gradient is 0.1% (max) per 30m length of vertical

curve.
 Distance between two successive points of grade intersections (LDmin)
should be >300(IDaI+IDbI) meters
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Longitudinal Gradient (FAA)
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Taxiways (T/W)
 Taxiway provides access to the aircrafts from
the runways to the loading apron or service
hanger and back.
Taxiway
Taxiway
Runway
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Taxiways (T/W)
 Factors to be considered for layout of
taxiway
 Taxiway should be so arranged that the aircrafts which have
just landed and taxiing towards the apron, do not interfere with
the aircrafts taxiing for take-off
 At the busy airport, taxiway should be located at various
points along the runway so that the landing aircraft leaves the
runway as early as possible and keeps it clear for use by
other aircrafts. Such taxiway are called exit taxiway.
 The route for taxiway should be so selected that it provides
the shortest practicable distance from the apron
 As for as possible, the intersection of taxiway and runway
should be avoided
 Exit taxiway should be designed for high turn off speeds. This
will reduce the runway occupancy time of aircraft and thus
increase the airport capacity.

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Geometric Design Standards for
(T/W) According to ICAO
 Length – should be as short as practicable.
 Width – lower than the runway width. This is because the

aircraft run on the taxiway are not airborne and the speed of
the aircraft on taxiway is lower. Hence pilot can easily
maneuver the aircraft over a smaller width of taxiway (22 m).
 Width of safety area – it includes width of taxiway pavement

plus shoulder on either side. The width of the shoulder is 7.5m
on each side and are paved with light strength material.
 Requirements for Longitudinal and Transverse Gradients for

T/W are the same as those of R/W
 FAA recommends the transverse gradient of shoulder should

be 5% for first 3mand 2% for thereafter
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(T/W) Separation
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(T/W) Separation
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Turning Radii
 Minimum turning radius : is very

essential in order to decide the radius of
taxiway, position of aircrafts in landing
aprons and hangers and to establish the
path of the movement of the aircraft
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Turning Radii
 Whenever there is change in direction of a taxiway, a
horizontal curve is provided. The curve is so designed that the
aircraft can negotiate it without significantly reducing the
speed. Circular curve with larger radius is suitable for this
purpose.
 The radius is given by R = V2/127f

where; R is radius in m, V is speed in kmph and f is 0.13
(side friction)
 Minimum R for Jet Transport is 120 m
 In Feet
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Turning Radii
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Airpot Design-3 Geometric Design

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Airport Design-3

 The width of runway pavement depends upon the transverse

 Another consideration in determining the runway width is that the

 The shoulder are usually unpaved or partially paved as they are

 Width of safety area depends on the size of airport, the size of

 R/W Transverse gradient is essential for

 Shoulder Transverse gradient should

 Rate of change of gradient is 0.1% (max) per 30m length of vertical

 Width – lower than the runway width. This is because the

 Width of safety area – it includes width of taxiway pavement

 Requirements for Longitudinal and Transverse Gradients for

 FAA recommends the transverse gradient of shoulder should

 Minimum turning radius : is very

 The radius is given by R = V2/127f

 Minimum R for Jet Transport is 120 m

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